Biology:Villin-1

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Villin-1 is a 92.5 kDa tissue-specific actin-binding protein associated with the actin core bundle of the brush border.[1] Villin-1 is encoded by the VIL1 gene. Villin-1 contains multiple gelsolin-like domains capped by a small (8.5 kDa) "headpiece" at the C-terminus consisting of a fast and independently folding three-helix bundle that is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions.[2] The headpiece domain is a commonly studied protein in molecular dynamics due to its small size and fast folding kinetics and short primary sequence.[3][4]

Structure

Villin-1 is made up of seven domains, six homologous domains make up the N-terminal core and the remaining domain makes up the C-terminal cap.[3] Villin contains three phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) binding sites, one of which is located at the head piece and the other two in the core.[5] The core domain is approximately 150 amino acid residues grouped in six repeats. On this core is an 87 residue, hydrophobic, C-terminal headpiece[1] The headpiece (HP67) is made up of a compact, 70 amino acid folded protein at the C-terminus. This headpiece contains an F-actin binding domain. Residues K38, E39, K65, 70-73:KKEK, G74, L75 and F76 surround a hydrophobic core and are believed to be involved in the binding of F-actin to villin-1. Residues E39 and K70 form a salt bridge buried within the headpiece which serves to connect N and C terminals. This salt bridge may also orient and fix the C-terminal residues involved in F-actin binding as in the absence of this salt bridge no binding occurs. A hydrophobic “cap” is formed by residue W64 side chains, which is completely conserved throughout the villin family. Below this cap is a crown of alternative positive and negative charged localities.[5] Villin can undergo post-translational modifications like tyrosine phosphorylation.[6] Villin-1 has the ability to dimerize and the dimerization site is located at the amino end of the protein.[7]

Expression

Villin-1 is an actin binding protein expressed mainly in the brush border of the epithelium in vertebrates but sometimes it is ubiquitously expressed in protists and plants.[4] Villin is found localized in the microvilli of the brush border of the epithelium lining of the gut and renal tubules in vertebrates.[5]

Function

Villin-1 is believed to function in the bundling, nucleation, capping and severing of actin filaments.[1] In vertebrates, villin proteins help to support the microfilaments of the microvilli of the brush border. However, knockout mice appear to show ultra-structurally normal microvilli reminding us that the function of villin is not definitively known; it may play a role in cell plasticity through F-actin severing.[5] The six-repeat villin core is responsible for Ca2+ actin severing while the headpiece is responsible for actin crosslinking and bundling (Ca independent). Villin is postulated to be the controlling protein for Ca2+ induced actin severing in the brush border. Ca2+ inhibits proteolytic cleavage of the domains of the 6 N-terminal core which inhibits actin severing.[3] In normal mice raising Ca2+ levels induces the severing of actin by villin, whereas in villin knockout mice this activity does not occur in response to heightened Ca2+ levels.[8] In the presence of low concentrations of Ca2+ the villin headpiece functions to bundle actin filaments whereas in the presence of high Ca2+ concentrations the N-terminal caps and severs these filaments.[1] The association of PIP2 with villin inhibits the actin capping and severing action and increases actin binding at the headpiece region, possibly through structural changes in the protein. PIP2 increases actin bundling not only by decreasing the severing action of villin but also through dissociating capping proteins, releasing actin monomers from sequestering proteins and stimulating actin nucleation and cross linking.[3]

Villin subdomain

The C-terminal subdomain of Villin Headpiece VHP67, denoted VHP35, is stabilised in part, by a buried cluster of three phenylalanine residues. Its small size and high helical content are expected to promote rapid folding, and this has been confirmed experimentally. Villin-4 C-terminal construct VHP76 in Arabidopsis thaliana has been shown to exhibit higher affinity for F-actin in increasing concentrations of Ca2+, which further confirms the function of villin.

Structure

It has a simple topology consisting of three α-helices that form a well-packed hydrophobic core.

Degradation and regulation

Currently, it is theorized the regulation of plant villins are caused by degradation via the binding protein auxin, which targets the headpiece domain (VHP).

Role in intestinal and liver disease

Villin-1 acts as a critical determinant of intestinal epithelial survival and barrier integrity. While classically defined by its cytoskeletal function (actin binding, caping and severing), it also serves as an epithelial cell-specific anti-apoptotic protein.[9][10][11]

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

In IBD (conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), villin-1 expression is downregulated in the inflamed gut mucosa. This reduction correlates with the loss of tight junction proteins and Notch-1 signaling, leading to increased intestinal permeability ("leaky gut") and heightened sensitivity to cytokine-induced apoptosis.[12][13][14]

Biomarker for gut barrier failure

Serum villin-1 was identified as a novel, non-invasive biomarker for gut barrier damage in patients with acutely decompensated (AD) cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).[15] Serum villin-1 levels follow a gradient of severity, rising significantly in patients transitioning from stable decompensation to ACLF. High serum concentrations are independently associated with systemic inflammation and high 90-day mortality rates. Conversely, tissue biopsies from these patients show a depletion of Villin-1 in the duodenal mucosa, confirming an inverse relationship between tissue integrity and serum levels during severe disease states.[15]

See also

  • Supervillin

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Villin function in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Correlation of in vivo effects to its biochemical activities in vitro". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (38): 26751–60. September 1999. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.38.26751. PMID 10480879. 
  2. ↑ "The expanding superfamily of gelsolin homology domain proteins". Cytoskeleton 70 (11): 775–95. November 2013. doi:10.1002/cm.21149. PMID 24155256. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Villin sequence and peptide map identify six homologous domains". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85 (14): 4986–90. July 1988. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.14.4986. PMID 2839826. Bibcode: 1988PNAS...85.4986B. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Villin-like actin-binding proteins are expressed ubiquitously in Arabidopsis". Plant Physiology 122 (1): 35–48. January 2000. doi:10.1104/pp.122.1.35. PMID 10631247. Bibcode: 2000PlanP.122...35K. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "High-resolution crystal structures of villin headpiece and mutants with reduced F-actin binding activity". Biochemistry 44 (36): 11963–73. September 2005. doi:10.1021/bi050850x. PMID 16142894. 
  6. ↑ "Regulation of phospholipase C-gamma(1) by the actin-regulatory protein villin". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 281 (3): C1046-58. September 2001. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.3.C1046. PMID 11502583. 
  7. ↑ "Dimerization and actin-bundling properties of villin and its role in the assembly of epithelial cell brush borders". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 (36): 26528–41. September 2007. doi:10.1074/jbc.M703617200. PMID 17606613. 
  8. ↑ "Villin severing activity enhances actin-based motility in vivo". Molecular Biology of the Cell 18 (3): 827–38. 2007. doi:10.1091/mbc.E06-05-0423. PMID 17182858. 
  9. ↑ Friederich, Evelyne; Vancompernolle, Katia; Louvard, Daniel; Vandekerckhove, Joël (September 1999). "Villin Function in the Organization of the Actin Cytoskeleton" (in en). Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (38): 26751–26760. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.38.26751. 
  10. ↑ Wang, Yaohong; Srinivasan, Kamalakkannan; Siddiqui, Mohammad Rizwan; George, Sudeep P.; Tomar, Alok; Khurana, Seema (April 2008). "A Novel Role for Villin in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Survival and Homeostasis" (in en). Journal of Biological Chemistry 283 (14): 9454–9464. doi:10.1074/jbc.M707962200. 
  11. ↑ Wang, Yaohong; George, Sudeep P.; Roy, Swati; Pham, Eric; Esmaeilniakooshkghazi, Amin; Khurana, Seema (2016-10-21). "Both the anti- and pro-apoptotic functions of villin regulate cell turnover and intestinal homeostasis" (in en). Scientific Reports 6 (1). doi:10.1038/srep35491. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 27765954. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...635491W. 
  12. ↑ Roy, Swati; Esmaeilniakooshkghazi, Amin; Patnaik, Srinivas; Wang, Yaohong; George, Sudeep P.; Ahrorov, Afzal; Hou, Jason K.; Herron, Alan J. et al. (April 2018). "Villin-1 and Gelsolin Regulate Changes in Actin Dynamics That Affect Cell Survival Signaling Pathways and Intestinal Inflammation" (in en). Gastroenterology 154 (5): 1405–1420.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.12.016. PMID 29274870. 
  13. ↑ Banerjee, S; Oneda, B; Yap, L M; Jewell, D P; Matters, G L; Fitzpatrick, L R; Seibold, F; Sterchi, E E et al. (May 2009). "MEP1A allele for meprin A metalloprotease is a susceptibility gene for inflammatory bowel disease" (in en). Mucosal Immunology 2 (3): 220–231. doi:10.1038/mi.2009.3. PMID 19262505. 
  14. ↑ Dahan, Stephanie; Rabinowitz, Keren M.; Martin, Andrea P.; Berin, M. Cecilia; Unkeless, Jay C.; Mayer, Lloyd (February 2011). "Notch-1 Signaling Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function, Through Interaction With CD4+ T Cells, in Mice and Humans" (in en). Gastroenterology 140 (2): 550–559. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.057. PMID 21056041. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Tornai, David; Balogh, Boglarka; Csillag, Aniko; Budai, Andras; Kiss, Andras; Antal-Szalmas, Peter; Mehes, Gabor; Barath, Lukacs et al. (2025-12-03). "Serum Villin-1—A Novel Marker of Gut Barrier Damage in Acutely Decompensated Cirrhosis: A Cohort Study and Validation" (in en). Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1111/apt.70481. ISSN 0269-2813. PMID 41340228. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.70481. 

Further reading



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