Chemistry:Amino acid N-carboxyanhydride

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Amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides, also called Leuchs' anhydrides, are reactive derivatives of amino acids. They are classified as N-carboxyanhydrides or NCAs. Typically these compounds are derived from amino acids by treatment with triphosgene. They are white solids, prone to polymerization upon treatment with nucleophiles.[1][2][3]

Preparation

NCA's were first synthesized in 1906 by Hermann Leuchs by heating an N-ethoxycarbonyl or N-methoxycarbonyl amino acid chloride in a vacuum at 50-70 °C.[4][5]

NCAalaLeucht.png

This synthesis of NCAs is sometimes called the Template:Va. The relatively high temperatures necessary for this cyclization results in the decomposition of several NCAs. Of several improvements, one notable procedure involves treating an unprotected amino acid with phosgene or its trimer.[6][7][8]

ModernNCA.png

Use in peptide synthesis

NCAs are used for peptide synthesis. Additionally, peptide synthesis reactions with NCAs does not require protection of the amino acid functional groups. NCA's are however highly reactive and their use can cogenerate many side products. N-substituted NCAs, such as sulfenamide derivatives, solve some of these problems.[9]

NCA's are precursors to amino acid homopolymers. Ephraim Katzir first used this method to synthesize poly-L-lysine from N-carbobenzyloxy-α-N-carboxy-L-lysine anhydride, followed by deprotection with phosphonium iodide.[10]

NCAs in siRNA delivery platform synthesis

One major drawback of siRNA-based therapies is that they lack sufficient in-vivo delivery of siRNA into the target cells because of the large size and negative charge density of siRNA. Efficient transfer of siRNA to the liver has been achieved by lipid nanoparticles, polymer conjugates, and peptide conjugates. One of the major challenges of current methods of transfer is the nonbiodegradability of the vessel once it is inside the body. This challenge is solved by using biodegradable poly(amide) polymers derived from polymerization of NCAs.[11]

Imine-NCA condensation

NCAs have been used for the synthesis of imidazolidinones, which are of interest in the pharmaceutical industry.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kricheldorf, H. R. (2006). "Polypeptides and 100 Years of Chemistry of Α-Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydrides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 45 (35): 5752–5784. doi:10.1002/anie.200600693. PMID 16948174. 
  2. ↑ Song, Z.; Han, Z.; Lv, S.; Chen, C.; Chen, L.; Yin, L.; Cheng, J. (2017). "Synthetic polypeptides: from polymer design to supramolecular assembly and biomedical application". Chem. Soc. Rev. 46: 6570–6599. doi:10.1039/C7CS00460E. 
  3. ↑ Kopecek, J. (2003). "Smart and genetically engineered biomaterials and drug delivery systems". Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 20: 1–16. doi:10.1016/S0928-0987(03)00164-7. 
  4. ↑ Leuchs, Hermann (1906). "Ueber die Glycin-carbonsäure" (in German). Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 39: 857–61. doi:10.1002/cber.190603901133. https://zenodo.org/record/1426172/files/article.pdf. 
  5. ↑ Deming, T. J. (2007). "Synthetic polypeptides for biomedical applications". Prog. Polym. Sci. 32: 858–875. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.010. 
  6. ↑ Montalbetti, Christian A.G.N.; Falque, Virginie (2005). "Amide bond formation and peptide coupling". Tetrahedron 61 (46): 10827–52. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.031. 
  7. ↑ Lyndon C. Xavier, Julie J. Mohan, David J. Mathre, Andrew S. Thompson, James D. Carroll, Edward G. Corley, Richard Desmond (1997). "(S)-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1h,3h-pyrrolo-[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole-borane Complex". Org. Synth. 74: 50. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.074.0050. 
  8. ↑ Matthew I. Gibson, Gregory J. Hunt, Neil R Cameron (2007). "Improved synthesis of O-linked, and first synthesis of S- linked, carbohydrate functionalised N-carboxyanhydrides (glycoNCAs)". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 5 (17): 2756-2757. doi:10.1039/b707563d. 
  9. ↑ Katakai, Ryoichi (1975). "Peptide synthesis using o-nitrophenylsulfenyl N-carboxy α-amino acid anhydrides". The Journal of Organic Chemistry 40 (19): 2697–2702. doi:10.1021/jo00907a001. PMID 1177065. 
  10. ↑ Katchalski-Katzir, E. (2005). "My Contributions to Science and Society". Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (17): 16529–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.X400013200. PMID 15718236. 
  11. ↑ Barrett, Stephanie E.; Burke, Rob S.; Abrams, Marc T.; Bason, Carol; Busuek, Marina; Carlini, Edward; Carr, Brian A.; Crocker, Louis S. et al. (2014). "Development of a liver-targeted siRNA delivery platform with a broad therapeutic window utilizing biodegradable polypeptide-based polymer conjugates". Journal of Controlled Release 183: 124–37. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.028. PMID 24657948. 
  12. ↑ Sucu, Bilgesu Onur; Ocal, Nuket; Erden, Ihsan (2015). "Direct synthesis of imidazolidin-4-ones via cycloadditions of imines with a Leuchs' anyhdride". Tetrahedron Letters 56 (20): 2590–2. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.04.002. 



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