Biology:Tree shelter
A tree shelter, tree guard or tree tube (sometimes also Tuley tube) is a structure that protects planted tree saplings from browsing animals and other dangers as the trees grow.
The purpose of tree shelters is to protect young trees from browsing by herbivores by forming a physical barrier along with providing a barrier to chemical spray applications. Additionally, tree tubes accelerate growth by providing a mini-greenhouse environment that reduces moisture stress, channels growth into the main stem and roots and allows efficient control of weeds that can rob young seedlings of soil moisture and sunlight. Young trees protected in this way have a survival rate of around 85%, but without a tree guard only about half of all planted trees grow to adulthood.[1]
Wrought iron, wire and wooden tree guards were used in Victorian England since the 1820s, but not always because of their cost.[2] Plastic tube tree shelters were invented in Scotland in 1979 by Graham Tuley.[3] They are particularly popular in the UK in landscape-scale planting schemes and their use has been established in the United States since 2000. About 1 million shelters were in use in the United Kingdom in 1983–1984,[4] and 10 million were produced in 1991.[5]
Many variations of tree shelters exist. There is considerable debate among tree shelter manufacturers as to the ideal colour, size, shape and texture for optimal plant growth. One style used in northern climates of North America has a height of 5 feet to offer the best protection from deer browse, with vent holes in the upper portion of the tube to allow for hardening off of hardwood trees going into the winter months and no vent holes in the lower portion to shield seedlings from herbicide spray and rodent damage.
The use of plastic tube tree shelters leads to the contamination of the environment with microplastics as the tubes, which are normally not collected, degrade over time.[1] Alternatives include wooden or metal fencing to keep animals out.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weston, Phoebe (2021-08-24). "Trees should be planted without plastic guards, says UK study" (in en). http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/24/trees-should-be-planted-without-plastic-guards-says-uk-study-aoe.
- ↑ Johnston, Mark (2017). Street trees in Britain: a history. Oxford: Windgather Press. pp. 301. ISBN 978-1-911188-26-1. OCLC 995619541. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995619541.
- ↑ Lantagne 1997
- ↑ Tuley 1985
- ↑ Potter 1991
- Lantagne, D. O. (1997). "Using Tree Shelters To Establish Northern Red Oak And Other Hardwoods". Michigan State University Extension Bulletin: 2. http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/Ag.%20Ext.%202007-Chelsie/PDF/e2584.pdf. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
- Potter, M. J. (1991) Treeshelters - Forestry Commission Handbook 7 HMSO
- Tuley, G. (1985). "The growth of young oak trees in shelters". Forestry 58 (2): 181–19. doi:10.1093/forestry/58.2.181.
- "Independent Studies" (in en). https://tree.tube/pages/independent-studies.
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