Biology:Xeromyces
| Xeromyces | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Eurotiales |
| Family: | Aspergillaceae |
| Genus: | Xeromyces L.R. Fraser 1954 |
| Species: | X. bisporus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Xeromyces bisporus L.R. Fraser 1954
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Xeromyces is a monotypic genus of fungus in the family Monascaceae.[2][3] Its only species, Xeromyces bisporus, was first described by L.R. Fraser in 1954.[4] No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.[2]
It is a xerophile, being able to germinate at a water activity levels between 0.62 and 0.97,[5] lower than any other known organism with the exception of Aspergillus penicillioides.[6] However, it requires a higher water activity level to produce spores.[5] It is a spoilage microbe in dry foods with high sugar contents, especially chocolate, honey, molasses, dried fruit or tobacco. Isolation of cultures requires media with 50% glucose.[7]
The estimated genome size of X. bisporus is 24.8 Mb and the fungus lacks the genes normally associated with mycotoxin production.[8]
It has unstalked cleistothecia, and each of its asci has two ascospores. Its simple asexual state consists of one or two round terminal chlamydospores.[9]
References
- ↑ Arx (1970), In: Gen. Fungi Sporul. Cult. (Lehr):84
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.". Species 2000: Reading, UK.. 2011. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/xeromyces+bisporus/match/1.
- ↑ Species Fungorum. Kirk P.M., 2010-11-23
- ↑ L.R. Fraser (1954), In: Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 78:245
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Water relations of xerophilic fungi isolated from prunes". Applied Microbiology 16 (12): 1853-1858. 1968. http://aem.asm.org/content/16/12/1853.full.pdf.
- ↑ "Aspergillus penicillioides differentiation and cell division at 0.585 water activity". Environmental Microbiology 19 (2): 687-697. 2017. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13597.
- ↑ "Phylogeny and intraspecific variation of the extreme xerophile, Xeromyces bisporus.". Fungal Biology 115 (11): 1100–1111. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.012. PMID 22036289.
- ↑ Leong, Su-lin L.; Lantz, Henrik; Pettersson, Olga V.; Frisvad, Jens C.; Thrane, Ulf; Helpleper, Hermann J.; Dijksterhuls, Jan; Grabherr, Manfred et al. (2015). "Genome and physiology of the ascomycete filamentous fungus Xeromyces bisporus, the most xerophilic organism isolated to date". Environmental Microbiology 17 (2): 496–513. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12596. PMID 25142400. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-249021.
- ↑ Jay, James M. (1998). Modern Food Microbiology (Fifth ed.). Gaithersburg, Maryland: Aspen Publishers, Inc.. pp. 31. ISBN 978-0-8342-1230-5.
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