Biology:Temnothorax
Temnothorax is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae. It contains more than 500 species.[1]
Biology
The workers of Temnothorax species are generally small (mesosoma length 0.715 mm).[2] Colonies are typically monogynous, although facultative polygyny has been documented in several species. Colony populations are usually quite small, often with less than 100 workers. However, several studies have found colonies of some species to be widely dispersed with several to many satellite nests. Many species are arboreal, living within hollow stems, old beetle or termite galleries, or in galls. Temnothorax species appear to be trophic generalists, feeding on a wide variety of scavenged items, including the elaiosomes of seeds. None have been documented to be active or aggressive predators.[2]
Phylogenetics
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies show that the genera Chalepoxenus, Myrmoxenus and Protomognathus are nested within Temnothorax, and that the latter is distinct from the more distantly related genera Formicoxenus, Leptothorax and Harpagoxenus. Species in these 'satellite' genera live as social parasites within the nests of other species of Temnothorax.[2]
Social behaviors
As Temnothorax colonies are small and easy to maintain in a laboratory environment, they are often used to study social behavior in ants.[1]Temnothorax have been used to show displays of social structures through communication, colony responsibility, and influence.
Communication among ants had been observed by biologists and is assumed to be entirely influenced through substrate-bound odor cues. However, this previously determined social factor has been disproved among Temnothorax; a study isolating navigational influences during emigration. This report concluded that this species relies on visual cues and odor cues are simply used to mark territory.[3]
Temnothorax species have been studied to determine the extent of queen control over reproductive decisions of her workers. In one study comparing mixed-species colonies and same-species colonies, queens were not able to completely suppress reproduction of the male workers in mixed-species colonies but could suppress male workers in single-species colonies.[4]
Size of a Temnothorax colony influences the division of labor among workers. By studying 11 colonies of both large and small population sizes (a small colony to consist of 200 to 400 individuals and a large colony to consist of 500 to 700 individuals), the researchers were able to determine how tasks were divided and the proportion of how many workers were active or inactive in the completion of tasks. Seven different tasks are required during the emigration process from an old nest to a new one: scouting, brood transport, adult transport, collection of food (collection of dead Drosophila vinegar flies and collection of honey solution), collection of sand materials for wall building, and the actual task of wall building. The proportion of active workers is usually less than 25% and never more than 50%. The ratio of active and non-active workers remains consistent across colony sizes. Specialization of tasks is also not determined by colony size.[5]
Species
Temnothorax contains over 500 extant valid species as of 2026. Some of them are listed below.[6]
- Temnothorax albipennis
- Temnothorax americanus
- Temnothorax apenninicus
- Temnothorax brunneus
- Temnothorax corsicus
- Temnothorax curvispinosus
- Temnothorax exilis
- Temnothorax fragosus
- Temnothorax gallae
- Temnothorax inquilinus
- Temnothorax kutteri
- Temnothorax lailae
- Temnothorax lichtensteini
- Temnothorax longispinosus
- Temnothorax muellerianus
- Temnothorax nylanderi
- Temnothorax pilagens
- Temnothorax recedens
- Temnothorax rugatulus
- Temnothorax sentosus
- Temnothorax tarbinskii
- Temnothorax texanus
- Temnothorax tramieri
- Temnothorax unifasciatus
- Temnothorax zabelini
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Taxonomic Synopsis of the Ponto-Mediterranean Ants of Temnothorax nylanderi Species-Group". PLOS ONE 10 (11). 2015-11-04. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140000. PMID 26536033. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1040000C.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Studies on California ants: a review of the genus Temnothorax (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)". ZooKeys (372): 27–89. 2014. doi:10.3897/zookeys.372.6039. PMID 24493957. Bibcode: 2014ZooK..372...27S.
- ↑ "Visual navigation during colony emigration by the ant Temnothorax curvispinosus [corrected"]. PLOS ONE 8 (5). May 9, 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064367. PMID 23671713. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...864367B.
- ↑ "Queen pheromones in Temnothorax ants: control or honest signal?". BMC Evolutionary Biology 11 (1): 55. March 2011. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-55. PMID 21356125. Bibcode: 2011BMCEE..11...55B.
- ↑ "Larger colonies do not have more specialized workers in the ant Temnothorax albipennis". Behavioral Ecology 20 (5): 922–929. 2009. doi:10.1093/beheco/arp070.
- ↑ "Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 valid masculine" (in en). https://antcat.org/catalog/429956.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "Heinze_et_al_2015" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ward_et_al_2015" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.Further reading
"Genus: Temnothorax". AntWeb. http://www.antweb.org/description.do?name=temnothorax&rank=genus&project=worldants.
This article incorporates text from a scholarly publication published under a copyright license that allows anyone to reuse, revise, remix and redistribute the materials in any form for any purpose: "Studies on California ants: a review of the genus Temnothorax (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)". ZooKeys (372): 27–89. 2014. doi:10.3897/zookeys.372.6039. PMID 24493957. Bibcode: 2014ZooK..372...27S. Please check the source for the exact licensing terms.
Wikidata ☰ Q4050817 entry
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