CNKI

From HandWiki

CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure; Chinese: 中国知网) is a private-owned publishing company in China since 2014.[1][2][3] It operates databases of academic journals, conference proceedings, newspapers, reference works, and patent documents.

CNKI maintains monopoly status on journal search and collection in China and charges high annual database subscription fees.[4][5] Its subscription fee increases every year.[1][6] Multiple Chinese universities and research institutions, including the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Peking University, stopped subscribing to CNKI.[1][7][8] CNKI was fined CNY 87.6 million for monopoly by the State Administration for Market Regulation in 2022, and fined CNY 50 million for illegal gathering of personal information by the Cyberspace Administration of China in 2023.[9]

History and operation

The predecessor of CNKI, China Academic Journals CD-ROM (CAJ-CD), was launched in January 1997 as China's first academic journal search system that publishes regularly. It included 3,500 Chinese journals in the fields of sciences, engineering, humanities, and social science.[10]: 108 

Published by a unit under Tsinghua University and created with the permission of the National Press and Publication Administration, the database was released as CD-ROMs, with each containing journals of a field. A disc was released monthly, except the volume on the arts, history, and philosophy, which was released every two months. In 1999, the database could also be accessed on the web.[10]: 108  It allowed users to comment, search, and inquire about academic works.[11]: 43 

In August 1997, the China Academic Journals Electronic Publishing House (CAJEPH) was established under the governance of the National Press and Publication Administration. The operation was run by Tsinghua University.[12]

CNKI owns a system called "China Integrated Knowledge Resources System," including journals, doctoral dissertations, masters' theses, proceedings, newspapers, yearbooks, statistical yearbooks, e-books, patents and standards.[13] In 2013, CNKI became the second DOI registration agency in mainland China,[14] after the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China under the Ministry of Science and Technology.

Government investigations

By 2022, CNKI has been criticized for its high subscription fees that could be maintained because of its monopoly over journal search and collection service in China. Prominent Chinese universities and research institutions, including Peking University and the state-owned Chinese Academy of Sciences, have stopped subscribing to CNKI because of the fees.[15][16][17]

The public controversy was followed by a Chinese government investigation for anti-competitive practices. In May 2022, the State Administration for Market Regulation launched an investigation into CNKI.[18] The regulator said that since 2014, CNKI had violated anti-competition laws by raising prices repeatedly and splitting its database into smaller ones while keeping the price (see shrinkflation).[19] The regulator also found that CNKI's operator use exclusivity clauses to prohibit tertiary institutions from granting publishing rights of articles and theses to third parties.[19] In December, CNKI's operator was fined 87.6 million Chinese yuan (US$12.6 million), or 5 percent of its sales in China in 2021, and asked to cancel its exclusive agreements.[19]

In June 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China announced a cybersecurity review on CNKI "to prevent national data security risks, safeguard national security, and protect public interests".[20][21][22] CNKI was fined 50 million Chinese yuan (US$6.84 million) for not disclosing the terms of personal information collection, allowing account deletion, and removing personal information after an account is deleted.[23]

Foreign access

In March 2023, CNKI said that it will terminate access for universities and research institutions outside of mainland China.[24] However, the British Library and some universities in Australia, Hong Kong, Italy, Malaysia, Macau, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States can still access CNKI through their university library portals.[25]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "China's largest academic database CNKI put under cybersecurity review" (in en). 2022-06-24. https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3183008/chinas-internet-watchdog-launches-cybersecurity-investigation. 
  2. ↑ Tone, Sixth (19 April 2022). "China's Top Research Agency Stops Using Costly Academic Database". https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1010163. 
  3. ↑ CPI (29 December 2022). "Chinese Watchdog Fines Academic Database CNKI For Monopolistic Practices" (in en). https://www.pymnts.com/cpi_posts/chinese-watchdog-fines-academic-database-cnki-for-monopolistic-practices/. 
  4. ↑ "重罚8760万元，知网垄断案余音未了-中国知识产权资讯网". http://www.iprchn.com/cipnews/news_content.aspx?newsId=137053. 
  5. ↑ "知网因滥用市场支配地位被罚--经济·科技--人民网". http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1226/c1004-32593957.html. 
  6. ↑ "知网又涨价，中科院弃之，被嫌弃的知网为何频赚黑钱 | 界面 · 财经号". https://m.jiemian.com/article/7367209.html. 
  7. ↑ Education, Pola Lem for Times Higher. "Could China Be on the Verge of Breaking Up Database Publishing?" (in en). https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/05/05/china-verge-breaking-database-publishing. 
  8. ↑ "Top research body cuts use of China's largest online academic database over steep fees" (in en). 23 April 2022. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2022/04/23/top-research-body-cuts-use-of-chinas-largest-online-academic-database-over-steep-fees. 
  9. ↑ "被罚5000万元！知网违法收集了哪些个人信息？--湖北省科学技术厅". https://kjt.hubei.gov.cn/kjdt/ztzl/wlaq/rdzx/202309/t20230911_4834124.shtml. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Liu, Zhenxi; Li, Runsong; Ye, Qian (2006). Shiyong xinxi jiansuo jishu gailun. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press. ISBN 9787302130680. 
  11. ↑ Wu, Dan; Zou, Jin; Huang, Rui; Wei, Fengping (2000). "Jizhong guangdie shujuku de bijiao yanjiu". Tushu Qingbao Gongzuo (9): 43–46. https://www.lis.ac.cn/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=18812. Retrieved 3 January 2024. 
  12. ↑ sina_mobile (2002-08-21). "中国学术期刊(光盘版)电子杂志社简介". https://edu.sina.cn/sa/2002-08-21/detail-ikftssap7656695.d.html. 
  13. ↑ "CNKI and Utilization - CNKI". https://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?QueryID=1&CurRec=3&DbCode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD2005&filename=JTXU200504020. 
  14. ↑ Liu, Runda; Zhu, Yunqiang; Liu, Chuang; Wu, Lizong (September 2014). "Woguo kexue shuju DOI yingyong xianzhuang, wenti yu duice" (in zh-Hans). Zhongguo Keji Ziyuan Daokan 46 (5): 65–71. http://journals.istic.ac.cn/zgkjzydk/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20140511&year_id=2014&quarter_id=5&falg=1. Retrieved 2022-09-30. 
  15. ↑ Xie, Echo (2022-04-19). "China's biggest academic database too expensive for its top research body" (in en). South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3174687/top-research-body-cuts-use-chinas-largest-online-academic. 
  16. ↑ Liu, Jing (2022-05-13). "China's biggest academic database faces anti-monopoly probe" (in en). Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/chinas-biggest-academic-database-faces-anti-monopoly-probe. 
  17. ↑ Wu, Peiyue (2022-04-19). "China's Top Research Agency Stops Using Costly Academic Database" (in en). Sixth Tone. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1010163/chinas-top-research-agency-stops-using-costly-academic-database. 
  18. ↑ Feng, Coco (2022-05-16). "How China's largest academic database allegedly abused market power for years" (in en). South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3177897/chinas-largest-academic-research-database-cnki-had-years-alleged-market. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Shichang Jianguan Zongju yifa dui Zhiwang lanyong shichang zhipei diwei xingwei zuochu xingzheng chufa bing zeling qi quanmian zhenggai" (in zh-Hans). Xinhuanet. Xinhua News Agency. http://www.news.cn/legal/2022-12/26/c_1129233199.htm. 
  20. ↑ Shen, Xinmei (2022-06-24). "China's largest academic database CNKI put under cybersecurity review" (in en). South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3183008/chinas-internet-watchdog-launches-cybersecurity-investigation. 
  21. ↑ Huang, Raffaele (2022-06-24). "China Probes Operator of Nation's Biggest Academic Database". Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-probes-operator-of-nations-biggest-academic-database-11656074605. 
  22. ↑ Lirun, Zezi; Guo, Meiting; Luo, Tian'en (2022-06-24). "Zhiwang bei cha! Wangluo anquan shencha huo cheng woguo wangluo anquan shengtai zhili changtaihua yuansu" (in zh-cn). 21 Jingji. https://www.21jingji.com/article/20220624/herald/bf0ebed24580fd1a3dc0cf24b05d5dad.html. 
  23. ↑ Du, Zhihang; Jia, Denise (2023-09-07). "China Fines Top Academic Database $6.84 Million" (in en). https://www.caixinglobal.com/2023-09-07/china-fines-top-academic-database-684-million-102101122.html. 
  24. ↑ Pak, Yiu. "China slashing foreign subscriber access to key research database" (in en-GB). https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/China-slashing-foreign-subscriber-access-to-key-research-database. 
  25. ↑ CNKI (2023). "CNKI institution login page". https://fsso.oversea.cnki.net/login_en.aspx. 
  • No URL found. Please specify a URL here or add one to Wikidata.



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=CNKI&oldid=4350293"