Chemistry:Peroxydisulfate
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3D model (JSmol)
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| O8S2−2 | |
| Molar mass | 192.11 g·mol−1 |
| Conjugate acid | Peroxydisulfuric acid |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
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The peroxydisulfate ion, S2O2−8, is an oxyanion, the anion of peroxydisulfuric acid. It is commonly referred to as persulfate, but this term also refers to the peroxomonosulfate ion, SO2−5. It is also called peroxodisulfate.[2] Approximately 500,000 tons of salts containing this anion are produced annually. Important salts include sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), and ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8). These salts are colourless, water-soluble solids that are strong oxidants.[3]
Applications
Salts of peroxydisulfate are mainly used to initiate the polymerization of various alkenes, including styrene, acrylonitrile, and fluoroalkenes. Polymerization is initiated by the homolysis of the peroxydisulfate:
- [O3SO–OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−
Moreover, sodium peroxydisulfate can be used for soil and groundwater remediation, water and wastewater treatment, and etching of copper on circuit boards.[4][2]
It has also been used to produce hair lighteners and bleaches, medical drugs, cellophane, rubber, soaps, detergents, adhesive papers, dyes for textiles, and in photography.[2]
In addition to its major commercial applications, peroxydisulfate participates in reactions of interest in the laboratory:
- Elbs persulfate oxidation
- Oxidation of Ag+ to Ag2+, such as the preparation of tetrakis(pyridine)silver(II) peroxydisulfate
Structure
Peroxydisulfate is a centrosymmetric anion. The O-O distance is 1.48 Å. The sulfur centers are tetrahedral.[5]
References
- ↑ Ambiguous—see persulfate
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Shafiee, Saiful Arifin; Aarons, Jolyon; Hamzah, Hairul Hisham (2018). "Electroreduction of Peroxodisulfate: A Review of a Complicated Reaction". Journal of the Electrochemical Society 165 (13): H785–H798. doi:10.1149/2.1161811jes. http://m.jes.ecsdl.org/content/165/13/H785.abstract?sid=3ddef67b-7f3b-49fa-93a7-c6eee812bfe4.
- ↑ Harald Jakob, Stefan Leininger, Thomas Lehmann, Sylvia Jacobi, Sven Gutewort. "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_177.pub2.
- ↑ Wacławek, Stanisław; Lutze, Holger V.; Grübel, Klaudiusz; Padil, Vinod V.T.; Černík, Miroslav; Dionysiou, Dionysios.D. (2017). "Chemistry of persulfates in water and wastewater treatment: A review". Chemical Engineering Journal 330: 44–62. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.132.
- ↑ Allan, David R. (2006). "Sodium Peroxodisulfate". Acta Crystallographica Section E 62 (3): i44–i46. doi:10.1107/S1600536806004302.
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