Biology:Viverridae

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Short description: Family of carnivorans

Viverridae[2]
Temporal range: 34–0 Ma
Eocene to Recent[1]
A mosaic of four small photos of viverrids in trees
Viverrids, including (top left to bottom right), species of Paradoxurus, Genetta, Paguma and Arctictis
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Infraorder: Aeluroidea
Parvorder: Viverroidea
Family: Viverridae
Gray, 1821
Type genus
Viverra
Linnaeus, 1758
Genera
Viverridae Distribution.png
Distribution of living viverrid species

Viverridae is a family of small to medium-sized, feliform mammals. The viverrids (/vaɪˈvɛrɪdz/) comprise 33 species placed in 14 genera. This family was named and first described by John Edward Gray in 1821.[3] Viverrids occur all over Africa, southern Europe, and South and Southeast Asia, across the Wallace Line.[4]

Almost all viverrids outside the subfamily Genettinae are commonly called civets, but some civets are not viverrids. Animals of the subfamily Genettinae are known as genets and oyans. The word viverridae comes from the Latin viverra 'ferret', but ferrets are in a different family, the Mustelidae.

Characteristics

Binturong (Arctictis binturong) on display at the Museum of Osteology

Viverrids have four or five toes on each foot and half-retractile claws. They have six incisors in each jaw and molars with two tubercular grinders behind in the upper jaw, and one in the lower jaw. The tongue is rough with sharp prickles. A pouch or gland occurs beneath the anus, but there is no cecum.[3]

Viverrids are the most primitive of all the families of feliform Carnivora and clearly less specialized than the Felidae. In external characteristics, they are distinguished from the Felidae by the longer muzzle and tuft of facial vibrissae between the lower jaw bones, and by the shorter limbs and the five-toed hind foot with the first digit present. The skull differs by the position of the postpalatine foramina on the maxilla, almost always well in advance of the maxillopalatine suture, and usually about the level of the second premolar; and by the distinct external division of the auditory bulla into its two elements either by a definite groove or, when rarely this is obliterated, by the depression of the tympanic bone in front of the swollen entotympanic. The typical dental formula is: 3.1.4.23.1.4.2, but the number may be reduced, although never to the same extent as in the Felidae.[4]

Their flesh-shearing carnassial teeth are relatively undeveloped compared to those of other feliform carnivorans.[5] Most viverrid species have a penis bone (a baculum).[6]

Classification

Living species

In 1821, Gray defined this family as consisting of the genera Viverra, Genetta, Herpestes, and Suricata.[3] Reginald Innes Pocock later redefined the family as containing a great number of highly diversified genera, and being susceptible of division into several subfamilies, based mainly on the structure of the feet and of some highly specialized scent glands, derived from the skin, which are present in most of the species and are situated in the region of the external generative organs. He subordinated the subfamilies Hemigalinae, Paradoxurinae, Prionodontinae, and Viverrinae to the Viverridae.[4]

In 1833, Edward Turner Bennett described the Malagasy fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) and subordinated the Cryptoprocta to the Viverridae.[7] A molecular and morphological analysis based on DNA/DNA hybridization experiments suggests that Cryptoprocta does not belong within Viverridae, but is a member of the Eupleridae.[8]

The African palm civet (Nandinia binotata) resembles the civets of the Viverridae, but is genetically distinct and belongs in its own monotypic family, the Nandiniidae. There is little dispute that the Poiana species are viverrids.[2]

DNA analysis based on 29 Carnivora species, comprising 13 Viverrinae species and three species representing Paradoxurus, Paguma and Hemigalinae, confirmed Pocock's assumption that the African linsang Poiana represents the sister group of the genus Genetta. The placement of Prionodon as the sister group of the family Felidae is strongly supported, and it was proposed that the Asiatic linsangs be placed in the monogeneric family Prionodontidae.[9]

Family Viverridae[1][2][10]
Subfamily Genus Species Image of type species
Viverrinae Viverra Linnaeus, 1758[11]
  • Large Indian civet (V. zibetha) Linnaeus, 1758[11]
  • Malayan civet (V. tangalunga) Gray, 1832[12]
  • Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina) Blyth, 1862[13]
  • Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila) Blyth, 1862[13]
 Large Indian Civet, Viverra zibetha in Kaeng Krachan national park.jpg
Viverricula Hodgson, 1838[14] Small Indian civet (V. indica) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)[15] Small Indian Civet, Silchar, Assam, India.jpg
Civettictis Pocock, 1915[16] African civet (C. civetta) (Schreber, 1776)[17] Civettictis civetta 11.jpg
Hemigalinae Gray, 1864[18]
Hemigalus Jourdan, 1837[19] Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus) Jourdan, 1837[19] Banded palm civet 10.jpg
Cynogale Gray, 1836[20] Otter civet (C. bennettii) Gray, 1836[20] Mampalon.jpg
Diplogale Thomas, 1912[21] Hose's palm civet (D. hosei) (Thomas, 1892)[22] HemigaleHoseiSmit.jpg
Macrogalidia Schwarz, 1910[23] Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii) (Schlegel, 1877)[24] Macrogalidia musschenbroekii.jpg
Chrotogale Thomas, 1912[21] Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni) Thomas, 1912[21] Chrotogale owstoni PWP.jpg
Paradoxurinae Gray, 1864[18] Paradoxurus Cuvier, 1822[25] Asian or Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Chambal by Dr. Raju Kasambe (6).JPG
Arctictis Temminck, 1824[29] Binturong (A. binturong) (Raffles, 1822)[30] Binturong in Overloon.jpg
Paguma Gray, 1831[31] Masked palm civet (P. larvata) (Smith, 1827)[32] Palm civet on tree (detail).jpg
Arctogalidia Merriam, 1897[33] Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata) (Gray, 1832)[34] Small-toothed Palm Civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmatica) (8076736823) (cut).jpg
Genettinae Genetta Cuvier, 1816[35]
  • Common genet (G. genetta) (Linnaeus, 1758)[36]
  • Cape genet (G. tigrina) (Schreber, 1778)[37]
  • South African small-spotted genet (G. felina) (Thunberg, 1811)[38]
  • Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata) (Gray, 1828)[39]
  • Pardine genet (G. pardina) Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832[40]
  • Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica) (Rüppell, 1835)[41]
  • King genet (G. poensis) Waterhouse, 1838[42]
  • Servaline genet (G. servalina) Pucheran, 1855
  • Angolan genet (G. angolensis) Bocage, 1882
  • Giant forest genet (G. victoriae) Thomas, 1901[43]
  • Hausa genet (G. thierryi) Matschie, 1902[44]
  • Letaba genet (G. letabae) Thomas and Schwann, 1906[45]
  • Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni) (Pocock, 1908)
  • Aquatic genet (G. piscivora) (Allen, 1919)[46]
  • Crested servaline genet (G. cristata) Hayman, 1940
  • Schouteden’s genet (G. schoutedeni) Crawford-Cabral, 1970
  • Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni) Gaubert, 2003[47]
 Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG
Poiana Gray, 1864[18]
  • Central African oyan (P. richardsonii) (Thomson, 1842)[48]
  • West African oyan (P. leightoni) (Pocock, 1907)[49]
 Em - Poiana richardsonii 2.jpg

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of Viverridae are shown in the following cladogram:[1][10]

 Viverridae 
 
 Paradoxurinae 
 
 
 
 Paradoxurus 
 
 
 

Golden palm civet P. zeylonensis

 
 

Jerdon's palm civet P. jerdoni

 
 
 
 

Asian palm civet P. hermaphroditus

 
 
 Macrogalidia 

Sulawesi palm civet M. musschenbroekii

 
 
 Paguma 

Masked palm civet P. larvata

 
 
 Arctictis 

Binturong A. binturong

 
 
 Arctogalidia 

Small-toothed palm civet A. trivirgata

 
 
 Hemigalinae 
 Cynogale 

Otter civet C. bennettii

 
 
 Chrotogale 

Owston's palm civet C. owstoni

 
 
 Diplogale 

Hose's palm civet D. hosei

 
 Hemigalus 

Banded palm civet H. derbyanus

 
 
 
 
 
 Viverrinae 
 Viverrinae 
 
 Viverra 
 
 
 

Malabar large-spotted civet V. civettina

 
 

Large-spotted civet V. megaspila

 
 
 

Large Indian civet V. zibetha

 
 
 

Malayan civet V. tangalunga Malay Civet (Viverra tangalunga) white background.jpg

 
 
 Civettictis 

African civet C. civetta Viverra civetta - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg

 
 
 Viverricula 

Small Indian civet V. indica

 
 sensu stricto 
 Genettinae 
 Poiana 
 

West African oyan P. leightoni

 
 

Central African oyan P. richardsonii

 
 
 Genetta 
 
 

Abyssinian genet G. abyssinica

 
 

Haussa genet G. thierryi

 
 
 
 

Giant forest genet G. victoriae

 
 
 

Johnston's genet G. johnstoni

 
 
 
 
 

Aquatic genet G. piscivora

 
 

Servaline genet G. servalina

 
 
 

Crested servaline genet G. cristata

 
 
 
 

South African small-spotted genet G. felina

 
 

Common genet G. genetta

 
 
 

Cape genet G. tigrina

 
 
 

Letaba genet G. letabae

 
 

Schouteden’s genet G. schoutedeni

 
 

Rusty-spotted genet G. maculata

 
 
 
 

Angolan genet G. angolensis

 
 

Pardine genet G. pardina

 
 
 
 

Bourlon's genet G. bourloni

 
 

King genet G. poensis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sensu lato 
 

Extinct species

Subfamily Genus Species
Viverrinae Viverra Linnaeus, 1758 Leakey's civet (V. leakeyi) Leakey, 1982
Semigenetta Helbing 1927
  • †S. cadeoti Roman and Viret 1934
  • †S. elegans Dehm, 1950
  • †S. grandis Crusafont & Golpe, 1981
  • †S. laugnacensis De Bonis, 1973
  • †S. ripolli Petter, 1976
  • †S. sansaniensis Lartet, 1851
Paradoxurinae Kichechia Savage, 1965[50]
Tugenictis Morales & Pickford, 2005[52][53] †T. ngororaensis[52] Morales & Pickford, 2005
Kanuites Dehghani & Werdelin, 2008[54] †K. lewisae[54] Dehghani & Werdelin, 2008
Siamictis Grohé et al., 2020[55] †S. carbonensis[55] Grohé et al., 2020

See also

  • List of viverrids

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Gaubert, P.; Cordeiro-Estrela, P. (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics and tempo of evolution of the Viverrinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Viverridae) within feliformians: implications for faunal exchanges between Asia and Africa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41 (2): 266–278. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.034. PMID 16837215. http://www.cetpo.upol.cz/files/lib/26/711/gaubert2006viveridae.pdf. Retrieved 2020-08-01. open access
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Family Viverridae". in Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 548–559. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000270. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Gray, J. E. (1821). "On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals". London Medical Repository 15 (1): 296–310. https://archive.org/stream/londonmedicalre08unkngoog#page/n314/mode/1up. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Family Viverridae". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 330–332. https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n411/mode/2up. 
  5. ↑ Wozencraft, W. C. (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 134–135. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/134. 
  6. ↑ Ewer, R. F. (1998). The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8493-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=IETMd3-lSlkC. 
  7. ↑ Bennett, E. T. (1833). "Notice of a new genus of Viverridous Mammalia from Madagascar". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1833: 46. https://archive.org/stream/lietuvostsrmoksl33liet#page/n58/mode/1up. 
  8. ↑ Veron, G.; Catzeflis, F. M. (1993). "Phylogenetic relationships of the endemic Malagasy carnivore Cryptoprocta ferox (Aeluroideae): DNA/DNA hybridization experiments". Journal of Mammalian Evolution 1 (3): 169–185. doi:10.1007/bf01024706. 
  9. ↑ Gaubert, P.; Veron, G. (2003). "Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 270 (1532): 2523–2530. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521. PMID 14667345. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Nyakatura, K.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. (2012). "Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates". BMC Biology 10: 12. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-12. PMID 22369503. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Viverra". Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis 1 (Tenth ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. pp. 43–45. http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN362053006&DMDID=DMDLOG_0013&LOGID=LOG_0013&PHYSID=PHYS_0047. 
  12. ↑ Gray, J. E. (1832). "On the family of Viverridae and its generic sub-divisions, with an enumeration of the species of several new ones". Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 2: 63–68. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOdJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA63. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Blyth, E. (1862). "Report of Curator, Zoological Department, February 1862". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 31 (3): 331–345. https://archive.org/details/journalofasiatic3118asia/page/331. 
  14. ↑ Hodgson, B. H. (1838). "Classified Catalogue of Nepalese Mammalia". Annals of Natural History 1 (2): 152−154. https://archive.org/details/annalsofnaturalh1183unse/page/152. 
  15. ↑ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. (1803). "La Civette de l'Inde". Catalogue des Mammifères du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. p. 113. https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10482289?page=117. 
  16. ↑ Pocock, R. I. (1915). "On the Feet and Glands and other External Characters of the Viverrinae, with the description of a New Genus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 85: 131−149. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.00131.x. https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19151298zool/page/131. 
  17. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Die Civette Viverra civetta". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 418–420. https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/418/mode/2up. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Gray, J. E. (1864). "A revision of the genera and species of viverrine animals (Viverridae), founded on the collection in the British Museum". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1864: 502–579. https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen64zool#page/524/mode/2up. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Jourdan, C. (1837). "Mémoire sur deux mammifères nouveaux de l'Inde, considérés comme types des deux genres voisins des Paradoxures, genres Hémigale et Ambliodon". Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences: 442–447. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2964f/f442.image. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Gray, J.E. (1836). "Characters of some new species of Mammalia in the Society's collection". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Part IV (October): 87–88. https://archive.org/details/lietuvostsrmoksl33liet/page/n645/mode/1up. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Thomas, O. (1912). "Two new Genera and a Species of Viverrine Carnivora". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Part II: 498–503. https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofzoo19121504zool#page/498/mode/2up. 
  22. ↑ Thomas, O. (1892). "On some Mammals form Mount Dulit, North Borneo". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Part I: 221–226. https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo1892zool/page/n279/mode/2up. 
  23. ↑ Schwarz, E. (1910). "Notes on some Palm-Civets". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8 5 (29): 422–424. https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof851910lond/page/422/mode/2up. 
  24. ↑ Schlegel, H. (1879). "Paradoxurus musschenbroekii". Notes from the Royal Zoological Museum of the Netherlands at Leyden 1 (Note XIV): 43. https://archive.org/details/notesfromleydenm01rijk/page/43/mode/1up. 
  25. ↑ Cuvier, F. (1822). "Du genre Paradoxure et de deux espèces nouvelles qui s'y rapportent". Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris 9: 41–48. https://archive.org/stream/mmoiresdumus91822mus#page/n55/mode/2up. 
  26. ↑ Pallas, P. S. (1778). "Das Zwitterstinkthier". in Schreber, J. C. D.. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. p. 426. https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/426/mode/2up. 
  27. ↑ Pallas, P. S. (1778). "Der Boshond". in Schreber, J. C. D.. Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. p. 451. https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/450/mode/2up. 
  28. ↑ Blanford, W. T. (1885). "A Monograph of the Genus Paradoxurus, F. Cuvier". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 53 (4): 780–808. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02921.x. https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen85zool#page/802/mode/1up. 
  29. ↑ Temminck, C. J. (1824). "XVII Genre Arctictis". Monographies de mammalogie. Paris: Dufour & d'Ocagne. p. xxi. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5800774n/f26.item. 
  30. ↑ Raffles, T. S. (1822). "XVII. Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity, under the Direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough', with additional Notices illustrative of the Natural History of those Countries". The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London XIII: 239–274. https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002433594#page/253/mode/2up. 
  31. ↑ Gray, J. E. (1831). "Paguma". Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London. 1. London: Zoological Society of London. p. 95. https://archive.org/details/lietuvostsrmoksl30liet/page/n108. 
  32. ↑ Smith, C.H. (1827). "Gulo larvatus, the Masked Glutton". in Griffith, E.. The animal kingdom : arranged in conformity with its organization. 2. Mammalia. London: G.B. Whittaker. p. 281. https://archive.org/details/classmammalia21827cuvi/page/n319/mode/2up. 
  33. ↑ Merriam, C. H. (1897). "The generic names Ictis, Arctogale, and Arctogalidia". Science 5 (112): 302. doi:10.1126/science.5.112.302. PMID 17741859. https://zenodo.org/record/1715829. 
  34. ↑ Gray, J.E. (1832). "On the Family of Viverridae and its generic subdivisions; with an enumeration of the Species of Paradoxurus, and Characters of several new ones". Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London (Part 2): 63–68. https://archive.org/details/lietuvostsrmoksl30liet/page/68/mode/1up. 
  35. ↑ Cuvier, F. (1816). Cuvier, G.. ed. Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. I. Paris: Deterville. https://archive.org/details/lergneanimaldi181701cuvi/page/156/mode/2up. 
  36. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Viverra genetta". Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis 1 (Tenth ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. p. 45. http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN362053006&DMDID=DMDLOG_0013&LOGID=LOG_0013&PHYSID=PHYS_0049. 
  37. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Die Bisamkaze Viverra tigrina". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Dritter Theil. Erlangen: Walther. pp. 425–426. http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN574903313&DMDID=DMDLOG_0006&LOGID=LOG_0010&PHYSID=PHYS_0152. 
  38. ↑ Thunberg, C. P. (1811). "Beskrifning och teckning pa Viverra felina". Kungliga Swenska Wetenskaps Academiens Handlingar: 165–168. http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN607539224_0032&IDDOC=519955. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  39. ↑ Gray, J. E. (1828). "Viverra maculata". Spicilegia zoologica : original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals. London: Treuttel, Wurtz & Co.. p. 9. https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10231416?page=13. 
  40. ↑ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. (1832). "Descriptions d'une nouvelle espèce du genre Genette. Genetta. Cuv.". Études Zoologiques : Ouvrage comprenant l'histoire et la description d'un grand nombre d'animaux récemment découverts et des observations nouvelles sur plusieurs genres déjà connus. Paris: Lequien Fils. p. 73. https://books.google.com/books?id=roc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA73. 
  41. ↑ Rüppell, E. (1835). "Viverra abyssinica. Rüppell". Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Frankfurt: Siegmund Schmerber. https://archive.org/stream/neuewirbelthiere00rupp#page/n43/mode/2up. 
  42. ↑ Waterhouse, G. R. (1838). "On some New Species of Mammalia from Fernando Po". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 57–61. https://archive.org/stream/lietuvostsrmoksl33liet#page/58/mode/2up. 
  43. ↑ Thomas, O. (1901). "On the more notable Mammals obtained by Sir Harry Johnston in the Uganda Protectorate". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London II: 85–90. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1901.tb08165.x. https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19012zo/page/n121/mode/2up. 
  44. ↑ Matschie, P. (1902). "Über die individuellen und geographischen Abänderungen der Ginsterkatzen". Verhandlungen des V. Internationalen Zoologen-Congresses zu Berlin, 12.–16. August 1901. Jena: Gustav Fischer. pp. 1128–1145. https://archive.org/stream/verhandlungende00inte/verhandlungende00inte#page/1142/mode/2up. 
  45. ↑ Thomas, O.; Schwann, H. (1906). "The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—IV. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Knysna". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 76 (1–2): 159–168. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1906.tb08427.x. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/94474. 
  46. ↑ Allen, J. A. (1919). "Preliminary notes on African carnivora". Journal of Mammalogy 1 (1): 23–31. doi:10.2307/1373716. https://zenodo.org/record/1431779. 
  47. ↑ Gaubert, P. (2003). "Description of a new species of genet (Carnivora; Viverridae; genus Genetta) and taxonomic revision of forest forms related to the Large-spotted Genet complex". Mammalia 67 (1): 85–108. doi:10.1515/mamm.2003.67.1.85. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249943708. 
  48. ↑ Thomson, T. R. H. (1842). "Description of a new species of Genetta, and of two species of Birds from Western Africa". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology 10 (64): 203–205. doi:10.1080/03745484209445224. https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof10lond/page/202. 
  49. ↑ Pocock, R. I. (1907). "Report upon a Small Collection of Mammalia brought from Liberia by Mr. Leonard Leighton". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 77 (November): 1037–1046. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06966.x. https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19074471121zool/page/1042. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Savage, R. J. G. (1965). "Fossil mammals of Africa: 19, The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 10 (8): 239–316. https://archive.org/details/bulletinofbritis10brit/page/239. 
  51. ↑ Adrian, B.; Werdelin, L.; Grossman, A. (2018). "New Miocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from Moruorot and Kalodirr, Kenya". Palaeontologia Electronica 21 (1 10A): 1–19. doi:10.26879/778. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1193864/FULLTEXT01.pdf. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Morales, J.; Pickford, M. (2005). "Carnivores from the Middle Miocene Ngorora Formation (13-12 Ma), Kenya". Estudios Geológicos 61 (3–6): 271–284. doi:10.3989/egeol.05613-668. https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/2322/1/ngorora.pdf. 
  53. ↑ Werdelin, L. (2019). "Middle Miocene Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from Fort Ternan, western Kenya". Geodiversitas 41 (6): 267. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a6. http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/hd/g2019v41a6-pdfa.pdf. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Dehghani, R.; Werdelin, L. (2008). "A new small carnivoran from the Middle Miocene of Fort Ternan, Kenya". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 248 (2): 233–244. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0248-0233. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Grohé, C.; Bonis, L. D.; Chaimanee, Y.; Chavasseau, O.; Rugbumrung, M.; Yamee, C.; Suraprasit, K.; Gibert, C. et al. (2020). "The Late Middle Miocene Mae Moh Basin of Northern Thailand: The Richest Neogene Assemblage of Carnivora from Southeast Asia and a Paleobiogeographic Analysis of Miocene Asian Carnivorans". American Museum Novitates (3952): 1–57. doi:10.1206/3952.1. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/288354. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q185864 entry



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