Biology:Ulmus parvifolia

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Short description: Species of tree

Ulmus parvifolia
Chinese elm, Hilversum
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Ulmaceae
Genus: Ulmus
Subgenus: U. subg. Ulmus
Section: U. sect. Microptelea
Species:
U. parvifolia
Binomial name
Ulmus parvifolia
Jacq.
Synonyms
  • Microptelea parvifolia Spach
  • Planera parvifolia Sweet
  • Ulmus campestris var. chinensis Loudon
  • Ulmus chinensis Persoon
  • Ulmus parvifolia Maxim., Franch. et Savatier, Forbes & Hemsl., Shirasawa
  • Ulmus sieboldii Daveau
  • Ulmus virgata Roxburgh

Ulmus parvifolia, commonly known as the Chinese elm[2] or lacebark elm, is a species native to eastern Asia, including China, India, Japan, Korea, Vietnam,[3] Siberia, and Kazakhstan.[4] It has been described as "one of the most splendid elms, having the poise of a graceful Nothofagus".[5]

File:Chinese Elm April 2024.jpg
Chinese elm as bonsai during the spring growing season

Description

A small to medium deciduous or semideciduous (rarely semievergreen) tree, it grows to 10–18 m (33–59 ft) tall and 15–20 m (49–66 ft) wide, with a slender trunk and crown. The leathery, lustrous green, single-toothed leaves are small, 2–5 cm long by 1–3 cm broad,[6] and often are retained as late as December or even January in Europe and North America. In some years, the leaves take on a purplish-red autumn colour.[7] The apetalous, wind-pollinated, perfect flowers are produced in early autumn, small and inconspicuous. The fruit is a samara, elliptical to ovate-elliptical, 10–13 mm long by 6–8 mm broad.[3] The samara is mostly glabrous, the seed at the centre or toward the apex, and is borne on a stalk 1–3 mm in length; it matures rapidly and disperses by late autumn. The trunk has a handsome, flaking bark of mottled greys with tans and reds, giving rise to its other common name, the lacebark elm, although scarring from major branch loss can lead to large, canker-like wounds. Ploidy: 2n = 28.[8][9][10][11][12]

Many nurserymen and foresters mistakenly refer to Ulmus pumila, the rapidly growing, disease-ridden, relatively short-lived, weak-wooded Siberian elm, as "Chinese elm". This has given the true Chinese elm an undeserved bad reputation. The two elms are distinct species. The Siberian elm's bark becomes deeply ridged and furrowed with age, among other obvious differences. It possesses a very rough, greyish-black appearance, while the Chinese elm's smooth bark becomes flaky and blotchy, exposing distinctive, light-coloured mottling, hence the synonym lacebark elm for the real Chinese elm. Siberian elm produces seed in spring, Chinese elm in autumn.[13]

Wood and timber

Taxonomy

Subspecies, varieties, and forms:

Pests and diseases

The Chinese elm is highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch elm disease. It is also very resistant to the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, but has a moderate susceptibility to elm yellows.[14] In trials at the Sunshine Nursery, Oklahoma, the species was adjudged as having the best pest resistance of about 200 taxa.[15] However, foliage was regarded as only "somewhat resistant" to black spot by the Plant Diagnostic Clinic of the University of Missouri.[16]


In some regions of the Southern United States, a fungus known as Texas root rot (Phymatotrichopsis omnivora) is known to cause sudden death of lacebark elms when infected. Alan Mitchell reported (1984) that established trees at Kew Gardens and at Royal Victoria Park, Bath, had been killed by honey fungus.[17]

Cultivation

The Chinese elm is a tough landscape tree, hardy enough for use in harsh planting situations such as parking lots, small planters along streets, and plazas or patios. The tree is arguably the most ubiquitous elm, now found on all continents except Antarctica. It was introduced to Europe at the end of the 18th century as an ornamental, and is found in many botanical gardens and arboreta.[18][19] The tree was introduced to the UK in 1794 by James Main, who collected in China for Gilbert Slater of Low Layton, Essex.[20][8] It was also introduced to the United States in 1794,[21] where, before the introduction of cold-hardy forms from the 1990s, it was mainly planted in southern States and in California.[22] It has proved very popular in recent years as a replacement for American elms killed by Dutch elm disease. The tree was distributed in Victoria, Australia, from 1857.[23] At the beginning of the 20th century, Searl's Garden Emporium, in Sydney, marketed it. Three U. parvifolia were supplied in 1902 by Späth to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.[24][25] In New Zealand, it was found to be particularly suitable for windswept locations along the coast. The tree is commonly planted as an ornamental in Japan,[26] notably around Osaka Castle.

U. parvifolia is one of the cold-hardiest of the Chinese species. In artificial freezing tests at the Morton Arboretum.[27] the LT50 (temperature at which 50% of tissues die) was found to be −34 °C (−29 °F).

  • Ulmus parvifolia, State Nursery, Campbelltown, New South Wales (c. 1908)
    Ulmus parvifolia, State Nursery, Campbelltown, New South Wales (c. 1908)
  • Ulmus parvifolia (centre right), Chicago Botanic Garden (2015)
    Ulmus parvifolia (centre right), Chicago Botanic Garden (2015)
  • Chinese elm planted around Osaka Castle, Japan (2019)
    Chinese elm planted around Osaka Castle, Japan (2019)
  • U. parvifolia, Taiwan (2021)
    U. parvifolia, Taiwan (2021)
  • Ulmus parvifolia, Golden Valley Tree Park, Western Australia, planted in 1982 (May 2022)
    Ulmus parvifolia, Golden Valley Tree Park, Western Australia, planted in 1982 (May 2022)
  • Lacebark elms, Oklahoma City National Memorial (2024)
    Lacebark elms, Oklahoma City National Memorial (2024)

Bonsai

Owing to its versatility and ability to tolerate a wide range of temperatures, light, and humidity conditions, the Chinese elm is a popular choice as a bonsai species. It is perhaps the single most widely available. It is considered a good choice for beginners because of its high tolerance of pruning.[28]

Cultivars

Numerous cultivars have been raised, mostly in North America: {{#section:List of elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars|Ulmus_parvifolia_cultivars}}

Of these, the following are non-dwarf, non-bonsai cultivars:

Hybrid cultivars

Ulmus parvifolia is an autumn-flowering species, whereas most other elms flower in the spring. Hybrids include:[29][30]

Naturalisation

File:UlmusParv1.jpg
Naturalised U. parvifolia establishing itself by a roadside, Greensboro, North Carolina (2022)

U. parvifolia has become naturalised in various parts of the US, including Idaho, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and Kentucky.[31][32][33] It is listed as invasive in District of Columbia, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Jersey, Virginia, and Wisconsin.[34][35] As a "garden escape" it has also become naturalised in South Africa, where in 1904 it was described as "common near Irene",[36] and in 1980 as "occasional" in Moreleta Park, both near Pretoria.[37]

Notable trees

The tree in Central Park, New York City, planted in 1865 by James Hogg,[38][20] from which the cultivar Central Park Splendor was cloned, was believed to be the oldest specimen of lacebark elm in the US at the time of its death in the 1990s, with a diameter at breast height of 1.4 m.[22]

Etymology

The name "lacebark elm", referring to the distinctive patchwork bark patterns, was suggested by E. W. Johnson of the Woodward, Oklahoma, USDA research station (who received U. parvifolia seed sent from the Far East by collector Frank Meyer around 1908), to reduce confusion with the Siberian elm, U. pumila, also called Chinese elm in the early days. Carl E. Whitcomb of Oklahoma State University, who raised the cultivar 'Prairie Shade', reintroduced the name "lacebark elm" in his Know It and Grow It: A Guide to the Identification and Use of Landscape Plants (1975).[4]

Accessions

North America
  • Arnold Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 1353-73, 17917, 195-90, 197-90.
  • Bartlett Tree Experts, US. Acc. nos. 5546, 8109.
  • Brenton Arboretum, Dallas Center, Iowa, US. No details available.
  • Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York, US. Acc. nos. 000880, 160001, 20020466, 850222, X00450, X00485, X02727, X02771.[39]
  • Chicago Botanic Garden, US. 2 trees, no other details available.
  • Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. No acc. details.
  • Fullerton Arboretum, California State University, US. Acc. no. 80-036.[40]
  • Holden Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 57-1241, 80-665, 84-1214, 90-323.
  • Longwood Gardens, US. Acc. nos. 1957-1058, 1959-1500, 1960-1138, 1991-0981.
  • Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, US. Acc. nos. 1986-0108, 1986-0276, 1986-0277, 1987-0019, 199-3195, 1996-3462.
  • Morris Arboretum, University of Pennsylvania, US. Acc. no. 32-0052-A.[41]
  • Morton Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 991-27, 772-54, 1231–57, 558-83, 52-96.
  • New York Botanical Garden, US. Acc. nos. 195/56, 486/91, 68072.
  • Phipps Conservatory, US. Acc. nos. 83-006, 83-058, 91-050, 2001-212UN.
  • Scott Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 62210, 71765, 71767, 71771, 75152, 64441.
  • Smith College, US. Acc. no. 42894.
  • U S National Arboretum,[42] Washington, D.C., US. Acc. nos. 58000/1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8.
Europe
  • Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collection.[43]
  • Cambridge Botanic Garden,[44] University of Cambridge, UK. No accession details available.
  • Dyffryn Gardens, Glamorgan. UK champion, 13 m high, 37 cm d.b.h., last surveyed 1997.[45]
  • Grange Farm Arboretum, Sutton St. James, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 516.
  • Great Fontley Butterfly Conservation Elm Trials plantation, UK. One seedling planted 2019.
  • Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. Acc. nos. 18150, 18151.
  • Linnaean Gardens of Uppsala, Sweden. Acc. no. 2002-1542.
  • Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Acc. nos. 1979-1613, 1979-1614, 1982–8479, 1982-8505, 1982-6280, 1982-6284, 2002-137, 2003-1267, 2005-1076.
  • Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Wakehurst Place, UK. Acc. nos. 1969-33664, 1969-35133, 1973-21049, 1973-21525.
  • Royal Horticultural Society Gardens, Wisley, UK. No details are available.
  • Strona Arboretum, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. No accession details are available.
  • Tallinn Botanic Garden, Estonia.[46] No accession details available.
  • Thenford House arboretum, Banbury, UK. No details are available.
  • University of Copenhagen Botanic Garden. Denmark. Acc. nos. S1956-1338, S1997-1304.
  • Westonbirt Arboretum, Tetbury, Glos., UK. Planted 1981. No acc. no.[47]
Australasia
  • Eastwoodhill Arboretum, Gisborne, New Zealand. 9 trees, details not known.[48]

References

  1. ↑ Lin, Q.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Ulmus parvifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147481874A147620206.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/147481874/147620206. Retrieved 19 November 2021. 
  2. ↑ "Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ULPA. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA; also available as Fu, L.; Xin, Y.. "Ulmus parvifolia". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006330. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Whitcomb, Dr Carl E., 'Trees of Downtown Stillwater: The Lacebark Elm' (14 August 2024); drcarlwhitcomb.com
  5. ↑ Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs, 4th edition, 1977, David & Charles, Newton Abbot, England
  6. ↑ "Herbarium specimen - E00824803". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00824803.  Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1909 specimen, Breslau)
  7. ↑ Kemp, Eddie (1979). "The Plantsman's Elm". After the Elm. London: William Heinemann Ltd.. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-434-13900-2. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bean, W. J. (1981). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition. Murray, London.
  9. ↑ White, J & More, D. (2003). Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Cassell's, London.
  10. ↑ "Chinese elm Ulmaceae Ulmus parvifolia". http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/uparvifolia.htm. 
  11. ↑ "Ulmus pumila L.". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ULPU. 
  12. ↑ "SaylorPlants.com - Chinese Elm, Lacebark Elm ( Ulmus  parvifolia )". http://www.saylorplants.com/pd.asp?pid=1935. 
  13. ↑ Leopold, D. J. (1980). "Chinese and Siberian elms". Journal of Arboriculture 6 (7): 175–179. http://joa.isa-arbor.com/request.asp?JournalID=1&ArticleID=1664&Type=2. 
  14. ↑ Mittempergher, L; Santini, A (2004). "The history of elm breeding". Investigacion Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales 13 (1): 161–177. http://www.inia.es/gcontrec/Pub/161-177-(14)-The_history_1161943529015.pdf. Retrieved 2017-02-09. 
  15. ↑ "greenbeam.com". http://www.greenbeam.com/rs/nm_pdfs/16338_013.pdf. 
  16. ↑ "Disease resistant and tolerant plant varieties, Plant Diagnostic Clinic, MU Extension". http://soilplantlab.missouri.edu/plant/diseases/resistant.htm. 
  17. ↑ Mitchell, Alan, & Jobling, John, Decorative Trees for Country, Town, and Garden (London, 1984), p.99
  18. ↑ "Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1854) K000852632". Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000852632. ; "Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1867) K000852633". Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000852633. ; "Ulmus sieboldii Daveau (1913) K000852631". Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000852631. 
  19. ↑ Ryston Hall Arboretum catalogue. c. 1920. pp. 13–14. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ryston_Hall_Arboretum_Catalogue_c._1920_pages_13,14.jpg. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland . Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2004 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781108069380
  21. ↑ "Missouri Botanical Garden bulletin.". [St. Louis : Missouri Botanical Garden]. 29 March 1913. http://archive.org/details/mobot31753002462148. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 'Aross (sic) Central Park' Chinese Elm, by David F. Karnosky, HortScience 23(5):925-926, 1988
  23. ↑ "Trove". https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34926332?selectedversion=NBD9147128. 
  24. ↑ Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh._(1902)._Accessions_book_pages_45,47.jpg. 
  25. ↑ "Herbarium specimen - E00824804". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00824804.  Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1902, Späth nursery); "Herbarium specimen - E00824805". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00824805.  Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1902, Späth); "Herbarium specimen - E00824802". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00824802.  Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1902, Späth)
  26. ↑ Hishiyama, C. (Ed.). (2018). A picture book of (Japanese) trees,  p.81. (in Japanese). Seibidoshuppan, Japan. ISBN 9784415310183
  27. ↑ Shirazi, A. M. & Ware, G. H. (2004). Evaluation of New Elms from China for Cold Hardiness in Northern Latitudes. International Symposium on Asian Plant Diversity & Systematics 2004, Sakura, Japan.
  28. ↑ D'Cruz, Mark (11 February 2020). "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Ulmus parvifolia". Ma-Ke Bonsai. https://www.makebonsai.com/post/chinese-elm. 
  29. ↑ A.M. Townsend, L.R. Schreiber, W.O. Masters, and S.E. Bentz, Ulmus 'Frontier', HortScience 26: 80-81, 1991
  30. ↑ Ulmus 'Rebella', resista-ulmen.com/en/varieties/rebella/
  31. ↑ U. parvifolia, Flora of North America, efloras.org
  32. ↑ Max E. Medley and John W. Thieret, 'U. parvifolia naturalized in Kentucky'; SIDA, Contributions to Botany, Vol. 14, No. 4, December 1991, pp. 610-613 (4 pages), The Botanical Research Institute of Texas
  33. ↑ Urban and Community Trees of Oklahoma, ag.ok.gov
  34. ↑ USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Staff, Invasive Plants website: na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/chinese-elm.pdf
  35. ↑ U. parvifolia, cirrusimage.com
  36. ↑ U. parvifolia specimen, Transvaal Department of Agriculture, in collections.nmnh.si.edu, herbarium specimen 03413443
  37. ↑ U. parvifolia specimen, National Herbarium Pretoria, in collections.nmnh.si.edu, herbarium specimen 03413521
  38. ↑ Garden and Forest, i. 231, 312 (1888)
  39. ↑ "Brooklyn Botanic Garden". http://www.bbg.org/cgi/bgbase/search.cgi. 
  40. ↑ "Fullerton Arboretum | Cal State Fullerton". https://fullertonarboretum.org/. 
  41. ↑ "The Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania". http://www.business-services.upenn.edu/arboretum/living2.html. 
  42. ↑ usda.gov
  43. ↑ "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/list-plants-collection. 
  44. ↑ "Welcome to Cambridge Botanic Garden - Find Out More". https://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/. 
  45. ↑ Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, ISBN 978-1-873580-61-5.
  46. ↑ "tba.ee". http://www.tba.ee/index.php?lang=eng. 
  47. ↑ "The Forestry Commission - The National Arboreta". http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-62qk8w. 
  48. ↑ "Eastwoodhill - National Arboretum of New Zealand". http://www.eastwoodhill.org.nz/gardens--collection/collection.aspx?Type=&G=Ulmus. 


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