Biology:Vulpes skinneri
| Vulpes skinneri | |
|---|---|
| |
| Mandible of type specimen | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Canidae |
| Genus: | Vulpes |
| Species: | †V. skinneri
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| Binomial name | |
| †Vulpes skinneri Adam Hartstone-Rose et al., 2013[1]
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Vulpes skinneri is a species of extinct fox in the genus Vulpes[1] from the early Pleistocene, identified based on fossil remains dated to about 2 million years ago.[2] The species is known from a single partial skeleton discovered in the Malapa Fossil Site at the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site in South Africa and is associated with the fossil hominin remains of Australopithecus sediba.[3] The fossils have been dated to between 1.977 and 1.980 million years ago.[2] Hartstone-Rose and colleagues described the remains as a newly discovered species of fox, which they named skinneri after the African mammalogist John Skinner.[1]
Discovery
The type specimen of V. skinneri was discovered during preparation of fossil bearing blocks from Malapa. The find was announced to the public on January 16, 2013. Also found at the Malapa archeological site were a variety of animal fossils, including saber-toothed cats, mongooses, and antelopes.[2] Berger and geologist Paul Dirks speculated that the animals might have fallen into a deep, 100–150-foot (30–46 m) "death-trap", perhaps lured by the scent of water.[2] The bodies may have then been swept into a pool of water rich with lime, and with sand at the bottom, making it possible for the remains to become fossilized.
Age estimates
The fossil was dated using a combination of palaeomagnetism and uranium-lead (U-Pb) dating which showed that the fossils are not older than ~2.0 Ma. The occurrence of species of animal that became extinct at ~1.5 Ma indicate the deposit is not younger than 1.5 Ma. The sediments have a 'normal' magnetic polarity and the only major period between 2.0 and 1.5 Ma when this occurred is the Olduvai sub-Chron between 1.95 and 1.78 Ma.[2] As such, the fossils were originally dated to ~1.95 Ma. Recent dating of a capping flowstone illustrated this was not possible and the normal magnetic polarity sediments have since been correlated to the 3000-year-long Pre-Olduvai event at ~1.977 Ma.
Morphology and interpretations
Three associated small canid specimens (an M2, a rib and a posterior mandibular fragment including the P4, M1, coronoid, condylar and angular processes) that were originally attributed to Vulpes cf. V. chama are reassigned to V. skinneri. In the paper describing the new specimens, the authors argue that “we compare these specimens to a broad sample of modern and fossil foxes and conclude that these specimens are distinct enough to be referred to a new species”[1] of the early Pleistocene, identified based on fossil remains dated to about 2 million years ago.[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hartstone-Rose, A; Kuhn, B. F.; Nalla, S.; Werdelin, L.; Berger, L. R. (2013). "A new species of fox from the "Australopithecus sediba" type locality, Malapa, South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 68 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2012.748698.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Dirks, P. H. G. M.; Kibii, J. M.; Kuhn, B. F.; Steininger, C.; Churchill, S. E.; Kramers, J. D.; Pickering, R.; Farber, D. L. et al. (2010). "Geological Setting and Age of Australopithecus sediba from Southern Africa". Science 328 (5975): 205–208. doi:10.1126/science.1184950. PMID 20378812. Bibcode: 2010Sci...328..205D. http://doc.rero.ch/record/210321/files/PAL_E4368.pdf.
- ↑ Berger, L. R.; de Ruiter, D. J.; Churchill, S. E.; Schmid, P.; Carlson, K. J.; Dirks, P. H. G. M.; Kibii, J. M. (2010). "Australopithecus sediba: a new species of Homo-like australopith from South Africa". Science 328 (5975): 195–204. doi:10.1126/science.1184944. PMID 20378811. Bibcode: 2010Sci...328..195B.
External links
- Hartstone-Rose, Adam; Kuhn, Brian F.; Nalla, Shahed; Werdelin, Lars; Berger, Lee R. (2013). "A new species of fox from the Australopithecus sedibatype locality, Malapa, South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 68: 1–9. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2012.748698. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0035919X.2012.748698#.UjllPpoaJlY.
- "Carnivore fossils from Malapa". http://www.profleeberger.com/files/carnivore_fossils_from_Malapa.pdf.</ref>
- "Images and Pictures of Australopithecus sediba and Malapa". http://www.profleeberger.com/australopithecussedibaimages1.html. Free images and resources about "Australopithecus sediba" for educators and students]
Wikidata ☰ Q5102561 entry
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