Biology:Trimonoecy

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Trimonoecy, also called polygamomonoecy or androgynomonoecy, is a sexual system in plants in which a single individual produces male, female, and hermaphroditic flowers simultaneously.[1] Trimonoecy is rare,[2] occurring in 0.025% of angiosperm species.[3]

It is a monomorphic sexual system along with monoecy, gynomonoecy, and andromonoecy. It is hypothesized that trimonoecy originated from gynomonoecy.[4]

Genetic basis

In melon, sex forms are controlled by three major genes: G/g (gynoecious), A/a (andromonecious) and M/m (male).[5] Mutations in M, which encodes an ACC synthase (ACS) involved in ethylene biosynthesis, causes female flowers to become hermaphroditic and the individual to become trimonoecious.[5] Similarly in Cucurbita pepo, mutating ACO1A, another ethylene biosynthesis gene, also promotes the conversion of female flowers to hermaphroditic flowers while male flowers remain unaffected, resulting in partial andromonoecy or trimonoecy.[6] Ethylene is a master regulator of sex determination in plants, including the cucurbits.[7]

Prevalence

Trimonoecy is present in 73 species across 44 genera and 29 families of angiosperms; 6.9% of all angiosperm families, including 20.0% of monocot families, are trimonoecious.[3] 80.3% of all trimonoecious species belong to the Superrosids or Superasterids.[3] No evidence of trimonoecy has been found in basal angiosperms or magnoliids.[3]

Species

Families

References

  1. ↑ "Glossary Details - The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium". http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/glossary-details/?irn=3061. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cardoso-Gustavson, Poliana; Demarco, Diego; Carmello-Guerreiro, Sandra Maria (2011-08-06). "Evidence of trimonoecy in Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus acidus" (in en). Plant Systematics and Evolution 296 (3): 283. doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0494-3. ISSN 1615-6110. Bibcode: 2011PSyEv.296..283C. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-011-0494-3. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Godin, V. N.; Н, Годин В. (2025-12-15). "Trimonoecy in flowering plants" (in ru). Botanical Journal 110 (7): 619–633. doi:10.31857/S0006813625070017. ISSN 2658-6339. https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/0006-8136/article/view/690845. 
  4. ↑ Torices, Rubén; Méndez, Marcos; Gómez, José María (2011). "Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms" (in en). New Phytologist 190 (1): 234–248. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 21219336. Bibcode: 2011NewPh.190..234T. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ji, Gaojie; Zhang, Jie; Gong, Guoyi; Shi, Jianting; Zhang, Haiying; Ren, Yi; Guo, Shaogui; Gao, Junping et al. (2015-09-22). "Inheritance of sex forms in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)". Scientia Horticulturae 193: 367–373. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.039. ISSN 0304-4238. Bibcode: 2015ScHor.193..367J. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304423815301138. 
  6. ↑ Cebrián, Gustavo; Iglesias-Moya, Jessica; Romero, Jonathan; Martínez, Cecilia; Garrido, Dolores; Jamilena, Manuel (2022-01-24). "The Ethylene Biosynthesis Gene CpACO1A: A New Player in the Regulation of Sex Determination and Female Flower Development in Cucurbita pepo" (in English). Frontiers in Plant Science 12. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.817922. ISSN 1664-462X. PMID 35140733. Bibcode: 2022FrPS...1217922C. 
  7. ↑ Manzano, Susana; Martínez, Cecilia; García, Juan Manuel; Megías, Zoraida; Jamilena, Manuel (2014-12-01). "Involvement of ethylene in sex expression and female flower development in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 85: 96–104. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.11.004. ISSN 0981-9428. PMID 25463265. Bibcode: 2014PlPB...85...96M. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0981942814003374. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross (2011-03-31) (in en). Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. Academic Press. pp. 363. ISBN 978-0-12-375689-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=C6lYoH8rwywC&dq=polygamomonoecious&pg=PT399. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Godin, V. N.; Н, Годин В. (2025-02-19). "Trimonoecy in Galium rivale (Rubiaceae)" (in ru). Botanical Journal 110 (2): 150–158. doi:10.31857/S0006813625020037. ISSN 2658-6339. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0006813625020037. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Triadiati, Triadiati; Kurniati, Kurniati; Widyastuti, Utut; Dasumiati, Dasumiati (2019-12-02). "Androgynomonoecious Jatropha curcas: Chromosomes, Isozymes, and Flowers Gender". HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 26 (3): 139. doi:10.4308/hjb.26.3.139. ISSN 2086-4094. https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/hayati/article/view/28506. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Percival, M. (2013-10-22) (in en). Floral Biology. Elsevier. pp. 5. ISBN 978-1-4832-9302-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=E1fgBAAAQBAJ&dq=Trimonoecious+species&pg=PA5. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Urbani, M. (2009-09-14). "Notes on the Distribution of Sexual Polymorphism in Some Italian Populations of Thymelaea Hirsuta (L.) Endl. (Thymelaeaceae)" (in en). Plant Biosystem 130: 460. doi:10.1080/11263509609439683. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11263509609439683. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Batygina, T. B. (2019-04-23) (in en). Embryology of Flowering Plants: Terminology and Concepts, Vol. 3: Reproductive Systems. CRC Press. pp. 45. ISBN 978-1-4398-4436-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=4VOWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Monoecy&pg=PA43. 
  14. ↑ Wilson, Karen L.; Morrison, David A. (2000-05-19) (in en). Monocots: Systematics and Evolution: Systematics and Evolution. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09929-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC&dq=polygamomonoecious&pg=PA310. 
  15. ↑ Aguado, Encarnación; García, Alicia; Iglesias-Moya, Jessica; Romero, Jonathan; Wehner, Todd C.; Gómez-Guillamón, María Luisa; Picó, Belén; Garcés-Claver, Ana et al. (2020-08-19). "Mapping a Partial Andromonoecy Locus in Citrullus lanatus Using BSA-Seq and GWAS Approaches" (in English). Frontiers in Plant Science 11. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.01243. ISSN 1664-462X. PMID 32973825. Bibcode: 2020FrPS...11.1243A. 




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