Biology:Vanda

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Vanda, abbreviated in the horticultural trade as V.,[1] is a genus in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. There are 90 species,[2] and the genus is commonly cultivated for the marketplace. This genus and its allies are considered to be among the most specifically adapted of all orchids within the Orchidaceae. The genus is highly prized in horticulture for its showy, fragrant, long-lasting, and intensely colorful flowers.[3] Vanda species are widespread across East Asia, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea, with a few species extending into Queensland and some of the islands of the western Pacific.[2][4]

Etymology

The generic name Vanda is derived from the Sanskrit (वन्दाका)[5] name for the species Vanda roxburghii (a synonym of Vanda tessellata).[6][7]

Distribution

These mostly epiphytic, but sometimes lithophytic or terrestrial orchids, are distributed in India, Himalaya, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, southern China, and northern Australia.[6]

Description

The genus has a monopodial growth habit with flat, typically broad, ovoid leaves (strap-leaves). Species with cylindrical (terete), fleshy leaves, which are adapted to dry periods were transferred to the genus Papilionanthe. The stems of these orchids vary considerably in size; some are miniature plants and some have a length of several meters. The plants can become quite massive in habitat and in cultivation, and epiphytic species possess very large, rambling aerial root systems. The roots have pneumatodes.[8]

The few to many flattened flowers grow on a lateral inflorescence. Most show a yellow-brown color with brown markings, but they also appear in white, green, orange, red, and burgundy shades. The lip has a small spur. Vanda species usually bloom every few months and the flowers last for two to three weeks.

Ecology

Pollination

Vanda falcata has been reported to be pollinated by several hawkmoth species of the genus Theretra, namely Theretra japonica and Theretra nessus.[9]

Conservation

Many Vanda orchids, particularly V. coerulea, are endangered. These species have never been common in the wild and are typically encountered only infrequently in their natural habitats. They grow mainly in disturbed forest areas with high light levels and are therefore especially vulnerable to habitat destruction.[3] The export of wild-collected specimens of the blue orchid (V. coerulea) and other wild Vanda species is prohibited worldwide, as all orchids are listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.

Cultivation

This genus is one of the five most horticulturally important orchid genera, because it has some of the most magnificent flowers to be found in the orchid family. This has contributed much to the work of hybridists producing flowers for the cut flower market. V. coerulea is one of the few botanical orchids which can produce varieties with blue flowers (actually a very bluish purple), a property much appreciated for producing interspecific and intergeneric hybrids.

The color blue is rare among orchids, and only certain species of Thelymitra, a terrestrial species from Australia, produces flowers that are truly "blue" among the orchids. These species, much like Vanda, also have a bluish-purple tint towards the inner petals of the flowers.

Vanda dearei is one of the chief sources of yellow color in Vanda hybrids.

The plants do not possess pseudobulbs, but do possess leathery, drought-resistant leaves. Almost all of the species in this genus are very large epiphytes found in disturbed areas in habitat and prefer very high light levels, the plants having large root systems. Some of these species have a monopodial vine-like growth habit, and the plants can quickly become quite massive.

These plants prefer consistent conditions day-to-day in cultivation to avoid dropping their bottom leaves. The epiphytic species are best accommodated in large wooden baskets, bare rooted, which allows for the large aerial root systems. Disturbing or damaging the roots of large, mature vandaceous orchid plants, and in particular, Vanda and Aerides species, can result in the plants failing to flower and going into decline for a season or more. These plants do not tolerate disturbance or damage of their root systems in cultivation when they become mature. The terete-leaved terrestrial species are very easy to cultivate.

When grown bare-rooted, the epiphytic species require daily watering and weekly feeding and are very heavy feeders in cultivation. They can be grown out-of-doors in Hawaii and the like provided they are given some shade.

Fungal infections

Cross section of Vanda stem infected with Fusarium, exhibiting typical purple spotting of vascular tissue

Unfortunately fungal infections are not uncommon in cultivated plants. A variety of phytopathogens may infect Vanda orchids. Vandas may be affected by Fusarium wilt. This disease is characterized by purple discolouration in the vascular tissue, which results in the loss of their function. The hyphae and spores block the conductor vessels. Affected plants may superficially appear healthy, as they continue to grow, the oldest parts of the plants can be affected and the disease will eventually progress throughout the entire plant.[10] If cutting tools are not sterilized the infection may spread to other plants.[11]

Systematics

In a recent molecular study of the genus Vanda ,[12] several Genera including the former Genus Ascocentrum, Neofinetia and Euanthe were brought into synonym with Vanda.[2]

Species

The following is a list of Vanda species recognised by Plants of the World Online as of January 2025:[2]

Section Image Name Year Distribution Elevation (m)
Section Ascocentrum 120px Vanda ampullacea (Roxb.) L.M.Gardiner 1914 Nepal, China (southern Yunnan), India (Sikkim, Andaman Islands, Assam), Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam 300–1,500 metres (980–4,920 ft)
Vanda aurantiaca (Schltr.) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Bali, Sulawesi and the Philippines 1,200 metres (3,900 ft)
120px Vanda curvifolia (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner 2012 India (Assam), Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, southern China and Vietnam 0–700 metres (0–2,297 ft)
120px Vanda garayi (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam 0–1,000 metres (0–3,281 ft)
120px Vanda miniata (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and the Philippines
Vanda aliceae Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts 2015 Moluccas
120px Vanda alpina (Lindl.) Lindl. 1853 India (Assam, Sikkim), Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan) 1,200–2,000 metres (3,900–6,600 ft)
120px Vanda arcuata J.J.Sm. 1907 Indonesia - Sulawesi
Vanda aurea (J.J.Sm.) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Maluku (Sula)
120px Vanda barnesii W.E.Higgins & Motes 2012 Philippines (North Luzon) 1,200–1,600 metres (3,900–5,200 ft)
Vanda bartholomewii Motes 2021 Maluku
120px Vanda bensonii Bateman 1866 India (Assam), Myanmar and Thailand
120px Vanda bicolor Griff. 1851 India (Assam), Bhutan and Myanmar 700–2,000 metres (2,300–6,600 ft)
Vanda bidupensis Aver. & Christenson 1998 Vietnam 1,450–1,750 metres (4,760–5,740 ft)
120px Vanda brunnea Rchb.f. 1868 India, Myanmar, Thailand, China (Yunnan) 800–1,550 metres (2,620–5,090 ft)
Vanda celebica Rolfe 1899 Indonesia (Sulawesi) 500–600 metres (1,600–2,000 ft)
Vanda chirayupiniae Wannakr. 1894 Malaysia, the Philippines 1,500 metres (4,900 ft)
Vanda chlorosantha (Garay) Christenson 1992 Bhutan
120px Vanda christensoniana (Haager) L.M.Gardiner 1993 Vietnam 0–700 metres (0–2,297 ft)
120px Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl. 1847 China (Yunnan), India(Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya), Myanmar and Thailand 800–1,700 metres (2,600–5,600 ft)
120px Vanda coerulescens Griff. 1851 India(Assam, Arunachal Pradesh), China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand 300–1,200 metres (980–3,940 ft)
Vanda concolor Blume 1849 China (Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan), Vietnam 700–1,600 metres (2,300–5,200 ft)
Vanda cootesii Motes 2016 Philippines (Mindano) 400–1,500 metres (1,300–4,900 ft)
Vanda crassiloba Teijsm. & Binn. ex J.J.Sm. 1905 Maluku (Ambon, Seram)
120px Vanda cristata Wall. ex Lindl. 1828 Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan, Xizang) 600–2,300 metres (2,000–7,500 ft)
120px Vanda dearei Rchb.f. 1886 Borneo 0–300 metres (0–984 ft)
120px Vanda denisoniana Benson & Rchb.f. 1869 China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam 450–1,200 metres (1,480–3,940 ft)
Vanda devoogtii J.J.Sm. 1932 Sulawesi
Vanda dives (Rchb.f.) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Vietnam, Laos
Vanda emilyae Motes 2021 Papua New Guinea to Bismarck Archipelago.
Vanda esquirolii Schltr. 1921 China (SW. Guizhou, Guangxi), Laos, Vietnam
120px Vanda falcata (Thunb.) Beer 1854 Japan, China (Fujian, S Gansu, SW Hubei, W Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Korea and the Ryukyu Islands 1,500–1,600 metres (4,900–5,200 ft)
120px Vanda flabellata (Rolfe ex Downie) Christenson 1985 Thailand, Myanmar, China (Yunnan) 200–1,700 metres (660–5,580 ft)
120px Vanda flavobrunnea Rchb.f. 1886 India(Sikkim), Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Sumatra 700–1,400 metres (2,300–4,600 ft)
Vanda floresensis Motes 2021 Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores)
120px Vanda foetida J.J.Sm. 1906 S. Sumatra
Vanda frankieana Metusala & P.O'Byrne 2011 Borneo (Kalimantan)
Vanda funingensis L.H.Zou & Z.J.Liu 2016 China (Yunnan)
Vanda furva (L.) Lindl. 1905 Java, Maluku 100–600 metres (330–1,970 ft)
Vanda fuscoviridis Lindl. 1848 China (Guangdong) to Vietnam
Vanda gardinerae Motes 2021 Thailand.
Vanda gibbsiae Rolfe 1914 Borneo 800–1,100 metres (2,600–3,600 ft)
Vanda gracilis Aver. 2015 Vietnam 200–250 metres (660–820 ft)
120px Vanda griffithii Lindl. 1851 Nepal, Bhutan 1,500–1,800 metres (4,900–5,900 ft)
Vanda hastifera Rchb.f. 1877 Borneo 600–1,200 metres (2,000–3,900 ft)
120px Vanda helvola Blume 1849 Java, Sumatra, Borneo and western Malaysia, Philippines 400–1,500 metres (1,300–4,900 ft)
Vanda hennisiana Ormerod & Kurzweil 2022 Myanmar, Vietnam
Vanda hienii (Aver. & V.C.Nguyen) R.Rice 2019 Vietnam (Cao Bang) 1,300 metres (4,300 ft)
Vanda hindsii Lindl. 1843 Papuasia, Australia (N. Queensland) 0–450 metres (0–1,476 ft)
120px Vanda insignis Blume ex Lindl. 1849 Lesser Sunda Is., Malaysia, the Moluccas
Vanda insularum (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Maratua island to the east of Kalimantan, Borneo
Vanda jainii A.S.Chauhan 1984 India (Assam)
120px Vanda javierae D.Tiu ex Fessel & Lückel 1984 Philippines (Luzon) 1,200 metres (3,900 ft)
Vanda jennae P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm.
Vanda karinae Motes
120px Vanda lamellata Lindl. Taiwan, Philippines, Sabah
120px Vanda lilacina Teijsm. & Binn. China - Yunnan to Indo-China
120px Vanda limbata Blume Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Philippines - Mindanao
Vanda lindenii Rchb.f.
Vanda liouvillei Finet Assam to Indo-China
Vanda lombokensis J.J.Sm. Lesser Sunda Is.
Vanda longitepala D.L.Roberts, L.M.Gardiner & Motes
120px Vanda luzonica Loher ex Rolfe Philippines - Luzon
Vanda malipoensis L.H.Zou, Jiu X.Huang & Z.J.Liu
120px Vanda mariae Motes
120px Vanda merrillii Ames & Quisumb. Philippines
Vanda metusalae P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm.
Vanda mindanaoensis Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts
120px Vanda motesiana Choltco
120px Vanda nana L.M.Gardiner
Vanda parviflora Lindl.
120px Vanda perplexa Motes & D.L.Roberts
Vanda punctata Ridl. Pen. Malaysia
120px Vanda roeblingiana Rolfe Philippines - Luzon
Vanda rubra (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner
120px Vanda sanderiana (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
Vanda sathishii Motes
Vanda saxatilis J.J.Sm.
Vanda scandens Holttum
Vanda suavis Lindl.
Vanda sumatrana Schltr. Sumatra
120px Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don Indian subcontinent to Indo-China
120px Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Indian subcontinent to SC. China
Vanda thwaitesii Hook.f. S. India, Sri Lanka
120px Vanda tricolor Lindl. Laos, Java, Bali
120px Vanda ustii Golamco, Claustro & de Mesa Philippines - Luzon
120px Vanda vietnamica (Haager) L.M.Gardiner
Vanda vipanii Rchb.f. Myanmar
120px Vanda wightii Rchb.f. S. India

Natural hybrids

  • Vanda × amoena O'Brien 1897 (V. coerulea × V. tessellata) (Assam)
  • Vanda × boumaniae J.J.Sm. 1931 (V. insignis × V. perplexa) (Lesser Sunda Is.)
  • Vanda × charlesworthii Rolfe 1894 (V. bensonii × V. coerulea) (Myanmar)
  • Vanda × feliciae Cootes 2019 (V. lamellata var. boxallii × V. ustii) (Philippines (Luzon))
  • Vanda × hebraica Motes & L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts 2016 (V. denisoniana × V. brunnea) (Myanmar)[13]
  • Vanda × leucostele Schltr. 1911 (V. foetida × V. helvola) (Sumatera)
  • Vanda × loii Motes 2021 (V. lamellata × V. merrillii) (Philippines)
  • Vanda × peetersiana (Cogn.) André 1898 (V. coerulea × V. coerulescens) (Assam)

Intergeneric hybrids

Vanda Pachara Delight
Vanda Robert's Delight 'Crownfox Magic'
Vanda Sansai Blue

The following is a list of hybrid genera (nothogenera) in which hybrids vandas with orchids of other genera are placed although many of these are invalid because of recent taxonomic changes. For instance, × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum x Vanda) and × Vandofinetia (Vanda x Neofinetia) are no longer valid because both Ascocentrum and Neofinetia have been reduced to synonyms of Vanda by RHS, which is in charge of the International Orchid Register:

  • × Aeridovanda (Aerides × Vanda)
  • × Aeridovanisia (Aerides × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Alphonsoara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Andrewara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Aranda (Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Ascovandoritis (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Bokchoonara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Bovornara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Burkillara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Charlieara (Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Christieara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Darwinara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Debruyneara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Devereuxara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Eastonara (Ascocentrum × Gastrochilus × Vanda)
  • × Fujiora (Ascocentrum × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Goffara (Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Hawaiiara (Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Hagerara (Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Himoriara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Holttumara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Isaoara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Joannara (Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Kagawara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Knappara (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Knudsonara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Leeara (Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Luisanda (Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Luivanetia (Luisia × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Lewisara (Aerides × Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Maccoyara (Aerides × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Macekara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Micholitzara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Moirara (Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Mokara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Nakamotoara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Nobleara (Aerides × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Okaara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Onoara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Opsisanda (Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pageara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Pantapaara (Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Paulara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Pehara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pereiraara (Aerides × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Phalaerianda (Aerides × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Raganara (Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Ramasamyara (Arachnis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Renafinanda (Neofinetia × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renanda (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renantanda (Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Rhynchovanda (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Ridleyare (Arachnis × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Robinaria (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Ronnyara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sanjumeara (Aerides × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sarcovanda (Sarcochilus × Vanda)
  • × Shigeuraara (Ascocentrum × Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Stamariaara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Sutingara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Teohara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Trevorara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Trichovanda (Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Vascostylis (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandachnis (Arachnis × Vandopsis)
  • × Vancampe (Acampe × Vanda)
  • × Vandachostylis (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaenopsis (Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaeranthes (Aeranthes × Vanda)
  • × Vandewegheara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinetia (Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinides (Aerides × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandoritis (Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Vanglossum (Ascoglossum × Vanda)
  • × Wilkinsara (Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Yapara (Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Yusofara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Yonezawaara (Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)

References

  1. ↑ "Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007". Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Vanda R.Br." (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/30077641-2. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The Orchids, Natural History and Classification, Robert L. Dressler. ISBN 0-674-87526-5
  4. ↑ Flora of China v 25 p 471, 万代兰属 wan dai lan shu, Vanda Jones ex R. Brown, Bot. Reg. 6: ad t. 506. 1820.
  5. ↑ vandAkA Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jones D.L. (2006). "Vanda". Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Government. https://www.canbr.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/genera/Vanda.htm. 
  7. ↑ Garay, L. (1972), On the systematics of the monopodial orchids, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard University, 23(4): 149-212
  8. ↑ Eschrich, W. (1995). Gaswechsel. In Funktionelle Pflanzenanatomie (pp. 75-109). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  9. ↑ Suetsugu, K., Tanaka, K., Okuyama, Y., & Yukawa, T. (2015). "Potential pollinator of Vanda falcata (Orchidaceae): Theretra (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) hawkmoths are visitors of long spurred orchid." European Journal of Entomology, 112(2), 393.
  10. ↑ Pedroso-de-Moraes, C., Souza, M. C. D., Ronconi, C. C., & Marteline, M. A. (2011). Response of Cattleya hybrids for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cattleyae Foster. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 54(2), 267-271.
  11. ↑ Reddy, P. P. (2016). Orchids. In Sustainable Crop Protection under Protected Cultivation (pp. 393-407). Springer, Singapore.
  12. ↑ Lim, S. (1999). "RAPD Analysis of Some Species in the GenusVanda(Orchidaceae)". Annals of Botany 83 (2): 193–196. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0801. Bibcode: 1999AnBot..83..193L. 
  13. ↑ Motes, M., Gardiner, L. M., & Roberts, D. L. (2016). The identity of spotted Vanda denisoniana. Orchid Review, 124(1316), 228-233.

Further reading

  • Grove, D. L. 1995. Vandas and Ascocendas. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 241 pp.
  • Motes, Martin R., and Alan L. Hoffman. 1997 Vandas, Their botany, history and culture. ISBN 0-88192-376-1
  • Data related to Vanda at Wikispecies
  • Vanda Miss Joaquim

Wikidata ☰ Q286061 entry



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