Chemistry:Old Copper complex

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Old Copper Complex
Geographical rangeGreat Lakes
PeriodArchaic
Dates7500 - 1000 BCE
Type siteCopper Culture State Park
Copper knife, spearpoints, awls, and spud (adze), from the Late Archaic period, Wisconsin, 3000 BC-1000 BCE.
Native copper nugget from glacial drift, Ontonagon County, Michigan. An example of the raw material worked by the people of the Old Copper Complex.

The Old Copper complex or Old Copper culture is an archaeological culture from the Archaic period of North America's Great Lakes region. Artifacts from some of these sites have been dated from 7500 to 1000 BCE.[1][page needed] It is characterized by widespread copper artifacts, including tools and weapons, as well as ornamental objects. The archeological evidence of smelting or alloying is subject to some dispute, and it is commonly believed that objects were cold-worked into shape. Furthermore, some archaeologists are convinced by the artifactual and structural evidence for metal casting by Hopewellian and Mississippian peoples.[2][page needed]

Western Great Lakes

The Old Copper Complex of the Western Great Lakes is the best known, and can be dated as far back as 9,500 years ago.[3][4] Great Lakes natives of the Archaic period located 99% pure copper near Lake Superior, in veins touching the surface and in nuggets from gravel beds. Major quarries were located on Isle Royale, the Keweenaw Peninsula, and the Brule River, and copper was deposited elsewhere by glaciation as well.[5] Evidence of mining, deep holes chipped into the rock, can be found in Ontario, Manitoba, and around Lake Superior.

By heating, annealing and hammering, these cultures worked the copper into shape and produced a variety of spearpoints, tools and decorative objects. In addition to their own use, the Copper Complex peoples traded copper goods for other exotic materials. By about 3,000 years ago copper was increasingly restricted to jewelry and other status-related items, rather than tools. This is thought to represent the development of more complex social hierarchies in the area.[6][7][8]

The Copper Culture State Park, in Oconto, northeastern Wisconsin, contains an ancient burial ground used by the Old Copper complex culture between 5,000 and 6,000 years ago. It was rediscovered in June 1952 by a 13-year-old boy who unearthed human bones while playing in an old quarry. By July the first archaeological dig was started by the Wisconsin Archaeological Survey.[9]

Other locations

Copper is known to have been traded from the Great Lakes region to other parts of North America. However, there were also other sources of copper, including in the Appalachian Mountains near the Etowah Site in Georgia.[10] The Mississippian copper plates were made by a process of annealing. Ancient copper artifacts are found over a very wide range, all around the Great Lakes region, and far south into what is now the USA.

See also

  • Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America
  • Etowah plates

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Pleger 2000.
  2. ↑ Neiburger 1987.
  3. ↑ Ancient Native Americans were among the world’s first coppersmiths, David Malakoff, Science, Mar. 19, 2021 (https://www.science.org/content/article/ancient-native-americans-were-among-world-s-first-coppersmiths)
  4. ↑ Pompeani, David P.; Steinman, Byron A.; Abbott, Mark B.; Pompeani, Katherine M.; Reardon, William; DePasqual, Seth; Mueller, Robin H. (2021). "On the Timing of the Old Copper Complex in North America: A Comparison of Radiocarbon Dates from Different Archaeological Contexts". Radiocarbon 63 (2): 513–531. doi:10.1017/RDC.2021.7. 
  5. ↑ Gibbon 1998, p. 28.
  6. ↑ Thomas C. Pleger, "A Brief Introduction to the Old Copper Complex of the Western Great Lakes: 4000-1000 BC", Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the Forest History Association of Wisconsin, Oconto, Wisconsin, October 5, 2002, pp. 10-18.
  7. ↑ Thomas E. Emerson, Dale L. McElrath, Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity Across the Midcontinent, SUNY Press, 2009 ISBN:1-4384-2701-8.
  8. ↑ William Marder (2005). Indians in the Americas: the untold story. Book Tree. pp. 28–29. ISBN 1-58509-104-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Obgdz8auwkMC&pg=PA28. 
  9. ↑ Rootsweb: Original 1952 report and photographs of the Copper Culture burial site – from the first archaeological dig – accessed 4.14.2013
  10. ↑ Welch (1991), Moundville's Economy : 184

Sources

  • Gibbon, Guy (February 1998). "Old Copper in Minnesota: A Review". Plains Anthropologist (Taylor & Francis) 43 (163): 27–50. 
  • Pleger, Thomas C. (Fall 2000). "Old copper and red ocher social complexity". Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology (University of Illinois Press) 25 (2): 169–190. 
  • Neiburger, E. J. (April 1987). "Did Midwest Pre-Columbian Indians Cast Metal? A New Look". Central States Archaeological Journal (Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc.) 34 (2): 60–74. 

Further reading

  • Byers, A. Martin (April 1999). "Intentionality, Symbolic Pragmatics, and Material Culture: Revisiting Binford's View of the Old Copper Complex". American Antiquity (Cambridge University Press) 64 (2): 265–287. doi:10.2307/2694278. 
  • Wittry, Warren L.; Ritzenthaler, Robert E. (January 1956). "The Old Copper Complex: An Archaic Manifestation in Wisconsin". American Antiquity (Cambridge University Press) 21 (3): 244–254. doi:10.2307/277196. 
  • Wittry, Warren L. (1951). "A Preliminary Study of the Old Copper Complex". Wisconsin Archaeologist 32 (1): 1–18. 



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