Chemistry:Perrier

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Short description: Mineral water brand
Perrier
CountryFrance
SourceVergèze, Gard, France
TypeSparkling
pH5.5[1] - 5.46
Calcium (Ca)150[1] - 160
Chloride (Cl)19.5[1] - 22
Bicarbonate (HCO3)420[1] - 430
Magnesium (Mg)3.9[1] - 4.2
Nitrate (NO3)7.3[1] - 7.8
Potassium (K)< 1[1] (0.6)
Sodium (Na)9.6[1] - 9.5
Sulfate (SO4)25.3[1] - 33
TDS456[1] - 480
Websiteperrier.com
All concentrations in milligrams per liter (mg/L); pH without units

Perrier (/ˈpɛrieɪ/ PERR-ee-ay, also US: /ˌpɛriˈeɪ/ -⁠AY, French: [pɛʁje]) is a French brand of natural bottled mineral water obtained at its source in Vergèze, located in the Gard département. Perrier is known for its carbonation and its distinctive green bottle.

Perrier was part of the Perrier Vittel Group SA, which became Nestlé Waters France after the acquisition of the company by Nestlé in 1992.[2] Nestlé Waters France also includes Vittel, S.Pellegrino and Contrex.

Overview

The spring from which Perrier water is sourced is naturally carbonated, but the water and natural carbon dioxide gas are obtained independently. The water is then purified, and during bottling, the carbon dioxide gas is re-added so that the level of carbonation in bottled Perrier matches that of the Vergèze spring.[3][4]

In 1990, Perrier removed the "naturally sparkling" claim from its bottles under pressure from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[5]

Since at least 2019, Perrier water is no longer "reinforced with gas from the source" but "with the addition of carbon dioxide". According to the company, this change allows it to considerably reduce its total water consumption and reduce its ecological impact.[6]

History

The spring in Southern France from which Perrier is drawn was originally known as Les Bouillens (The Bubbles). It had been used as a spa since Roman times.[7] During 218 BC, Hannibal and his army, having passed through Spain en route to his intended conquest of Rome, decided to rest for a while at Les Bouillens, from which the men took water for refreshment.[8]

Perrier was first introduced to Britain during 1863.[9] Local doctor Louis Perrier bought the spring in 1898 and operated a commercial spa there; he also bottled the water for sale. He later sold the spring to St John Harmsworth, a wealthy British visitor. Harmsworth was the younger brother of the newspaper magnates Lord Northcliffe and Lord Rothermere. He had come to France to learn the language. Dr. Perrier showed him the spring, and he decided to buy it. He sold his share of the family newspapers to raise the money. Harmsworth closed the spa, as spas were becoming unfashionable. He renamed the spring Source Perrier and started bottling the water in distinctive green bottles. The shape was that of the Indian clubs which Harmsworth used for exercise.[7][10]

Perrier advertisement in Life on February 24, 1910

Harmsworth marketed the product in Britain at a time when Frenchness was seen as chic and aspirational to the middle classes. It was advertised as the Champagne of mineral water.[note 1] Advertising in newspapers like the Daily Mail established the brand. For a time, 95% of sales were in Britain and the US.

Perrier's reputation for purity suffered a blow in 1990 when a laboratory in North Carolina in the United States found benzene, a carcinogen, in several bottles. Perrier stated that it was an isolated incident of a worker having made a mistake in filtering and that the spring itself was unpolluted. The incident ultimately led to the worldwide withdrawal of the product, some 160 million bottles of Perrier.[11][12]

Two years later in 1992, Perrier was bought by Nestlé, one of the world's leading food and drink companies.[13] Nestlé had to contend with competition from the Agnelli family for ownership of the business.[14]

In 2004, a crisis erupted when Nestlé announced a restructuring plan for Perrier. The following year, Perrier was ordered to halt restructuring due to a failure to consult adequately with staff.[15]

Bottling

250ml can of Perrier

Perrier is available in 750 ml, 330 ml, and 200 ml glass bottles in Europe, as well as in 330 ml cans. In other markets, the 250 ml can is also available. Perrier bottles all have a distinctive 'teardrop' shape and are a signature green colour. In August 2001, the company introduced a new bottling format using polyethylene terephthalate to offer Perrier in plastic, a change that was researched for 11 years[16] to determine which material would best help retain both the water's flavour and its purported "50 million bubbles."

In 2013, Perrier celebrated its 150th anniversary by launching a limited edition series of bottles inspired by Andy Warhol.[17]

In 2019, Perrier released Perrier ARTXTRA limited edition packaging featuring artwork of artist duo Dabsmyla [18] to help support the contemporary artist community.[19]

Varieties

Perrier comes in several flavours: Natural, Lemon, and Lime have been on the market for many years, and in 2007, Citron Lemon-Lime and Pamplemousse Rose (Pink Grapefruit) flavours debuted in the United States. In 2015, a Green Apple flavour was launched in France as well as the US. In 2016, a Mint flavour (Saveur Menthe) was introduced in France.

Since 2002, new varieties of Perrier have been introduced in France, for example, Eau de Perrier is less carbonated than the original, and comes in a blue bottle. Perrier Fluo comes in flavours such as ginger-cherry, peppermint, orange-lychee, raspberry, and ginger-lemon.

In 2017, Perrier introduced two new flavours, Perrier Strawberry and Perrier Watermelon,[20] to their existing Lime, L’Orange, Pink Grapefruit, and Green Apple flavour.[21]

Distribution

As of January 2013, Perrier was available in 140 countries, and almost 1 billion bottles are sold every year.[22]

The Perrier Awards

From 1981 to 2005, the company sponsored an annual comedy award in the United Kingdom , the Perrier Comedy Award, also known as "The Perriers". It was described as a means of supporting young comedic talent at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, an arts festival touted as "the world's largest". Initially for comedy reviews, by 1987 this included a standup comedian award. The award's sponsorship was taken over by various other advertisers starting in 2006 with commensurate renaming, and it eventually came to be called the Edinburgh Comedy Awards.[23]

The Perrier Young Jazz Awards were set up by Perrier in 1998,[24] though never attained the success and recognition of their longer running comedy equivalent. The awards ran for four years, releasing an album showcasing its winners each year, before being discontinued. The last year the awards ceremony ran was 2001.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ There are Champagne houses by the name of Laurent-Perrier and Perrier-Jouët, but there is no connection.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 "Perrier Sparkling 75Cl". www.tesco.com. https://www.tesco.com/groceries/en-GB/products/274501973. 
  2. ↑ "Perrier®". https://www.nestle.fr/nosmarques/eaux/perrier. 
  3. ↑ Perrier Group of Canada Inc. v. Canada [1995] F.C.J. No.1571
  4. ↑ "Perrier Quality Report". http://www.nestle-watersna.com/pdf/PR_BWQR.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "Perrier to Remove 'Naturally Sparkling' Claim from its Bottles". April 19, 1990. https://apnews.com/article/3c184e5cc35cfcc431334f130185ea79. 
  6. ↑ "Perrier France on Twitter" (in en). https://twitter.com/perrierfr/status/1086253809725263872. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Discover the perrier story". Nestlé Waters. http://www.perrier.com/EN/entrezbulle/rubrique10.asp. 
  8. ↑ "Perrier. Une histoire unique". www.perrier.com. http://www.perrier.com/fr/decouvrirperrier.html. 
  9. ↑ "Perrier says, Bonjour Britain". www.perrier.com. https://www.perrier.com/uk/since-1863/history/perrier-says-bonjour-britain. 
  10. ↑ Tomlinson, Richard (2004-11-29). "Troubled waters at perrier". cnn.com Fortune. https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/11/29/8192716/index.htm. 
  11. ↑ James, George (1990-02-10). "Perrier Recalls Its Water in U.S. After Benzene Is Found in Bottles". The New York Times. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C0CE7D61F39F933A25751C0A966958260. 
  12. ↑ White, Michael; A Short Course in International Marketing Blunders: Mistakes Made by Companies that Should Have Known Better, 3rd Edition; World Trade Press 2009; chapter 1
  13. ↑ "Perrier and Nestlé Brands | Food and Beverage Industry | Crisis Management in Branding". brandchannel.com. http://www.brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=237. 
  14. ↑ Cohen, Roger (25 March 1992). "Nestle Wins A Big Battle For Perrier". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/25/business/nestle-wins-a-big-battle-for-perrier.html. 
  15. ↑ "Perrier Restructuring Halted". Finanznachrichten.de. 2005-03-14. http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2005-03/artikel-1881230.asp. 
  16. ↑ "Perrier Launches New Transportable Plastic Bottle". 8 March 2002. https://www.wwdmag.com/perrier-launches-new-transportable-plastic-bottle. 
  17. ↑ "Perrier goes Pop Art with Andy Warhol". 2013-09-04. http://www.beveragedaily.com/Processing-Packaging/Perrier-goes-Pop-Art-with-Andy-Warhol-bottles. 
  18. ↑ "Perrier to Release Limited-Edition Packaging in January" (in en). December 11, 2019. https://www.cspdailynews.com/beverages/perrier-release-limited-edition-packaging-january. 
  19. ↑ "Perrier Unveils New Product Designs in Collaboration with Artist Duo DABSMYLA". 2019-12-05. https://www.bevnet.com/news/2019/perrier-unveils-new-product-designs-in-collaboration-with-artist-duo-dabsmyla/. 
  20. ↑ "Perrier® Celebrates the Launch of New Sparkling Water Flavours, Strawberry and Watermelon, with New Campaign Featuring Artist AKACORLEONE" (in en). https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/perrier-celebrates-the-launch-of-new-sparkling-water-flavours-strawberry-and-watermelon-with-new-campaign-featuring-artist-akacorleone-300484258.html. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  21. ↑ "CITRUS FRUITS (Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime, Orange)Fruits (Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime, Orange)", Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands): pp. 804–807, 2008, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_1754, ISBN 978-1-4020-4584-4 
  22. ↑ "Perrier Brand Focus". http://www.nestle.com/investors/brand-focus/perrier-focus. 
  23. ↑ "Perrier ends Edinburgh comedy tie". BBC. 2006-06-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5078940.stm. 
  24. ↑ "Critic's choice". https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/critic-s-choice-1-612744. 

Further reading

External links

[ ⚑ ] 43°43′43″N 4°14′36″E / 43.7285°N 4.2434°E / 43.7285; 4.2434



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