Chemistry:Liquid nitrogen cocktail
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A liquid nitrogen cocktail is any mixed drink whose preparation involves the use of liquid nitrogen.[1][2][3] Popularized as a novelty because of the smoky, bubbling "cauldron effect" it produces, liquid nitrogen is controversial as a cocktail ingredient because it boils at −196 °C (77 K; −321 °F) and its consumption is thus potentially lethal.[3] However, it is not a regulated substance in most countries and there is little control of its use.[4]
History
The culinary use of liquid nitrogen is mentioned in an 1890 recipe book titled Fancy Ices authored by Mrs. Agnes Marshall,[3] but has been employed in more recent times by restaurants in the preparation of frozen desserts, such as ice cream, which can be created within moments at the table because of the speed at which it cools food.[3] Similarly, liquid nitrogen has become popular in the preparation of cocktails because it can be used to quickly chill glasses or freeze ingredients.[5] It is also added to drinks to create a smoky effect, which is created by the cold nitrogen vapour (liquid nitrogen boils at -195.8 Celsius at normal atmospheric pressure) condensing the moisture (i.e., water vapor) in the surrounding air above.[5]
Safety concerns
Because of its low temperature liquid nitrogen can be extremely damaging to body tissue, causing frostbite and cryogenic burning on contact.[3] If ingested it can lead to severe internal damage, destroying tissue in the mouth and digestive tract.[5] Furthermore, as it evaporates liquid nitrogen releases a large volume of gas, which means it can burst the stomach if swallowed in a sufficiently large amount.[5]
Lancaster incident
The potential danger of liquid nitrogen cocktails was highlighted by an incident that occurred in the United Kingdom in October 2012.[5][6] On 4 October, an 18-year-old woman named Gaby Scanlon was admitted to hospital with severe abdominal pain and shortness of breath after drinking a cocktail prepared with liquid nitrogen while celebrating her birthday at a bar in Lancaster city centre.[6] A medical team diagnosed her condition as perforated stomach, and performed a gastrectomy to save her life.[6] On September 17, 2015, Oscar's Wine Bar and Bistro in Lancaster was fined £100,000 as a result of the incident, as no proper risk assessment had been performed and bar staff had not received adequate warnings of the importance of not drinking the cocktail until all the nitrogen had boiled off.[7]
The incident prompted representatives of the British Compressed Gases Association and the Food Standards Agency to warn the public of the dangers of consuming the gas in liquid form.[6] An investigation was also launched, headed by Lancashire Police, who said that the establishment concerned had removed liquid nitrogen cocktails from its menu.[8] On 12 October The Guardian reported that David Morris, the MP for Morecambe and Lunesdale, had written to the Food Standards Agency and the Secretary of State for Health calling for the sale of drinks containing liquid nitrogen to be banned.[2] He also planned to table an early day motion in the House of Commons on the issue.[9]
The New South Wales Office of Liquor, Gaming and Racing, which oversees licensed premises in the Australian state of New South Wales issued an immediate moratorium on the use of liquid nitrogen while an investigation was carried out into its use.[10]
See also
- Liquid nitrogen ice cream
References
- ↑ Wallop, Harry (9 October 2012). "The dark side of liquid nitrogen cocktails". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/9594206/The-dark-side-of-liquid-nitrogen-cocktails.html. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Carter, Helen (12 October 2012). "MP to call on parliament to ban liquid nitrogen cocktails". The Guardian (Guardian Media Group). https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/oct/12/mp-ban-liquid-nitrogen-cocktails?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Who What Why: How dangerous is liquid nitrogen?". BBC News (BBC). 9 October 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19870668. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
- ↑ "Are Liquid Nitrogen Cocktails Dangerous?". Medical News Today (MediLexicon International Ltd). 10 October 2012. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/251362.php. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Gladwell, Amy (9 October 2012). "Teenager's stomach removed after drinking cocktail". Newsbeat (BBC). http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/19866191. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Silverman, Rosa (9 October 2012). "Liquid nitrogen 'cauldron cocktail': drinks industry blamed for girl's injury". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9594487/Liquid-nitrogen-cauldron-cocktail-drinks-industry-blamed-for-girls-injury.html. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
- ↑ "Liquid nitrogen cocktail: Wine bar fined £100k after teenager loses stomach". The Telegraph. 18 September 2015. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/11872399/Liquid-nitrogen-cocktail-Wine-bar-fined-100k-after-teenager-loses-stomach.html. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
- ↑ "Joint investigation after teenager taken ill". Lancashire Constabulary. 8 October 2012. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011165742/http://www.lancashire.police.uk/news/joint-investigation-after-teenager-taken-ill. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
- ↑ Prince, Rosa (15 October 2012). "Government urged to ban use of liquid nitrogen after teenager Gaby Scanlon loses stomach". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9609160/Government-urged-to-ban-use-of-liquid-nitrogen-after-teenager-Gaby-Scanlon-loses-stomach.html. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ↑ Olding, Rachel (13 October 2012). "Bars banned from using liquid nitrogen in drinks". The Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Media). http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/restaurants-and-bars/bars-banned-from-using-liquid-nitrogen-in-drinks-20121012-27i8s.html. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
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