Chemistry:Nickel (Canadian coin)

Short description: Canadian coin worth 5 cents

Nickel

Canada
Value	0.05 CAD
Mass	3.95 g
Diameter	21.2 mm
Thickness	1.76 mm
Edge	smooth (plain)
Composition	Nickel-plated steel 94.5% steel, 3.5% Cu, 2% Ni plating
Years of minting	1858–present
Catalog number	–
Obverse
Design	Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada
Designer	Susanna Blunt
Design date	2003
Design discontinued	2023
Design	Charles III, King of Canada
Designer	Steven Rosati
Design date	2023
Reverse
Design	Beaver sitting on a rock
Designer	G.E. Kruger Gray
Design date	1937

The Canadian five-cent coin, commonly called a nickel, is a coin worth five cents or one-twentieth of a Canadian dollar. It was patterned on the corresponding coin in the neighbouring United States. It became the smallest-valued coin in the currency upon the discontinuation of the penny in 2013. Due to inflation, the purchasing power of the nickel continues to drop and currently the coin represents less than 0.5% of the country's lowest minimum hourly wage.

The denomination (i.e., the Canadian five-cent piece) had been introduced in 1858 as a small, thin sterling silver coin, that was colloquially known as a "fish scale", not a nickel. The larger base metal version made of nickel, and called a "nickel", was introduced as a Canadian coin in 1922, originally as 99.9% nickel metal. These coins were magnetic, due to the high nickel content. Versions during World War II were minted in tombac (a copper-zinc alloy), then chrome and nickel-plated steel, and finally returned again to nickel at the end of the war. A plated steel version was again made from 1951 to 1954 during the Korean War. Rising nickel prices eventually caused another switch to cupronickel in 1982 (an alloy similar to the US nickel), but more recently, Canadian nickels are minted in nickel-plated steel, containing a small amount of copper. Due to the aforementioned rise in nickel prices, since 1982, five-cent pieces composed of 99.9% nickel have been slowly removed from circulation to be melted by the Royal Canadian Mint. Only cupronickel and modern multi-ply plated steel five-cent pieces are considered "circulation coins". As a result, pre-1982 five cent pieces are often sought by collectors.

From 1942 to 1962, Canadian five-cent coins were produced in a distinctive 12-sided shape, evocative of the United Kingdom threepence coin. Originally this was done to distinguish the copper-coloured tombac coins, from pennies. However, the characteristic shape was retained for another eighteen years after 1944 when this coin was later produced in 99.9% nickel and chrome-plated steel.

The coin is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint at its facility in Winnipeg.

History

Further information: Coins of the Canadian dollar § History

The first ever Canadian five-cent coins were struck by the Royal Mint in London as part of the introductory 1858 coinage of the Province of Canada. The coins were the same size and general composition as the corresponding American coins of the time, so the five-cent coin was based on the half dime. Although the American denomination was introduced as a larger copper-nickel coin in 1866, and the five-cent silver was retired in 1873, the Canadian five-cent coins remained small and silver until 1922.

All Canadian coins (including five-cent coins) were struck in England at the Royal Mint (no mint mark) and the Birmingham Mint (H mint mark) until 1908, when the Ottawa branch of the Royal Mint opened. With the exception of some 1968 dimes struck at the Philadelphia Mint, all Canadian coins since 1908 have been minted in Canada.

Due to a rise in the price of silver, Canadian coinage was debased from sterling silver (925 fine) to 800 fine in 1920. In 1922, silver was removed entirely from the five-cent coin, replacing it with a coin of roughly the same dimensions and mass as the American nickel. However, unlike the American coin, which was 75% copper and 25% nickel, the Canadian coin was pure nickel, as Canada was the world's largest producer of the metal. This coin has since been known almost universally as the nickel.

The five-cent coin of Newfoundland, on the other hand, remained silver until the end of the Newfoundland coinage in 1947.

The nickel's composition has changed several times, most notably during World War II and the Korean War when nickel was redirected to the war effort, where it was essential for armour production. In the latter part of 1942 and throughout 1943, the coins were minted in tombac, an 88% copper-12% zinc alloy that got its name originally from the Indonesian/Javanese word for brass or copper. In 1944 and 1945, and again from mid-1951 to 1954, coins were made of steel which was plated twice, first with nickel and then chromium. The plating was applied before the blanks were struck, so the edges of these coins are dull or even rusted. The composition was returned to pure nickel after both wars. More recently, in 1982, the same copper-nickel alloy used in the American coin was adopted in the Canadian coin, with the ironic result that the nickel then contained less nickel than any other circulating Canadian coin except the cent. Since late in 2000, the nickel is now generally made with plated steel. Since the plating is now done after the blanks are punched, the edges of the modern coins receive the plating. Portions of the 2001 and 2006 issues were struck in cupronickel, and can be identified by the lack of the letter "P" under Queen Elizabeth's portrait, and for their non-magnetic quality.

Starting with the 1942 tombac coins, the nickel was made dodecagonal, presumably to help distinguish it from the cent after it tarnished in circulation. Tombac was removed from the nickel in 1944 (to be replaced by steel, as noted during the Korean war) but the coins in Tombac, steel, or 99.9% nickel all remained twelve-sided until 1963.

All of these coins were lighter than the US version, which is minted to be as close as possible to five grams. Canadian 99.9% nickel five-cent coins are nearly 0.5 gram lighter than this, and its present steel coins are a full gram lighter than US "nickels."

1921 five-cent coin

Five-cent coins dated 1921 are among the rarest and most collectible Canadian circulation coins, known as "The Prince of Canadian Coins." Estimates of the number of specimens known range between 400 and 480. In May 1921 the government of Canada passed an act authorizing the change to the larger nickel coin, and subsequently the majority of the 1921 mint run was melted down. The coin believed to be the finest known specimen (PCGS MS-67) sold for US$115,000 at auction in January 2010. It was then sold by the Canadian Numismatic Company for $160,000 to a private collector in early 2012.

Types and specifications

Definitive types
Image	Years	Mass	Diameter	Composition
	1858–1901	1.16 g	15.5 mm	92.5% silver, 7.5% copper
	1902–1910	1.16 g	15.5 mm	92.5% silver, 7.5% copper
	1911–1921	1.17 g	15.5 mm	92.5% silver, 7.5% copper (1911–1919) 80% silver, 20% copper (1920–1921)
	1922–1936	4.54 g	21.21 mm	99.9% nickel
	1937–1942	4.54 g	21.21 mm	99.9% nickel
	1942–1945	4.54 g	21.3 mm	88% copper, 12% zinc ("tombac") (1942–1943) Chrome plated steel (1944–1945)
	1946–1952	4.54 g	21.3 mm	99.9% nickel (1946–1951) Chrome plated steel (1951–1952)
	1953–1964	4.54 g	21.3 mm	Chrome plated steel (1953–1954) 99.9% nickel (1955–1964)
	1965–1981	4.54 g	21.3 mm	99.9% nickel
	1982–1989	4.6 g	21.2 mm	75% copper, 25% nickel
	1990–2001, 2006 (No "P" on obverse)	4.6 g	21.2 mm	75% copper, 25% nickel
	1999–2003 (With "P")	3.95 g	21.2 mm	94.5% steel, 3.5% copper, 2% nickel plating
	2003–present (With RCM logo on obverse)	3.95 g	21.2 mm	94.5% steel, 3.5% copper, 2% nickel plating

Commemorative nickels

Although not strictly a commemorative, the "Victory nickel", struck from 1943 to 1945, was the first non-standard circulating Canadian coin other than commemorative dollars; the reverse features a flaming torch and a large V that stands for both Victory and the coin's denomination. The rim denticles were replaced by the phrase "We win when we work willingly" in Morse Code. This design was re-used in 2005 to commemorate the 60th anniversary of V-E Day. Almost uniquely in the history of Canadian coinage, the reverse was engraved to scale by Thomas Shingles; most coin designs are engraved at a much larger scale and reduced with a pantograph.

In 1951, a special commemorative five-cent piece depicting a nickel refinery was struck to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the metal's initial discovery by Swedish chemist Axel F. Cronstedt. Due to the onset of the Korean War, production of this commemorative was halted to preserve nickel for the war effort, resulting in a second non-commemorative 1951 "nickel" made of plated steel.

In 1967, all the circulating coins received a special reverse for the Canadian Centennial; the nickel featured a rabbit.

In proof sets issued since 1996, the five cent coin is made of sterling silver. Some commemorative five cent coins are also made of sterling silver.

Commemorative editions of the Canadian nickel

Image	Year	Theme	Artist	Mintage	Special notes
	1943	Victory (Tombac)	Thomas Shingles	24,760,256	Intended to stimulate the war effort. The message "We Win When We Work Willingly" is engraved in Morse code on the rim of the coin.
	1944–1945	Victory (Steel)	Thomas Shingles	11,532,784 (1944) 18,893,216 (1945)	Intended to stimulate the war effort. The message "We Win When We Work Willingly" is engraved in Morse code on the rim of the coin.
	1951	Discovery of Nickel	Stephen Trenka	9,028,507	200th anniversary of the discovery of nickel. Features a nickel refinery.
	1967	Canadian Centennial	Alex Colville	36,876,574	Features a hopping rabbit. Dated 1867–1967.
	2005	Victory anniversary	Thomas Shingles	59,269,192	60th anniversary of the end of World War II. The rim of this edition is smooth. It does not have the denticles the 1943–1945 edition had. Dated 1945–2005.
	2017	Canada 150	Gerald Gloade	20,000,000	150th anniversary of the Confederation of Canada. Features a beaver influenced by the northeastern woodland Algonkian heritage. The theme of the coin is "Our Passions". Dated 1867–2017.

Mintage

List of the mintage of every year

Victoria Year Mintage 1858 Small date 1858 Large date over small date 1,500,000 1870 Flat rim 1870 Wire rim 2,800,000 1871 1,400,000 1872 H 2,000,000 1874 H Plain 4 1874 Crosslet 4 800,000 1875 H Large date 1875 H Small date 1,000,000 1880 H 3,000,000 1881 H 1,500,000 1882 H 1,000,000 1883 H 600,000 1884 200,000 1885 Small 5 1885 Large 5 1885 Large 5 over small 5 1,000,000 1886 Small 6 1886 Large 6 1,700,000 1887 500,000 1888 1,000,000 1889 1,200,000 1890 H 1,000,000 1891 1,800,000 1892 860,000 1893 1,700,000 1894 500,000 1896 1,500,000 1897 1,319,283 1898 580,717 1899 3,000,000 1900 Oval 0’s 1900 Round 0’s 1,800,000 1901 2,000,000

Edward VII Year Mintage 1902 2,120,000 1902 Large broad H 1902 Small narrow H 2,200,000 1903 1,000,000 1903 H 2,640,000 1904 2,400,000 1905 2,600,000 1906 3,100,000 1907 5,200,000 1908 1,220,524 1909 Round leaves 1909 Pointed leaves 1,983,725 1910 Pointed leaves 1910 Rounded leaves 3,850,325

George V Year Mintage"5 cents". https://www.mint.ca/en/discover/canadian-circulation/5-cents. </ref> 1911 3,692,350 1912 5,863,170 1913 5,588,048 1914 4,202,179 1915 1,172,258 1916 2,481,675 1917 5,521,373 1918 6,052,289 1919 7,835,400 1920 10,649,851 1921 2,582,495 1922 4,763,186 1923 2,475,201 1924 3,066,658 1925 200,050 1926 933,577 1927 5,285,627 1928 4,588,725 1929 5,562,262 1930 3,685,991 1931 5,100,830 1932 3,198,566 1933 2,597,867 1934 3,827,303 1935 3,900,000 1936 4,400,450

George VI Year Mintage 1937 4,593,263 1938 3,898,974 1939 5,661,123 1940 13,820,197 1941 8,681,785 1942 10,243,778 1943 24,760,256 1944 11,532,784 1945 18,893,216 1946 6,952,684 1947 17,198,848 1948 1,810,789 1949 13,736,276 1950 11,950,520 1951 12,642,641 1952 10,891,148

Elizabeth II (1st Portrait) Year Mintage 1953 16,635,552 1954 6,998,662 1955 5,355,028 1956 9,399,854 1957 7,387,703 1958 7,607,521 1959 11,552,523 1960 37,157,433 1961 47,889,051 1962 46,307,305 1963 43,970,320 1964 78,075,068

Elizabeth II (2nd Portrait) Year Mintage 1965 84,876,018 1966 27,976,648 1967 36,876,574 1968 99,253,330 1969 27,830,229 1970 5,726,010 1971 27,312,609 1972 62,417,387 1973 53,507,435 1974 94,704,645 1975 138,882,000 1976 55,140,213 1977 89,120,791 1978 137,079,273 1979 186,295,825 1980 134,878,000 1981 99,107,900 1982 105,539,898 1983 72,596,000 1984 84,088,000 1985 126,618,000 1986 156,104,000 1987 106,299,000 1988 75,025,000 1989 141,435,538

Elizabeth II (3rd Portrait) Year Mintage 1990 42,537,000 1991 10,931,000 1992 53,732,000 1993 86,877,000 1994 99,352,000 1995 78,780,000 1996 36,686,000 1997 27,354,000 1998 156,873,000 1999 124,861,000 2000 108,514,000 2001 166,686,000 2002 135,960,000 2003 31,388,921

Elizabeth II (4th Portrait) Year Mintage 2003 61,392,180 2004 123,925,000 2005 148,082,000 2006 184,874,000 2007 221,472,000 2008 278,530,000 2009 266,448,000 2010 126,800,000 2011 230,328,000 2012 202,944,000 2013 78,120,000 2014 66,364,000 2015 87,360,000 2016 140,952,000 2017 126,680,000 2018 87,528,000 2019 92,736,000 2020 31,752,000 2021 68,376,000 2022

See also

• Big Nickel

External links

• Value of Canadian Nickel