Biology:Zooflagellate
Zooflagellates are single-celled eukaryotes with flagella (i.e., flagellates). They are heterotrophic flagellates, as opposed to phytoflagellates, which are photosynthetic.[1] The term "zooflagellate" is also used to refer to reproductive cells or zoospores belonging to multicellular organisms, such as fungi.[2]
History
| Zooflagellates | |
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| An illustration of choanoflagellates | |
| Scientific classification (obsolete) | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota
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| Kingdom: | Protista
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| Phylum: | |
| Subphylum: | Mastigophora (flagellates)
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| Class: | Zoomastigophorea Calkins, 1909
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In historical systems of classification during the 20th century, zooflagellates were grouped as a single taxon Zoomastigophora or Zoomastigophorea within the kingdom Protista.[3] It included protists that lack chloroplasts and cell walls and have one or more flagella, but not many as in ciliates or opalines,[4][5] namely:
- Bicosoecids, composing the order Bicosoecida, distinguished by two unequal flagella.[4] They are currently known as a lineage of Stramenopiles, more closely related to algae such as diatoms than to other zooflagellates.[6]
- Choanoflagellates, then treated as order Choanoflagellida, distinguished by one anterior flagellum surrounded by a collar.[4][3] They are now known as the lineage most closely related to animals.[7]
- Various orders of metamonads,[8] treated separately at that time: Hypermastigida, Diplomonadida, Oxymonadida, Retortamonadida, Trichomonadida.[4][3]
- Kinetoplastids, known as order Kinetoplastida at the time, distinguished by one or two flagella and the presence of the kinetoplast.[3] They are closely related to euglenophytes, a group of phytoflagellates.[9]
Over time, with the advancements in phylogenetics and ultrastructure studies, the term "zooflagellate" became obsolete as a formal taxon.[1] Instead, it was adopted as an informal name to refer to any given group of heterotrophic flagellates, regardless of evolutionary relationships.[10][11][12]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Taylor, F. J. R. (February 1976). "Flagellate Phylogeny: A Study in Conflicts". The Journal of Protozoology 23 (1): 28–40. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1976.tb05242.x. Bibcode: 1976JPzoo..23...28T.
- ↑ "Unveiling fungal zooflagellates as members of freshwater picoeukaryotes: evidence from a molecular diversity study in a deep meromictic lake". Environmental Microbiology 9 (1): 61–71. 5 September 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01111.x. PMID 17227412.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "A newly revised classification of the Protozoa". Journal of Protozoology 27 (1): 37–58. 1980. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1980.tb04228.x. PMID 6989987.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Honigberg, B.M.; Balamuth, W.; Bovee, E.C.; Corliss, J.O.; Gojdics, M.; Hall, R.P.; Kudo, R.R.; Levine, N.D. et al. (February 1964). "A Revised Classification of the Phylum Protozoa". The Journal of Protozoology 11 (1): 7–20. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01715.x. PMID 14119564. Bibcode: 1964JPzoo..11....7H.
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T (1995). "Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification.". Tsitologiia 37 (11): 1010–29. PMID 8868448.
- ↑ Jirsová, Dagmar; Wideman, Jeremy G. (2024). "Integrated overview of stramenopile ecology, taxonomy, and heterotrophic origin". The ISME Journal 18 (1). doi:10.1093/ismejo/wrae150. PMID 39077993.
- ↑ Steenkamp, Emma T.; Wright, Jane; Baldauf, Sandra L. (January 2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1 November 2003). "The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53 (6): 1741–1758. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02548-0. PMID 14657102. Bibcode: 2003IJSEM..53.1741C.
- ↑ , Wikidata Q125548575
- ↑ "Evolution and Diversity of Amitochondrial Zooflagellates". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40 (5): 616–618. 1993. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06118.x.
- ↑ "Oikomonas, a distinctive zooflagellate related to chrysomonads". Archiv für Protistenkunde 146 (3–4): 273–279. 1996. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(96)80014-5.
- ↑ "Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Astounding Genetic Diversity of Glissomonadida ord. nov., The Dominant Gliding Zooflagellates in Soil (Protozoa: Cercozoa)". Protist 160 (2): 159–189. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.11.007. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 19324594.
Wikidata ☰ Q8074171 entry
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