Biology:Thoatherium
Thoatherium (meaning "active swift-beast") is an extinct genus of litoptern mammals from the Early Miocene of Argentina. Fossils of the genus have been found in the Santa Cruz Formation in Argentina.[1] With a length of 70 centimetres (2.3 ft), the gazelle-like Thoatherium was a small representative of the order Litopterna. Judging from its long legs, it was a fast runner. Thoatherium had remarkably reduced toes; only one horse-like hoof remained. Thoatherium even lacked splint bones, which are remnants of the second and fourth toe found in modern horses. Judging from its generalised, brachydont teeth, Thoatherium fed on soft leaves rather than on tough grasses.[2][3]
Taxonomy
Thoatherium is currently grouped within the family Proterotheriidae, a family of similarly hooved litoptern notoungulates. The closest relative of the genus is Diadiaphorus.[4]
Phylogeny of Proterotheriidae, including Thoatherium, after McGrath et. al (2019) (Polyphyletic taxa in pink).[4]
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Description
Thoatherium was similar in size to a small gazelle, and was generally smaller than other proterotheriid mammals.[5] The monodactyly of Thoatherium is the most extreme than in any other animal, even moreso than modern Equus, for which Thoatherium is most notable.[5][6] The genus is assumed to have weighed an average of 20 kg (44 lb).[7]
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Skull
The skull of Thoatherium was slender and pointed, with the nasals being shortened.[5] The mandibular symphysis of the genus is coosified, with the two rami being entirely fused.[8][9]
Dentition
Unlike some earlier protherotheriids, the genus lacks tusks of any type.[5] The incisors are uniform and chisel-like.[5] The incisors are separated from the canines by a diastema 3 mm (0.12 in) in length. The canines themselves are small, measuring only 4 mm (0.16 in) in length.[9] Beyond the canines there is a second, larger diastema after which lies the premolars. The first premolars are compressed, while the hind premolars are greatly enlarged.[9] The molars have 4 roots, like the related genera Brachytherium and Proterotherium.[9] The dental formula of the genus is 1.0.4.32.1.4.3 × 2 = 36.[5]
Appendicular skeleton
Feet
The single hoof on the foot of Thoatherium is derived from the third digit, and it is the only digit present, the rest being completely reduced.[6][5] The splints that the modern genus Equus (an anatomical analogue) possesses are absent, with the remnants of these other digits forming small, scale like protuberances.[5] The connection points within the carpals and tarsals are the same as in pentadactyl litopterns, which is unlike the condition in the monodactyl equids. William Berryman Scott, a paleontologist, refers to this as inadaptive reduction, based on Russian paleontologist Vladimir Kovalevsky's classification of digit reduction.[5] Thoatherium lacks a medial tubercule on the astragalus.[10]
Paleoecology
Paleoenvironment
Thoatherium was endemic to South America, with the genus living alongside many other endemic groups of ungulate mammals. Thoatherium best known from the Santa Cruz Formation of Patagonia, as well Ituzaingó Formation of Mesopotamia, the latter being a fluvio-deltaic depositional site. The genus lived alongside a great diversity of mammals, including other litopterns like Scalabrinitherium and Brachytherium, the typotheres Protypotherium and Eutypotherium, the toxodonts Palaeotoxodon and Dinotoxodon and many other native ungulates.[11] The flora of the Ituzaingó Formation was equally diverse, with proteaceans, bamboo, sedges, palms and legumes all being known. The environment was likely a seasonally dry tropical rainforest.[12] The Santa Cruz formation, while sharing much of the same fauna, was more open, being a mix of deciduous forest, gallery forest and savanna.[13]
Paleobiology
Thoatherium, like other proterotheriids, is suggested to be a browser that specialized in mixed habitats due to the shape of their skull. The genus was gracile and was able to run fast, which helped them in the varied habitats they lived in.[14] Thoatherium is thought to have had a diet of softer plants due to the lack of hypsodonty in their teeth.[15][16]
Extinction
Historically, Thoatherium was considered among the last of the proterotheriids, and it was assumed that the entire group went extinct due to new carnivoran predators from North America.[17] This was disputed by the discovery of a Holocene genus, Neolicaphrium, which likely went extinct due to climate change and lived alongside many northern ungulates.[18]
References
- ↑ Thoatherium at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Palmer, D., ed (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 247. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
- ↑ Darin A. Croft, Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, Indiana University Press, 29/08/2016
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 McGrath, Andrew J.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2019-09-23). "Proterotheriids and macraucheniids (Litopterna: Mammalia) from the Pampa Castillo Fauna, Chile (early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA) and a new phylogeny of Proterotheriidae". doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1662500. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772019.2019.1662500.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Scott, William Berryman (1913). A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere. Smithsonian Libraries. New York, The MacMillan Company. pp. 504, 507. http://archive.org/details/historyoflandmam00scot.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ameghino, Florentino (1893). NEW DISCOVERIES OF FOSSIL MAMMALIA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA.. The American Naturalist.
- ↑ Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (2012-10-11) (in en). Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-57641-3. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lFEgAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA243&dq=thoatherium++diet&ots=YuFC2L-dok&sig=xQny0BFQvszwArGvFzUsBbbrmrg#v=onepage&q=thoatherium&f=false.
- ↑ COPE, ED (1891-08-01). THE LITOPTERNA.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Details - Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la República Argentina.: Obra escrita bajo los auspicios de la Academia nacional de ciencias de la República Argentina para ser presentada á la Exposicion universal de Paris de 1889 - Biodiversity Heritage Library" (in en). https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/121288.
- ↑ Cifelli, Richard (1983). "Eutherian tarsals from the late Paleocene of Brazil. American Museum novitates ; no. 2761". https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/3da0cca9-65af-4083-9028-2cb1d700dc46.
- ↑ Cione, Alberto Luis; Azpelicueta, Maria de las Mercedes (2000-01-01). "Miocene vertebrates from Entre Ríos province". https://www.insugeo.org.ar/publicaciones/docs/scg_14/13_miocene_vertebrates_from_entre_r.htm.
- ↑ Zucol, Alejandro Fabian; Maria Jimena, Franco; Brea, Mariana; Orfeo, Oscar (2013-12-01). "La paleoflora de la Formación Ituzaingó, Argentina (The paleoflora of the Ituzaingó Formation, Argentina)". Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/7793.
- ↑ Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Spradley, Jackson P.; Cuitiño, José I. (2021-08-01). "Paleoenvironments and paleoecology of the Santa Cruz Formation (early-middle Miocene) along the Río Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Argentina)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 109. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103296. ISSN 0895-9811. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981121001437.
- ↑ Cassini, Guillermo H. (2013). "Skull Geometric Morphometrics and Paleoecology of Santacrucian (Late Early Miocene; Patagonia) Native Ungulates (Astrapotheria, Litopterna, and Notoungulata)". AMEGHINIANA 50 (2): 193-216. https://bioone.org/journals/Ameghiniana/volume-50/issue-2/AMGH.7.04.2013.606/Skull-Geometric-Morphometrics-and-Paleoecology-of-Santacrucian-Late-Early-Miocene/10.5710/AMGH.7.04.2013.606.short.
- ↑ Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (2012-10-11) (in en). Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-57641-3. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lFEgAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA243&dq=thoatherium++diet&ots=YuFC2L-dok&sig=xQny0BFQvszwArGvFzUsBbbrmrg#v=onepage&q=thoatherium&f=false.
- ↑ Defler, T. (2018-12-20). "The Native Ungulates of South America (Condylarthra and Meridiungulata)". https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Native-Ungulates-of-South-America-(Condylarthra-Defler/d1728e108658e7dba9a9ec6972e10895b751670b.
- ↑ Scott, William Berryman (1913). A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere. Smithsonian Libraries. New York, The MacMillan Company. pp. 504, 507. http://archive.org/details/historyoflandmam00scot.
- ↑ Ubilla, Martín; Perea, Daniel; Bond, Mariano; Andrés, Rinderknechth (2011-02-08). "The First Cranial Remains of the Pleistocene Proterotheriid Neolicaphrium Frenguelli, 1921 (Mammalia, Litopterna): A Comparative Approach". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-vertebrate-paleontology/volume-31/issue-1/02724634.2011.539647/The-First-Cranial-Remains-of-the-Pleistocene-Proterotheriid-Neolicaphrium-Frenguelli/10.1080/02724634.2011.539647.full.
Template:Meridiungulata Wikidata ☰ Q137486 entry
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