Biology:Gazelle

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Short description: Genus of mammals


Gazella
Temporal range: Pliocene to recent
Chinkara - Shreeram M V - Bikaner.jpg
Chinkara from Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Antilopinae
Tribe: Antilopini
Genus: Gazella
Blainville, 1816
Type species
Capra dorcas[1]
Species

Several, see text

A gazelle is one of many antelope species in the genus Gazella /ɡəˈzɛlə/.[2] There are also seven species included in two further genera; Eudorcas and Nanger, which were formerly considered subgenera of Gazella. A third former subgenus, Procapra, includes three living species of Asian gazelles.

Gazelles are known as swift animals. Some can run at bursts as high as 100 km/h (60 mph) or run at a sustained speed of 50 km/h (30 mph).[3] Gazelles are found mostly in the deserts, grasslands, and savannas of Africa, but they are also found in southwest and central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. They tend to live in herds, and eat fine, easily digestible plants and leaves.

Gazelles are relatively small antelopes, most standing 60–110 cm (2–3.5 ft) high at the shoulder, and are generally fawn-colored.

The gazelle genera are Gazella, Eudorcas, and Nanger. The taxonomy of these genera is confused, and the classification of species and subspecies has been an unsettled issue. Currently, the genus Gazella is widely considered to contain about 10 species.[4] One subspecies is extinct: the Queen of Sheba's gazelle. Most surviving gazelle species are considered threatened to varying degrees. Closely related to the true gazelles are the Tibetan goa and Mongolian gazelles (species of the genus Procapra), the blackbuck of Asia, and the African springbok.

One widely familiar gazelle is the African species Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii), sometimes referred to as a "tommie". It is around 60 to 70 cm (24 to 28 in) in shoulder height and is coloured brown and white with a distinguishing black stripe. The males have long, often curved, horns. Like many other prey species, tommies exhibit a distinctive behaviour of stotting (running and jumping high before fleeing) when they are threatened by predators such as cheetahs, lions, African wild dogs, crocodiles, hyenas, and leopards.

Etymology and their name

Byzantine-era mosaic of gazelle in Caesarea, Israel

Gazelle is derived from French gazelle, Old French gazel, probably via Old Spanish gacel, probably from North African pronunciation of Arabic: غزال ġazāl,[5][6] Maghrebi pronunciation ġazēl.[7] To Europe it first came to Old Spanish and Old French,[7] and then around 1600 the word entered the English language.[8] The Arab people traditionally hunted the gazelle. Later appreciated for its grace, however, it became a symbol most commonly associated in Arabic literature with human female beauty.[9][10] In many countries in Northwestern Sub-Saharan Africa, the gazelle is commonly referred to as "dangelo", meaning "swift deer".[11]

Symbolism or totemism in African families

The gazelle, like the antelope to which it is related, is the totem of many African families. Some examples include the Joof family of the Senegambia region,[12][13] the Bagananoa of Botswana in Southern Africa (said to be descended from the BaHurutshe),[14] and the Eraraka (or Erarak) clan of Uganda.[15] As is common in many African societies, it is forbidden for the Joof or Eraraka to kill or touch the family totem.[13][15]

Poetry

One of the traditional themes of Arabic love poetry involves comparing the gazelle with the beloved, and linguists theorize ghazal, the word for love poetry in Arabic, is related to the word for gazelle.[16] It is related that the Caliph Abd al-Malik (646–705) freed a gazelle that he had captured because of her resemblance to his beloved:

O likeness of Layla, never fear!
For I am your friend, today, O wild gazelle!
Then I say, after freeing her from her fetters:
You are free for the sake of Layla, for ever![16]

The theme is found in the ancient Hebrew Song of Songs. (8:14)

Come away, my beloved,
and be like a gazelle
or like a young stag
on the spice-laden mountains.

Species

For gazelle species by population, see List of even-toed ungulates by population

The gazelles are divided into three genera and numerous species.[17]

Genus Common and binomial names Image Range
Gazella Arabian gazelle
G. arabica 		Arabian Gazelle.jpg Arabian Peninsula
Cuvier's gazelle
G. cuvieri 		Cuvier's Gazelle.jpg Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia
Dorcas gazelle
G. dorcas 		Gazella dorcas, Israel.jpg North and saharan Africa, Sinai and Southern Israel
Goitered gazelle
G. subgutturosa 		Gazella subgutturosa 2018.jpg Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, part of Iran, parts of Iraq and southwestern Pakistan , Afghanistan and the Gobi Desert
Arabian sand gazelle
G. marica 		Sand gazelle (gazella subgutturosa marica).jpg Syrian Desert, southeastern Turkey, and Arabian Desert
Chinkara or
Indian gazelle
G. bennettii 		Chinkara.jpg Iran, Pakistan and India
Mountain gazelle
G. gazella 		Gazella gazella.jpg Israel, the Golan Heights, Dubai and Turkey
Rhim gazelle
G. leptoceros 		Slender-horned gazelle (Cincinnati Zoo).jpg Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya and Sudan
Speke's gazelle
G. spekei 		Speke's Gazelle - Gazella spekei.jpg Horn of Africa
Erlanger's gazelle
G. erlangeri 		Arabian Peninsula
Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle
E. albonotata 		120px Floodplain and savanna of South Sudan
Red-fronted gazelle
E. rufifrons 		Gazella rufifrons AB.jpg The Sahel region of central Africa
Red gazelle
E. rufina 		120px Mountain areas of North Africa
Thomson's gazelle
E. thomsonii 		Eat228.jpg East Africa
Nanger Dama gazelle
N. dama 		MhorrGazelleza.jpg Sahara desert and the Sahel
Grant's gazelle
N. granti 		Ngorongoro Grant-Gazelle.jpg Northern Tanzania to South Sudan and Ethiopia, and from the Kenyan coast to Lake Victoria
Soemmerring's gazelle
N. soemmerringii 		Soemmerring's Gazelle, St. Louis Zoo.jpg Horn of Africa

Prehistoric extinctions

Fossils of genus Gazella are found in Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Eurasia and Africa. The tiny Gazella borbonica is one of the earliest European gazelles, characterized by its small size and short legs. Gazelles disappeared from Europe at the start of the Ice Age, but they survived in Africa and the Middle East.[citation needed]

  • Genus Gazella
    • Gazella borbonica - Pleistocene Europe
    • Gazella capricornis - Miocene Asia[18]
    • Gazella harmonae - Pliocene of Ethiopia, unusual spiral horns[19]
    • Gazella praethomsoni - Pliocene Africa [19]
    • Gazella negevensis - Early Miocene Asia[20]
    • Gazella thomasi - Thomas's gazelle[21]
    • Gazella vanhoepeni - Pliocene Africa [22]
  • Subgenus Vetagazella
    • Gazella altidens [23]
    • Gazella blacki - Pliocene Asia[24]
    • Gazella deperdita - Late Miocene Europe[25]
    • Gazella dorcadoides - Middle Miocene Asia[26]
    • Gazella pilgrimi - Late Miocene Europe[27]
    • Gazella gaudryi - Middle Miocene Eurasia[26]
    • Gazella kueitensis - Pliocene Asia[28]
    • Gazella lydekkeri - Mid to Late Miocene Asia[23]
    • Gazella paotehensis - Middle Miocene Asia[26]
    • Gazella paragutturosa - Pleistocene Asia[29]
    • Gazella parasinensis - Pliocene Asia[30]
    • Gazella praegaudryi - Pleistocene Africa
    • Gazella sinensis - Pliocene Asia[31]
    • Gazella brianus - Pliocene Asia[30]
  • Subgenus Gazella
    • Gazella janenschi - Pliocene Africa[32]
  • Subgenus Trachelocele
  • Subgenus Deprezia

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14200551. 
  2. ↑ "Gazella". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gazella. 
  3. ↑ "Gazelle". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2007, Columbia University Press.
  4. ↑ Eva Verena Bärmann (2013), "The curious case of Gazella arabica", Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 78 (3): 220–225, doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2012.07.003 
  5. ↑ "gazelle | Etymology, origin and meaning of gazelle by etymonline" (in en). https://www.etymonline.com/word/gazelle. 
  6. ↑ Template:Cite Skeat
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "gazelle". http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/gazelle. 
  8. ↑ "Definition of GAZELLE" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gazelle. 
  9. ↑ Behrens-billAbouseif, Doris (1999). Beauty in Arabic culture (Illustrated ed.). Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 9781558761995. https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ2aFwUR3mgC&pg=PA53. 
  10. ↑ Jokha Alharthi (PhD), (Sultan Qaboos University, College of Arts and Social Sciences - Arabic Department) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288181275_The_Representation_of_the_Beloved's_Body_in_classical_Arabic_Poetry Note in particular pages 7 and 8 of this (linked-to) paper published at a conference in 2015.
  11. ↑ "Dangelo (swift deer)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roJ97b4t-dE&feature=youtu.be. 
  12. ↑ Faye, Louis Diène, Mort et naissance: le monde Sereer, Nouvelles Éditions africaines (1983), p. 74, ISBN:9782723608688
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Gastellu, Jean-Marc (1981) (in fr). L'égalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal. IRD Editions. p. 130. ISBN 978-2-7099-0591-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=cc0xdPE35ngC. 
  14. ↑ Chidester, David; Kwenda, Chirevo; Petty, Robert; Tobler, Judy; Wratten, Darrel (1997-08-07) (in en). African Traditional Religion in South Africa: An Annotated Bibliography: An Annotated Bibliography. ABC-CLIO. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-313-03225-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=RlHs4yC0eP0C&pg=PA341. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Roscoe, John, The Northern Bantu: An Account of Some Central African Tribes of the Uganda Protectorate, The University Press (1915), p. 262
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Necipoğlu, Gülru (1997). Gülru Necipoğlu. ed. Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9789004108721. https://books.google.com/books?id=s6MN2T9cXNEC&pg=PA15. 
  17. ↑ "Antilopinae". http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Cetartiodactyla/Antilopinae.html. 
  18. ↑ Solounias, N.; Moelleken, S.M.C.; Plavcan, J.M. (1995). "Predicting the diet of extinct bovids using masseteric morphology". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (4): 195–805. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011262. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Geraads, D. (2012). "Pliocene Bovidae (Mammalia) from the Hadar Formation of Hadar and Ledi-Geraru, Lower Awash, Ethiopia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (1): 180–197. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.632046. 
  20. ↑ Tchernov, E. et al. (1987). "Miocene mammals of the Negev (Israel)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7 (3): 284–310. doi:10.1080/02724634.1987.10011661. 
  21. ↑ Geraads, D.; Raynal, J.; Sbihi-Alaoui, F. (February 2010). "Mammalian faunas from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Casablanca (Morocco)". Historical Biology 22 (1–3): 275–285. doi:10.1080/08912960903458011. 
  22. ↑ Sponheimer, M.; Reed, K.E.; Lee-Thorp, J.A. (June 1999). "Combining isotopic and ecomorphological data to refine bovid paleodietary reconstruction: a case study from the Makapansgat Limeworks hominin locality". Journal of Human Evolution 36 (6): 705–718. doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0300. PMID 10330334. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Khan, A. (2009). "Mammalian new remains from chinji". The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 19 (4): 224–229. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33212748/mammalian_new_remains_from_chinji-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1660471800&Signature=Og2UZssgp24JywvPzLzdQ8eU0XGuHDKA9-PB6pepxz-6ZqCuo8DvmePuPh2U1tgcDAA0LcKqn31JMrZ0bGvjCL1BGoTDofDtLbDbISm-SURj5d~jQvvttEQVajNgih2sHUkCAIPwQxlsZgeLCr4lcNtPUeaiYSzkAIPXmwXdP0ijiUdbmiKInS~vvNCWv0y-8m95EtZ8xOiqu62IjLtYUfO36mM1EQcj3rnalalXczsOLqg~f-R0lupIszg80FsMiXKMW8R4O02LNv03mgG3UQoKYiLw6lSi4k~fmiUd~bNH6MK6am-zesXJKPTEMHJky-ylhrovQG9VA0JmGzMyQw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA. Retrieved 14 August 2022. 
  24. ↑ Chen, G. (1997). "Gazella blacki Teilhard and Young, 1931 (Bovicae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Pliocene of Hefeng, Jingle District, Shanxi Province". Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35 (3): 189–200. http://www.vertpala.ac.cn/EN/Y1997/V35/I03/189. Retrieved 14 August 2022. 
  25. ↑ Merceron, G. et al. (February 2005). "Dental microwear of fossil bovids from northern Greece: paleoenvironmental conditions in the eastern Mediterranean during the Messinian". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 217 (3–4): 173–185. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.11.019. Bibcode: 2005PPP...217..173M. http://doc.rero.ch/record/13425/files/PAL_E235.pdf. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Khan, M.A. et al. (August 2021). "New remains of Gazella (Bovidae) from Middle Miocene, Pakistan". Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14 (17): 1703. doi:10.1007/s12517-021-07885-8. 
  27. ↑ Bouvrain, G. (1996). "The gazelles from the late Miocene of Macedonia, Greece". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie 199 (1): 111–32. doi:10.1127/njgpa/199/1996/111. 
  28. ↑ Meng, X. et al. (September 2010). "Late Cenozoic stratigraphy and paleomagnetic chronology of the Zanda Basin, Tibet, and records of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau". Acta Geologica Sinica 82 (1): 63–72. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2008.tb00325.x. 
  29. ↑ Leslie, D.M. (July 2010). "Procapra picticaudata (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)". Mammalian Species 42 (861): 138–148. doi:10.1644/861.1. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Vislobokova, I. (2005). "On Pliocene faunas with Proboscideans in the territory of the former Soviet Union". Quaternary International 126-128: 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.017. Bibcode: 2005QuInt.126...93V. 
  31. ↑ Vislobokova, I.; Dmitrieva, E.; Kalmykov, N. (1995). "Artiodactyls From the Late Pliocene of Udunga, Western Trans-Baikal, Russia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (1): 146–159. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011214. 
  32. ↑ Fillion, E.N.; Harrison, T.; Kwekason, A. (June 2022). "A nonanalog Pliocene ungulate community at Laetoli with implications for the paleoecology of Australopithecus afarensis". Journal of Human Evolution 167: 103182. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103182. PMID 35428490. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q190858 entry



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