Chemistry:Bialaphos
Bialaphos is a natural herbicide produced by the bacteria Streptomyces hygroscopicus[1] and Streptomyces viridochromogenes. It is also known by the ISO common name bilanafos.[2] Bialaphos is a protoxin and nontoxic as is. When it is metabolized by a plant, the glutamic acid analog glufosinate is released which inhibits glutamine synthetase. This results in the accumulation of ammonium and disruption of primary metabolism.[3]
Bialaphos is made up of two alanine residues and glufosinate, and is commonly used as a selection marker in plants. Resistance plasmids include pGreenII 0229 and pGreenII 0229 62-SK. pGreenII 0229 is derived from pGreenII 0000, a nos-bar cassette has been inserted into the HpaI site of the left border, providing resistance to bialaphos or phosphinothricin during plant transformation selection. pGreenII 0229 62-SK is derived from pGreenII 0229, the LacZ blue/white cloning selection has been replaced with a 35S-MCS-CaMV cassette that allows the insertion of a gene of interest into a 35S overexpression cassette.[4]
See also
- Phosalacine, a related tripeptide
References
- ↑ Murakami, Takeshi; Anzai, Hiroyuki; Imai, Satoshi; Satoh, Atsuyuki; Nagaoka, Kozo; Thompson, Charles J. (1986). "The bialaphos biosynthetic genes of Streptomyces hygroscopicus: Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene cluster". MGG Molecular & General Genetics 205: 42–53. doi:10.1007/BF02428031.
- ↑ "Compendium of Pesticide Common Names: Bilanafos". BCPC. http://www.bcpcpesticidecompendium.org/bilanafos.html.
- ↑ Duke, Stephen O.; Dayan, Franck E. (2011). "Modes of Action of Microbially-Produced Phytotoxins". Toxins (Basel) 3 (8): 1038–1064. doi:10.3390/toxins3081038. PMID 22069756.
- ↑ "Bialaphos as plant gene selector". http://www.toku-e.com/Upload/Products/PDS/20120618004028.pdf. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
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