Chemistry:Hydrazinium nitroformate
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Hydrazine; trinitromethane
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Other names
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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| Properties | |
| [H 2NNH 3]+ [C(NO 2) 3]− | |
| Molar mass | 183.080 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless or white crystalline solid |
| Density | 1.86 g⋅cm−3[1] |
| Melting point | 121–125 °C (250–257 °F; 394–398 K)[1] |
| Structure[2] | |
| Monoclinic | |
| P21/n | |
a = 7.91±0.02 Å, b = 11.77±0.02 Å, c = 13.98±0.02 Å α = 90°, β = Template:DMS2Deg°, γ = 90°
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Formula units (Z)
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8 |
| Thermochemistry[1] | |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−72 kJ⋅mol−1 |
| Explosive data[1] | |
| Shock sensitivity |
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| Friction sensitivity | 25 N |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
| Infobox references | |
Hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) is a salt of hydrazine and nitroform (trinitromethane).[3][4] It has the molecular formula [H
2NNH
3]+
[C(NO
2)
3]−
and is soluble in most solvents.[2]
Hydrazinium nitroformate is an energetic oxidizer. It is specifically proposed as the oxidizing component of solid rocket fuels.[1] It is considered a greener rocket fuel because, unlike perchlorate-based oxidants, it does not contain chlorine, which is an ozone-depleting substance.
Hydrazinium nitroformate tends to produce propellants which burn very rapidly and with very high combustion efficiency. Its high energy leads to high specific impulse (Isp) propellants. Replacement of ammonium perchlorate (AP) in ammonium perchlorate composite propellant results in a 7% increase in Isp and a 10% increase in payload capacity. Flame temperature increases greatly, with a simple 80% HNF / 20% HTPB combination burning at a temperature of 3,132 K (2,859 °C; 5,178 °F) vs. 1,420 K (1,150 °C; 2,100 °F) for the same ratio of AP to HTPB.[1]
A disadvantage of HNF as rocket fuel is its incompatibility with common binders and curing agents used in current fuels. Manipulation of crystal morphology and synthetic methods to achieve high purity can improve performance.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Bansal, Lakshay; Jindal, Prakhar; Kumar Rathi, Vineet (July 2025). "A Critical Review of Limitations and Challenges in Advancement of HNF as a Green Oxidizer for Composite Solid Propellant Formulations". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 50 (7): 11-30. doi:10.1002/prep.12072.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dickens, Brian (1967). "Crystal structure of hydrazine nitroform [N2H5+C(NO2)3−]". Chemical Communications (5): 246-247. doi:10.1039/c19670000246.
- ↑ Schoyer, H.F.R.; Welland-Veltman, W.H.M.; Louwers, J.; Korting, P.A.O.G.; van der Heijden, A.E.D.M.; Keizers, H.L.J.; van den Berg, R.P. (2002). "Overview of the Development of Hydrazinium Nitroformate". Journal of Propulsion and Power 18 (1): 131-137. doi:10.2514/2.5908.
- ↑ Dendage, P.S.; Sarwade, D.B.; Asthana, S.N.; Singh, H. (2001). "Hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) and HNF Based Propellants: A Review". Journal of Energetic Materials 19 (1): 41-78. doi:10.1080/07370650108219392. Bibcode: 2001JEnM...19...41D.
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