Biology:Turtle classification

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Turtles have been classified in different ways by different authors. While they were previously considered anapsids, they are now considered more derived.[1] Recent analyses of molecular evidence have strongly suggested that they belong in the clade Archosauromorpha (also known as Archelosauria).[2] Below are many of the possible classifications of Testudines and Testudinata:

Thomson and Shaffer, 2010

Below is a cladogram of living testudines found by Thomson and Shaffer in 2010:[3]

Testudines  
Pleurodira
Pelomedusoides

Pelusios subniger

Pelomedusidae

Pelusios gabonensis

Pelusios williamsi

Pelomedusa subrufa

Pelusios sinuatus

Podocnemididae

Peltocephalus dumerilianus

Podocnemis unifilis

Podocnemis lewyana

Podocnemis expansa

Erymnochelys madagascariensis

Chelidae
Chelodininae

Chelodina rugosa

Chelodina longicollis

Chelodina oblonga

Pseudemydura umbrina

Emydura subglobosa

Elseya dentata

Elseya latisternum

Rheodytes leukops

Elusor macrurus

Elseya purvisi

Elseya georgesi

Emydura macquarii

Hydromedusa tectifera

Chelinae

Chelus fimbriata

Platemys platycephala

Mesoclemmys nasuta

Mesoclemmys gibba

Acanthochelys radiolata

Acanthochelys spixii

Acanthochelys pallidipectoris

Mesoclemmys hogei

Phrynops williamsi

Phrynops geoffroanus

Phrynops hilarii

Trionychia

Carettochelys insculpta

Trionychidae
Cyclanorbinae

Lissemys scutata

Lissemys punctata

Cycloderma frenatum

Cycloderma aubryi

Cyclanorbis senegalensis

Cyclanorbis elegans

Trionychinae

Trionyx triunguis

Pelochelys bibroni

Pelochelys cantorii

Chitra vandijki

Chitra indica

Chitra chitra

Rafetus euphraticus

Apalone mutica

Apalone ferox

Apalone spinifera

Pelodiscus sinensis

Pelodiscus axenaria

Palea steindachneri

Dogania subplana

Amyda cartilaginea

Nilssonia gangetica

Nilssonia formosa

Nilssonia hurum

See below for Chelydridae, Chelonioidea, Kinosternoidea,
Platysternidae, Emydidae, Testudinidae and Geoemydidae

Sterli 2010

Below is a cladogram found by Sterli in 2010 in a phylogenetic analysis of Pleurodira:[4]

Testudinata

Proganochelys quenstedti

Rhaptochelydia
†Australochelyidae

Palaeochersis talampayensis

Australochelys africanus

Proterochersis robusta

Kayentachelys aprix

Condorchelys antiqua

Heckerochelys romani

Indochelys spatulata

Mongolochelys efremovi

Meiolaniidae

Meiolania platyceps

Niolamia argentina

Chubutemys copelloi

Kallokibotion bajazidi

Santanachelys gaffneyi

Solnhofia parsonsi

Plesiochelyidae

Portlandemys macdowelli

Plesiochelys solodurensis

Dorsetochelys delairi

Thalassemys moseri

Pleurosternidae

Pleurosternon bullockii

Glyptops plicatulus

Dinochelys whitei

Baenidae

Neurankylus eximius

Trinitichelys hiatti

Plesiobaena antiqua

Boremys pulchra

Baena arenosa

Chisternon undulatum

Siamochelys peninsularis

Xinjiangchelys latimarginalis

Testudines see tree below
Testudines

Hangaiemys hoburensis

Judithemys sukhanovi

Dracochelys bicuspis

Sinemys lens

Ordosemys leios

Chelonioidea

Toxochelys latiremys

Mesodermochelys undulatus

Dermochelys coriacea

Cheloniidae

Caretta caretta

Chelonia mydas

Testudinoidea

Platysternon megacephalum

Mongolemys elegans

Emydidae

Chrysemys picta

Trachemys scripta

Geoclemys hamiltonii

Testudinidae

Gopherus polyphemus

Chelonoidis chilensis

Protochelydra zangerli

Chelydridae

Macroclemys temminckii

Chelydra serpentina

Emarginachelys cretacea

Kinosternoidea

Baptemys wyomingensis

Dermatemys mawii

Hoplochelys crassa

Kinosternidae

Staurotypus triporcatus

Sternotherus odoratus

Kinosternon flavescens

Adocus beati

Zangerlia neimongolensis

Basilemys variolosa

Peltochelys durlstoensis

Anosteira ornata

Carettochelys insculpta

Trionychidae

Lissemys punctata

Apalone spinifera

Pelodiscus sinensis

Sandownia harrisi

Pleurodira

Platychelys oberndorferi

Caribemys oxfordiensis

Notoemys laticentralis

Chelidae

Phrynops geoffroanus

Chelus fimbriata

Elseya dentata

Elseya latisternum

Chelodina oblonga

Chelodina longicollis

Pelomedusoides

Pelomedusa subrufa

Erymnochelys madagascariensis

Podocnemis expansa

Joyce, 2007

Below is a cladogram found by Joyce in 2007 in his publication on turtle phylogeny:[5]

Testudinata

Proganochelys quenstedti

Palaeochersis talampayensis

Australochelys africanus

Proterochersis robusta

Kayentachelys aprix

Meiolania platyceps

Mongolochelys efremovi

Kallokibotion bajazidi

Testudines

Platychelys oberndorferi

Caribemys oxfordiensis

Notoemys laticentralis

Pleurodira
Chelidae

Elseya dentata

Phyrops geoffroanus

Chelodina siebenrocki

Pelomedusoides

Podocnemis expansa

Pelomedusa subrufa

Erymnochelys madagascariensis

Dorsetochelys delairi

Paracryptodira
Pleurosternidae

Pleurosternon bullockii

Glyptops plicatulus

Dinochelys whitei

Baenidae

Neurankylus eximius

Trinitichelys hiatti

Plesiobaena antiqua

Boremys pulchra

Baena arenosa

Chisternon undatum

Eucryptodira

Plesiochelys solodurensis

Portlandemys mcdowelli

Solnhofia parsonsi

Thalassemys moseri

Sandownia harrisi

Santanachelys gaffneyi

Xinjiangchelys latimarginalis

Hangaiemys hoburensis

Judithemys sukhavoni

Dracochelys bicuspis

Sinemys lens

Ordosemys leios

See tree below for Cryptodira
Cryptodira

Toxochelys latiremis

Chelonioidea

Mesodermochelys undulatus

Dermochelys coriacea

Cheloniidae

Chelonia mydas

Caretta caretta

Protochelydra zangerli

Chelydridae

Chelydra serpentina

Macrochelys temmincki

Platysternon megacephalum

Mongolemys elegans

Testudinoidea

Gopherus polyphemus

Geoclemys hamiltoni

Chrysemys picta

Trionychoidea

Emarginachelys cretacea

Kinosternoidea

Baptemys wyomingensis

Dermatemys mawii

Hoplochelys crassa

Staurotypus triporcatus

Sternotherus odoratus

Kinosternon scorpioides

Pantrionychia
Adocidae

Adocus beati

Basilemys variolosa

Zangerlia neimongolensis

Peltochelys durlstonensis

Trionychia
Pancarettochelyidae

Pseudanosteria pulchra

Carettochelys insculpta

Trionychidae

Lisemys punctata

Apalone ferox

See also

Wikipedia category tree of Testudines taxonomy

References

  1. Zardoya, Rafael; Meyer, Axel (2001-05-01). "The evolutionary position of turtles revised". Naturwissenschaften 88 (5): 193–200. doi:10.1007/s001140100228. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 11482432. Bibcode2001NW.....88..193Z. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-34962. 
  2. Crawford, Nicholas G.; Parham, James F.; Sellas, Anna B.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Glenn, Travis C.; Papenfuss, Theodore J.; Henderson, James B.; Hansen, Madison H. et al. (2015-02-01). "A phylogenomic analysis of turtles". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83: 250–257. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.021. PMID 25450099. 
  3. Thomson, R.C.; Shaffer, H.B. (2010). "Sparse Supermatrices for Phylogenetic Inference: Taxonomy, Alignment, Rogue Taxa, and the Phylogeny of Living Turtles". Systematic Biology 59 (1): 42–58. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp075. PMID 20525619. http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/1483.pdf. 
  4. Sterli, J. (2010). "Phylogenetic relationships among extinct and extant turtles: the position of Pleurodira and the effects of the fossils on rooting crown-group turtles". Contributions to Zoology 79 (3): 93–106. doi:10.1163/18759866-07903002. https://www.academia.edu/602986. 
  5. Joyce, W.G. (2007). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Mesozoic Turtles". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 48 (1): 62. doi:10.3374/0079-032X(2007)48[3:PROMT2.0.CO;2]. http://www.geo.uni-tuebingen.de/fileadmin/website/arbeitsbereich/palaeo/biogeologie/Images/Joyce_Publications/18__Joyce_2007.pdf.