Chemistry:Bi-metallic coin
Bi-metallic coins are coins consisting of two (bi-) metals or alloys, generally arranged with an outer ring around a contrasting center.[1] Common circulating examples include the €1, €2, United Kingdom £1 and £2, Canada $2, South Africa R5, Turkish 1 lira and 50 kurus, India n ₹10 and ₹20, Indonesian Rp1,000, Poland 2 and 5 zł, Czech 50 Kč, Hungarian 100 and 200 Ft, Bulgarian 1 and 2 lv., Hong Kong $10, Argentina $1 and $2, Brazilian R$1, Chile an $100 and $500, Colombian $500 and $1000, Peruvian S/2 and S/5, Albanian 100 Lekë, and all Mexican coins of $1 or higher denomination.
History
Bi-metallic coins and medals have been issued for a long time. The Roman Empire issued special-occasion, large medallions with a center of bronze or copper and an outer ring of orichalcum, starting with the reign of Hadrian. Meanwhile, circulating bi-metallic coins are known from the 17th century.[2][3] English farthings from 1684 through 1693 were made of tin with a central plug of copper for value. The silver-center cent pattern produced by the United States in 1792 is another example.[2]
In the 1830s and 1840s, British medalist Joseph Moore produced large numbers of bi-metallic "penny model" and less common "halfpenny model" tokens, as a proposal to replace the relatively large penny and halfpenny coins.[4][5] Though not legal tender, Moore's tokens were circulated widely and accepted at face value by many merchants. Despite their popularity, the Royal Mint rejected the proposal, and did not reduce the size of the penny and halfpenny until decimalization.[6]
The first modern circulating bi-metallic coin was the Italian 500 lire, first issued in 1982.[7] Based on the minting process of the lire coin, the following issued bi-metallic coins for circulation were issued:[citation needed]
- Morocco, with its 5-dirhams coin in 1987;
- France , with a 10-francs coin in 1988;
- Monaco, with a 10 francs;
- Thailand, with a 10 baht, in 1988;
- Czech Republic, with a 50 Kč coin in 1993;
- Hong Kong, with a $10 coin, in 1993;
- Indonesia, with a Rp1,000 coin, in 1993;
- Israel, with a ₪10 coin in 1995;
- Canada , with a $2 coin (nicknamed "toonie") in 1996;
- Hungary, with a 100-forint coin in 1996 and a 200 forint coin in 2009;
- Brazil with the 1 real coin, in 1998;
- The United Kingdom has issued a bi-metallic £2 coin since 1997, and a bi-metallic £1 coin since March 2017;
- The Philippines has minted a bi-metallic 10-peso coin from 2000 to 2017 and a 20-peso coin since 2019.
- The Eurozone circulated the €1 and €2 coins on 1 January 2002;[8]
- India has issued a bi-metallic ₹10 coin since 2009 and a bi-metallic ₹20 coin since 2019;
- Singapore has issued a bi-metallic 1-dollar coin since 2013.[9][10]
- Japan has issued a bi-metallic 500 yen coin since 2021.
- Costa Rica announced a bi-metallic 500-colones coin that will start to circulate in November 2021.[11]
The first ever tri-metallic circulating coins were 20-francs coins introduced in France and Monaco in 1992. These were similar to the corresponding bi-metallic 10-francs coins, but had two rings instead of one.
Use
As well as circulating coins, where they are generally restricted to high-denomination coins, bi-metallic coins are often used in commemorative issues, often made of precious metals. For example, the only bi-metallic coin issued by the United States is the $10 Library of Congress commemorative, made of a gold ring around a platinum center. They are used primarily as a way of securing against coin counterfeiting.[12]
Manufacturing
The manufacturing process is similar to that of ordinary coins, except that two blanks (the inner and the outer) are struck at the same time, deforming the separate blanks sufficiently to hold them together.[13]
Countries
Examples
Two "Kelapa Sawit" (oil palm) bi-metallic Rp1,000 coins, with the second one being minted in 1996
2008 "King Tutankhamun" bi-metallic £E1 coin.
Brazilian R$1 coin, a stainless steel center in a bronze plated steel ring.
₹10 bi-metallic coins from India.
1992 French 20 francs tri-metallic coin.
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References
- ↑ "bimetallic | Definition of bimetallic in English by Oxford Dictionaries". https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/bimetallic.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "History of Bimetallic Coins". https://www.fleur-de-coin.com/articles/bi-metallic.
- ↑ "Bi Metal Coins From ancient Rome Till present Day" (in en). https://www.coins-auctioned.com/learn/coin-articles/bi-metal-coins-from-ancient-rome-till-present-day.
- ↑ "Joseph Moore, Medal Designer (1817-?)". https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/2165.
- ↑ "BBC - A History of the World - Object : Victorian One Penny Model Coin". https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/IhJjiHjHQLu-hHC8_7SvnA.
- ↑ "Message - UK Finds Database -". http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/ukdfddata/showrecords.php?product=12454&cat=207.
- ↑ Standard catalog of world coins. 1993-12-01.
- ↑ "ECB: Introduction". ECB. ECB. 12 November 2020. http://www.ecb.int/euro/intro/html/index.en.html.
- ↑ "A Brief History: Looking into the World of Bi-Metal Two Pound Coins | British Pobjoy Mint". https://www.pobjoy.com/blog/a-brief-history-looking-into-the-world-of-bi-metal-two-pound-coins.
- ↑ "Circulation Currency > Coins". http://www.mas.gov.sg/Currency/Circulation-Currency/Coins.aspx.
- ↑ "Banco Central presenta nueva moneda de ¢500 para conmemorar el Bicentenario de Costa Rica". https://mcj.go.cr/sala-de-prensa/noticias/banco-central-presenta-nueva-moneda-de-c500-para-conmemorar-el-bicentenario.
- ↑ "Bimetallism". https://eh.net/encyclopedia/bimetallism/.
- ↑ Leitão, P.J.; Teixeira, A.C.; Rodrigues, J.M.C.; Martins, P.A.F. (October 1997). "Development of an industrial process for minting a new type of bimetallic coin". Journal of Materials Processing Technology 70 (1–3): 178–184. doi:10.1016/S0924-0136(97)02914-2.
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