Buekenhout geometry

In mathematics, a Buekenhout geometry or diagram geometry is a generalization of projective spaces, Tits buildings, and several other geometric structures, introduced by (Buekenhout 1979).

Definition

A Buekenhout geometry consists of a set X whose elements are called "varieties", with a symmetric reflexive relation on X called "incidence", together with a function τ called the "type map" from X to a set Δ whose elements are called "types" and whose size is called the "rank". Two distinct varieties of the same type cannot be incident.

A flag is a subset of X such that any two elements of the flag are incident. The Buekenhout geometry has to satisfy the following axiom:

• Every flag is contained in a flag with exactly one variety of each type.

Example: X is the linear subspaces of a projective space with two subspaces incident if one is contained in the other, Δ is the set of possible dimensions of linear subspaces, and the type map takes a linear subspace to its dimension. A flag in this case is a chain of subspaces, and each flag is contained in a so-called complete flag.

If F is a flag, the residue of F consists of all elements of X that are not in F but are incident with all elements of F. The residue of a flag forms a Buekenhout geometry in the obvious way, whose type are the types of X that are not types of F. A geometry is said to have some property residually if every residue of rank at least 2 has the property. In particular a geometry is called residually connected if every residue of rank at least 2 is connected (for the incidence relation).

Diagrams

The diagram of a Buekenhout geometry has a point for each type, and two points x, y are connected with a line labeled to indicate what sort of geometry the rank 2 residues of type {x,y} have as follows.

• If the rank 2 residue is a digon, meaning any variety of type x is incident with every variety of type y, then the line from x to y is omitted. (This is the most common case.)
• If the rank 2 residue is a projective plane, then the line from x to y is not labelled. This is the next most common case.
• If the rank 2 residue is a more complicated geometry, the line is labelled by some symbol, which tends to vary from author to author.

References

• Buekenhout, Francis (1979), "Diagrams for geometries and groups", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A 27 (2): 121–151, doi:10.1016/0097-3165(79)90041-4, ISSN 1096-0899 
• Buekenhout, F., ed. (1995), Handbook of incidence geometry, Amsterdam: North-Holland, ISBN 978-0-444-88355-1 
• Cameron, Peter J. (1991), Projective and polar spaces, QMW Maths Notes, 13, London: Queen Mary and Westfield College School of Mathematical Sciences, http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~pjc/pps/ 
• Pasini, Antonio (1994), Diagram Geometries, Oxford Science Publications, Oxford: Oxford University Press 
• Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Diagram geometry", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4, https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=D/d110170