Biology:Wallemiomycetes
| Wallemiomycetes | |
|---|---|
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| Wallemia sebi | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | |
| Class: | Wallemiomycetes Zalar, de Hoog, & Schroers (2005)[1]
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| Order: | Wallemiales Zalar, de Hoog, & Schroers (2005)
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| Family: | Wallemiaceae R.T. Moore (1966)[2]
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| Genus: | Wallemia Johan-Olsen (1887)
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| Type species | |
| Wallemia ichthyophaga | |
| Species | |
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The Wallemiomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. It consists of the single order Wallemiales, containing the single family Wallemiaceae, which in turn contains the single genus Wallemia. The phylogenetic origin of the lineage was placed to various parts of Basidiomycota, but according to the analysis of a larger dataset it is a sister group of Agaricomycotina.[3][4] The genus contains species of xerophilic molds that are found worldwide. The seven described species (W. sebi, W. ichthyophaga, W. muriae, W. mellicola, W. canadensis, W. tropicalis, and W. hederae) are distinguished by conidial size, xerotolerance, halotolerance, chaotolerance, growth temperature regimes, extracellular enzyme activity profiles, and secondary metabolite patterns.[1][5] They are typically isolated from low-moisture foods (such as cakes, bread, sugar, peanuts, dried fish), indoor air dust, salterns and soil.[1] W. sebi is thought to be one of the causes of the hypersensitivity pneumonitis known as the farmer's lung disease,[6] but since the other species were recognised and separated from W. sebi only recently, their role in the disease cannot be excluded.[1]
Tolerance to low water activity is generally much more frequent among ascomycetous than basidomycetous fungi, and xerotolerant fungi are also able to grow in regular growth media with normal water activity (unlike, for example, halophilic Archaea).[7] However, species from the genus Wallemia are an exception to both of these rules: all species can tolerate high concentrations of sugars and salts (W. ichthyophaga grows even in media saturated with sodium chloride), while W. muriae and W. ichthyophaga cannot be cultivated unless the water activity of the medium is lowered.[1]
Studies on Wallemia sebi showed that it produces numerous secondary metabolic compounds, including walleminol, walleminone, wallemia A and C, and azasteroid UCA1064-B.[8] A comprehensive research on other species of the class discovered that secondary metabolites are consistently produced by Wallemiomycetes and their production is – contrary to common presumptions – increased as a response to increasing NaCl concentration. In particular an increase in NaCl concentration from 5% to 15% in the growth media increased the production of the toxic metabolites wallimidione, walleminol and walleminone.[9]
Cell wall and morphological changes of Wallemia species are thought to play a major role in adaptation to low water activity.[10]
The whole genome sequences of W. sebi[3] and W. ichthyophaga[4] are available.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the xerophilic genus Wallemia (Wallemiomycetes and Wallemiales, cl. et ord. nov.)". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 87 (4): 311–28. May 2005. doi:10.1007/s10482-004-6783-x. PMID 15928984.
- ↑ Rhizoctonia species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control. Springer. 1996. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7923-3644-0.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The genome of the xerotolerant mold Wallemia sebi reveals adaptations to osmotic stress and suggests cryptic sexual reproduction". Fungal Genetics and Biology 49 (3): 217–26. March 2012. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2012.01.007. PMID 22326418. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7d6261dx.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Genome and transcriptome sequencing of the halophilic fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga: haloadaptations present and absent". BMC Genomics 14: 617. September 2013. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-617. PMID 24034603.
- ↑ "A Taxonomic Revision of the Wallemia sebi Species Complex". PLOS ONE 10 (5): e0125933. 2015-05-27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125933. PMID 26017053. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1025933J.
- ↑ "Role of molds in farmer's lung disease in Eastern France". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 163 (7): 1534–9. June 2001. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2006077. PMID 11401869.
- ↑ "Extremotolerance in fungi: evolution on the edge". FEMS Microbiology Ecology 71 (1): 2–11. January 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00794.x. PMID 19878320. Bibcode: 2010FEMME..71....2G.
- ↑ "Extrolites of Wallemia sebi, a very common fungus in the built environment". Indoor Air 24 (5): 533–42. October 2014. doi:10.1111/ina.12100. PMID 24471934. Bibcode: 2014InAir..24..533D.
- ↑ "Production of Secondary Metabolites in Extreme Environments: Food- and Airborne Wallemia spp. Produce Toxic Metabolites at Hypersaline Conditions". PLOS ONE 11 (12): e0169116. 30 December 2016. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169116. PMID 28036382. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1169116J.
- ↑ "Morphological response of the halophilic fungal genus Wallemia to high salinity". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76 (1): 329–37. January 2010. doi:10.1128/AEM.02318-09. PMID 19897760. Bibcode: 2010ApEnM..76..329K.
Wikidata ☰ Q10719182 entry
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