Biology:Tremula
Tremula is a genus of biflagellate cercozoans.
Characteristics
The genus Tremula is a phagotrophic heterotroph biflagellate that possesses both anterior and posterior flagella. It glides along surfaces using its flagella, one pointing forward and the other backward. The theca, scales, and cytostome could not be identified using a light microscope. The anterior flagellum is attached to the anterior end of the cell but, unlike in Glissandra, is not embedded in a groove or notch. The posterior flagellum is attached on the ventral side or at the apical end, over a central depression or notch where the cell narrows. Vigorous trembling is frequently observed during movement. It can survive in dry soil. It sometimes possesses an amoeboid stage that protects both flagella. The word “tremulans,” from which its name is derived, refers to its trembling. The type species is T. longifila; another species is T. vibrans (=Cercobodo vibrans).[1]
Taxonomy
Tremula was described in 2011 by Howe and Cavalier-Smith in Howe et al., 2011 with two species: T. longifila and T. vibrans. It was assigned to its own order Tremulida, which was not assigned to any class in Filosa.[1] Later, it was discovered that it does not belong to Filosa,[2] and it was also assigned to its own family Tremulidae.[3]
Phylogeny
It is the sister group of Aquavolonida, which includes Aquavolon[2] and Lapot.[4]
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Howe, Alexis T.; Bass, David; Scoble, Josephine M.; Lewis, Rhodri; Vickerman, Keith; Arndt, Hartmut; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2011-04-01). "Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep-branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa: New Genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia". Protist 162 (2): 332–372. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.10.002. ISSN 1434-4610. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1434461010000829.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bass, David; Tikhonenkov, Denis Victorovich; Foster, Rachel; Dyal, Patricia; Janouškovec, Jan; Keeling, Patrick J.; Gardner, Michelle; Neuhauser, Sigrid et al. (2018). "Rhizarian ‘Novel Clade 10’ Revealed as Abundant and Diverse Planktonic and Terrestrial Flagellates, including Aquavolon n. gen." (in en). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 65 (6): 828–842. doi:10.1111/jeu.12524. ISSN 1550-7408. PMID 29658156. PMC 6282753. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeu.12524.
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (2018-09-01). "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria" (in en). Protoplasma 255 (5): 1517–1574. doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1. ISSN 1615-6102. PMID 29666938. PMC 6133090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1.
- ↑ Irwin, Nicholas A. T.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Burki, Fabien; Keeling, Patrick J. (2019-01-01). "Phylogenomics supports the monophyly of the Cercozoa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 130: 416–423. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.004. ISSN 1055-7903. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790318304743.
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