Chemistry:Polymer banknote

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Short description: Banknotes made from synthetic polymer
Banknotes of the Australian dollar in a wallet. In 1988, Australia was the first country to introduce polymer banknotes for circulation.

Polymer banknotes are banknotes made from a synthetic polymer such as biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP). Such notes incorporate many security features not available in paper banknotes, including the use of metameric inks.[1] Polymer banknotes last significantly longer than paper notes, causing a decrease in environmental impact and a reduced cost of production and replacement.[2] Modern polymer banknotes were first developed by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and The University of Melbourne. They were first issued as currency in Australia during 1988 (coinciding with Australia's bicentennial year); by 1996, the Australian dollar was switched completely to polymer banknotes. Romania was the first country in Europe to issue a plastic note in 1999 and became the third country after Australia and New Zealand to fully convert to polymer by 2003.

Other currencies that have been switched completely to polymer banknotes include: the Vietnamese đồng (2006) although this is only applied to banknotes with denominations above 5,000 đồng, the Brunei dollar (2006), the Nigerian Naira (2007), the Papua New Guinean kina (2008), the Canadian dollar (2013), the Maldivian rufiyaa (2017), the Mauritanian ouguiya (2017), the Nicaraguan córdoba (2017), the Vanuatu vatu (2017), the Eastern Caribbean dollar (2019), the pound sterling (2021) and the Barbadian dollar (2022). Several countries and regions have now introduced polymer banknotes into commemorative or general circulation, including: Nigeria, Cape Verde, Chile, The Gambia, Trinidad and Tobago, Vietnam, Mexico, Singapore, Malaysia, Botswana, São Tomé and Príncipe, North Macedonia, Russia, Solomon Islands, Samoa, Morocco, Albania, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, Israel, China, Taiwan, Kuwait, Mozambique, Saudi Arabia, Isle of Man, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Libya, Mauritius, Costa Rica, Honduras, Angola, Namibia, Lebanon, the Philippines, and Egypt.

History

In the 1980s, Canadian engineering company AGRA Vadeko and US chemical company US Mobil Chemical Company developed a polymer substrate trademarked as DuraNote. It had been tested by the Bank of Canada in the 1980s and 1990s; test C$ 20 and C$ 50 banknotes were auctioned in October 2012.[3][4] It was also tested by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing of the United States Department of the Treasury in 1997 and 1998, when 40,000 test banknotes were printed and evaluated; and was evaluated by the central banks of 28 countries.[3]

Security features

Polymer banknotes usually have three levels of security devices. Primary security devices are easily recognisable by consumers and may include intaglio, metal strips, and the clear areas of the banknote. Secondary security devices are detectable by a machine. Tertiary security devices may only be detectable by the issuing authority when a banknote is returned.[5]

Adoption

Modern polymer banknotes were first developed by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation or CSIRO and first issued as currency in Australia during 1988, to coincide with Australia's bicentennial year.[6]

In August 2012, Nigeria's Central Bank attempted the switch back from polymer to paper banknotes,[7] saying there were "significant difficulties associated with the processing and destruction of the polymer banknotes" which had "constrained the realisation of the benefits expected from polymer banknotes over paper notes".[8] However, President Goodluck Jonathan halted the process in September 2012.[9]

The polymer notes in the Republic of Mauritius are available in values of ₨ 25, ₨ 50, ₨ 500 and ₨ 2,000. The Fiji FJ$5 was issued[10] in April 2013.

In the United Kingdom , the first polymer banknotes were issued by the Northern Bank in Northern Ireland in 2000; these were a special commemorative issue bearing an image of the Space Shuttle.[Note 1] In March 2015, the Clydesdale Bank in Scotland began to issue polymer Sterling £5 notes marking the 125th anniversary of the building of the Forth Bridge.[11] These were the first polymer notes to enter general circulation in the UK.[12] The Royal Bank of Scotland followed in 2016 with a new issue of plastic £5 notes illustrated with a picture of author Nan Shepherd.[13] In September 2016, the Bank of England began to issue £5 polymer notes with a picture of Winston Churchill; and in 2017 a polymer £10 began replacing its paper equivalent, featuring a picture of the author Jane Austen. A polymer £20 was issued in 2020 with a picture of J.M.W. Turner, and the £50 note was released in 2021, featuring Alan Turing. Although the polymer Bank of England notes are 15% smaller than the older, paper issue, they bear a similar design.[14][15]Some businesses operating in the UK cash industry have opposed the switch to polymer, citing a lack of research into the cost impact of its introduction.[16] In December 2022, following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the Bank of England unveiled the design of a new series of banknotes featuring King Charles III. The rest of the design, however, is unchanged, with the exception of a slight alteration in colour.[17]

In the Philippines, it was proposed in 2009 to shift to the usage of polymer for Philippine peso banknotes. This did not push through due to concern the shift would have over the impact to country's abaca industry. The proposal was revived in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic since the polymer banknotes can be sanitized with less damage compared to paper banknotes, as well as other reasons such as durability, lesser average issue cost, and lesser susceptibility to counterfeiting. In April 2022, The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas officially released the 1000 peso bill polymer bank note into circulation.[18]


Timeline of adoptions and withdrawals of polymer banknotes
Country Date of first introduction Notes
N/A early 1980s An alternative polymer of polyethylene fibres marketed as Tyvek by DuPont was developed for use as currency by the American Bank Note Company in the early 1980s.
 Haiti 1982 Haiti released Tyvek-made Gourde banknotes in denominations of 1, 2, 50, 100, 250 & 500. The same denominations and a 5 Gourdes banknote were also released on paper.[19]
 Costa Rica 1983 Costa Rica issued a 20 Colones Tyvek banknote.
 Isle of Man 1983 The Isle of Man issued a 1 Pound banknote, this time called Bradvek and printed by Bradbury Wilkinson.
N/A Late 1980s Tyvek did not perform well in trials; smudging of ink and fragility were reported as problems, so production of Tyvek banknotes was discontinued.[20]
 Australia 1988[citation needed] Australia introduced the ten-dollar note to celebrate its bicentennial. This was the world's first true polymer banknote.[21]
 Singapore 1990 Singapore issued a S$50 in polymer substrate to commemorate the 25th Anniversary of Independence.
 Papua New Guinea 1991 Papua New Guinea issued its first 2 Kinas banknote in polymer substrate to commemorate the 9th South Pacific Games held in the country.[22]
 Indonesia 1993 Indonesia issued a Rp 50,000 commemorative banknote in conjunction with the 25 Years of Development by President Soeharto which is the first polymer banknote issued by Bank Indonesia.But polymer banknotes are never issued again in the later series.[23]
 Brunei 1996 Brunei introduced its first polymer banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 10 dollars.[24]
 Sri Lanka 4 February 1998 Sri Lanka issued a රු.200 commemorative banknote in conjunction with the 50th Anniversary of Independence which is so far the only polymer banknote issued by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka.[25]
 Australia 1996 Australia had converted all of its denominations into polymer banknotes and became the first country in the world to do so.[26]
 Thailand 18 August 1997 Thailand issued its first polymer banknote, a 50 Baht denomination. On 1 October 2004 it was replaced by a redesigned version printed on paper.[27]
 Malaysia 1998 Malaysia issued a RM50 commemorative banknote in conjunction with the XVI Commonwealth Games, the first polymer banknote ever issued by Bank Negara Malaysia.[28]
 New Zealand May 1999 New Zealand converted all of its banknotes into polymer banknotes.[29]
 Taiwan June 1999 Taiwan issued its first polymer banknote (NT$50) to commemorate 50 years of the New Taiwan dollar's issuance.[30]
 Romania August 1999 In celebration of the total solar eclipse of August 11, 1999, the National Bank of Romania (BNR) decided to issue a commemorative two thousand Romanian lei banknote. Since it was the last eclipse of the millennium, the denomination was chosen to be 2000 in respect to the upcoming year. These notes were issued as legal tender.[31]
 Indonesia 1 November 1999 Bank Indonesia introduced a Rp 100,000 polymer banknote in circulation, the first banknote of such value to be issued.[32]
 Brazil April 2000 Brazil introduced a R$10 polymer banknote as a special edition issue commemorating the country's 500th anniversary.[33]
 Bangladesh January 2001 Bangladesh introduced the 10 taka polymer banknote, originally they were due to be issued on Victory day, a day big for Bangladeshis, but were delayed.[34]
Template:Country data Kingdom of Nepal February 2002 The Kingdom of Nepal introduced a commemorative 10 rupees polymer banknote, on the occasion of King Gyanendra's accession to the Nepalese throne after the Nepalese royal massacre. It was rendered obsolete when the Kingdom fell and was replaced by 2008.[35]
 Mexico September 2002 Mexico switched the 20 peso denomination from paper to polymer banknotes.[36] and they issued a 100 peso with vertical design polymer banknote in 2020.[37]
 Romania 2003 Romania converted all of its denominations of the leu to polymer,[38] becoming the first European country to do so.
 Vietnam December 2003 Vietnam adopted polymer banknote in denominations of 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 200,000 and 500,000 đồng for general circulation.[39]
 Malaysia October 2004 Bank Negara Malaysia introduces a 5 ringgit polymer banknote into circulation, with the same design as the paper version. This was the first non-commemorative polymer banknote to be issued. Both polymer and paper versions were in circulation concurrently.[40]
 Indonesia November 2004 Bank Indonesia switched its Rp100,000 polymer banknote into a paper banknote with a different design than the polymer version.[41]
 Romania July 2005 Romania redenominated the leu, removing four zeroes and issuing a series of new denominations in polymer.[42]
 Mexico 2006 Two more new polymer notes issued in 2006, for 20-pesos (new design) and the 50-pesos[43] and they issued a 100 peso with vertical design polymer banknote in 2020.[44]
 Brunei 2006 Brunei had adopted polymer banknotes for all of its banknote denominations.
 Australia 2006 The Australian Government agency CSIRO issued a non-legal tender polymer note to celebrate the 80th year of the formation of CSIRO. These notes were issued and distributed to staff members and at selected public events.[45]
 Vietnam August 2006 Vietnam adopted polymer banknote in 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 200,000 and 500,000 đồng for general circulation.[46]
 Romania 1 December 2006 The National Bank of Romania issued a new denomination, 200 lei.[47]
 Hong Kong 2007 The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region issued polymer banknotes for the first time. The banknotes are in HK$ 10.[48]
 Nigeria February 2007 As part of the Nigerian economic reforms, the 20 naira note was issued for the first time in polymer substrate.[49]
 Guatemala August 2007 Guatemala introduced polymer banknotes in denominations of 1 quetzal and 5 quetzales.[50]
 Nicaragua 2008 An announcement from the Central Bank of Nicaragua in 2008 stated that a new 200 Córdoba banknote would be in circulation.[51][52]
 Israel 13 April 2008 Israel started to issue 20 ILS banknotes, due to the high deterioration of 20 ILS paper banknotes. The Israeli polymer notes are printed by Orell Füssli Security Printing of Zürich, Switzerland .[53]
 Romania 1 December 2008 The National Bank of Romania issued a revised 10 lei banknote.
 Nicaragua 2009 On 15 May, Nicaragua released new polymer ten and twenty Nicaragua córdoba banknotes to replace their paper counterparts.[54] After an announcement from the Central Bank of Nicaragua in 2008 stated that a new 200 Córdoba banknote would be in circulation, it took the country an additional year to prepare its new set of banknotes. A new polymer two hundred and a hundred córdoba banknote was first issued on the first of June 2009. In December 2009, a new 50 banknote was released, later followed by a new 500 banknote that was issued on 12 January 2010.[55][52]
 India September 2009 The Reserve Bank of India announced that it will introduce 1 billion 10-rupee notes.[56]
 Chile September 2009 The Central Bank of Chile introduced a new series of the Chilean peso, starting with the redesigned 5000 Pesos banknote.[57]
 Nigeria 30 September 2009 Three Nigerian bank notes (₦50, ₦10 and ₦5) were converted to polymer substrate following the successful performance of the 20 naira (polymer) banknote.[49]
 Nicaragua 12 January 2010 Nicaragua released a new 500 banknote.[58][52]
 Dominican Republic June 2010 The Central Bank of the Dominican Republic announced the introduction of a new polymer based 20 pesos note.[59]
 Chile October 2010 The Central Bank of Chile announced the redesigned 2000 Pesos that went into circulation on 20 November, as a program to change the old designs and make them more secure.[60]
 Canada November 2011 The Bank of Canada introduced the Frontier Series $100 polymer banknote to modernise its currency and reduce counterfeiting.[61] $50 banknotes were put into circulation in March 2012; the $20 note was put into circulation on 7 November 2012[62] with the $10 and $5 denominations released on 7 November 2013.[63][64]
 Guatemala November 2011 Guatemala introduced new polymer banknote in denomination of 5 quetzales.[65]
 Malaysia 16 July 2012 Bank Negara Malaysia put new RM1 and RM5 polymer banknotes into circulation as part of a new banknote series.[66]
 England 2013 The Bank of England announced that it would adopt polymer notes.[67]
 India April 2013 The Reserve Bank of India introduced plastic/polymer currency note of ₹ 10 on a field trial basis in five cities in India.[68]
 Mauritius 22 August 2013 The Bank of Mauritius issued new 25-, 50-, and 500-rupee polymer banknotes which will circulate in parallel with the existing paper notes of the same denominations. The new polymer notes have almost the same design as the preceding paper banknotes, but contain numerous new security features such as transparent windows showing the image of the dodo, numbers printed with magnetic ink which become fluorescent under ultra violet light, and swing features printed in iridescent ink, which change to a different colour when observed in transparency or when tilted. The 25-, and 50-rupee notes are printed by Oberthur Technologies on Innovia Security's Guardian substrate and the 500-rupee note is printed by De La Rue on its Safeguard (formerly Flexycoin) substrate.[69]
 Lebanon 22 November 2013 The Banque du Liban issued a £L50,000 banknote in polymer to commemorate the country's 70th anniversary of independence.[70]
 Lebanon 2014 The Banque du Liban issued a £L50,000 banknote in polymer to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Banque du Liban.[71]
 Vanuatu 2014 The Reserve Bank of Vanuatu introduced polymer banknotes in denominations of 200, 1,000 and 2,000 vatu.[72]
 Poland 5 August 2014 The National Bank of Poland issued 50,000 20zł. polymer banknotes to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the formation of the Polish Legions.[73]
 Gambia 20 July 2014 The Central Bank of the Gambia issued a 20 Dalasis banknote printed on De La Rue's Safeguard polymer substrate. It commemorates "20 Years of Progress and Self-Reliance", coinciding with President Yahya Jammeh's 20 years in office as president.[74][75]
 Mauritania 28 November 2014 The Central Bank of Mauritania issued a 1,000 Ouguiya banknote on Innovia Security's Guardian substrate.[76]
Template:Country data Trinidad & Tobago 15 December 2014 The Central Bank of Trinidad & Tobago issued a TT$50 note printed on polymer to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Central Bank of Trinidad & Tobago.[77]
 Cape Verde 23 December 2014 The Banco de Cabo Verde issued a new family of escudo banknotes that honour Cape Verdean figures in the fields of literature, music, and politics. One note in the new series is the 200 escudos banknote, now printed on polymer.[78]
 New Zealand 2015 The Reserve Bank of New Zealand introduced a new family of notes with improved security features, with the 5 and 10 in October 2015, and the 20, 50 and 100 dollar banknotes in April 2016.[79][80]
 Scotland 2015 Clydesdale Bank issued two million £5 notes, printed in polymer. It features a portrait of Sir William Arrol and an image of the Forth Bridge.[81]
 India 2015 The Reserve Bank of India announced plans to introduce polymer banknotes on a pilot basis and improve security features to defeat the efforts of counterfeiters.[82]
 Lebanon 2015 The Banque du Liban issued a £L50,000 banknote in polymer to commemorate the 70th Anniversary of the Lebanese Army.[83]
 Papua New Guinea 2015 The Bank of Papua New Guinea issued 10 and 20 kina notes in polymer, one to commemorate the XV Pacific Games and the other to commemorate the 40th Anniversary of Papua New Guinean independence.[84][85]
 Maldives 2015 The Maldives Authority Monetary introduced a new family of banknotes printed on De La Rue's "Safeguard" polymer substrate. A commemorative 5,000 Rufiyaa banknote was issued in July 2015, and followed by the 5-,10-, 20-, 50-, 100-, 500 and a new denomination of 1,000 Rufiyaa in October 2015.[86][87][88]
 Singapore 2015 The Monetary Authority of Singapore issued a set of polymer banknotes to commemorate the nation's 50th Anniversary of independence. It consists of five S$10 notes and a commemorative S$50 note.[89]
 Nicaragua 2015 The Banco Central de Nicaragua issued a new family of notes on 26 October 2015. They are printed in polymer, except for the 500 cordobas banknote, which is printed on cotton paper substrate.[90][91]
 Canada 9 September 2015 The Bank of Canada (Banque du Canada) issued a C$ 20 polymer banknote to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II's milestone as the longest-reigning monarch in Canada's modern era. It is similar to the regular issue 20-dollar Frontier Series polymer note, but the notable features for the commemorative note are the metallic portrait of the queen, based on a photograph taken by renowned Canadian photographer Yousuf Karsh, the metallic symbol including the Queen's monogram surmounted by the St. Edward's crown, surrounded by a garland of maple leaves and the text "A HISTORIC REIGN • UN RÈGNE HISTORIQUE" repeated at the top, center and bottom of the large window.[92]
 Gibraltar 2016 The Government of Gibraltar issued a £100 polymer banknote to commemorate Sir Joshua Hassan's 22 years as Chief Minister in the first half of 2016.[93]
 Scotland 2016 The Royal Bank of Scotland issued £5 and £10 banknotes in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The notes were printed on De La Rue's Safeguard polymer substrate.[94]
 Australia 1 September 2016 The Reserve Bank of Australia issued a A$ 5 polymer note with improved security features and a tactile feature to assist those with visual impairments.[95]
 England 13 September 2016 The Bank of England began issuing the new polymer £5 note, the first to be issued in England and Wales.[96]
 India 17 March 2017 The Reserve Bank of India announced that it will do trials of polymer ₹10 notes at five locations in India .[97]
 Canada 1 June 2017 The Bank of Canada (Banque du Canada) unveiled a C$ 10 polymer banknote to commemorate the 150th anniversary of confederation.[98]
 England September 2017 The Bank of England issued a new polymer £10 note.[99]
 São Tomé and Príncipe 2018 The Banco Central de Sao Tome and Principe issued polymer banknotes in denominations of 5 and 10 dobras.[100]
 North Macedonia 2018 The National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia issued 10- and 50-denari polymer banknotes as part of a new series.[101]
 Mauritius 2018 The Bank of Mauritius has issued a 2,000-rupees banknote printed on polymer substrate and with revised security features, while at the same time all previous versions of the 2,000-rupees paper banknote ceased being legal tender by the end of January 2019.[102]
 Romania 1 January 2018 The National Bank of Romania issued all denominations with the new (revised) coat of arms of Romania. All the other features remained unchanged for all the denominations.[103]
 Uruguay September 2018 The Central Bank of Uruguay (BCU) printed a special and experimental edition of polymer banknotes with a value of 50 UYU to test reception and to celebrate the bank's 50th anniversary, that was in 2017, producing 10,000,000 units.[104]
 Uruguay October 2020 The Central Bank of Uruguay replaced the commemorative 50 UYU polymer note in 2020 with a standard bill using the same design as the previous cotton note, as well as printing a 20 UYU polymer note.[105]
 Morocco 2019 The Central bank of Morocco introduced a 20 dirham polymer banknote to mark 20 years of enthronement of Mohammed VI.[106]
 Albania 2019 The Bank of Albania introduced a new 200 Lek polymer banknote on 30 September 2019.[107]
 Libya 17 February 2019 The Central Bank of Libya has issued a 1 Dinar banknote on 17 February 2019, in commemoration of the 8th Anniversary of the Libyan Revolution of 2011.[108]
 Northern Ireland 27 February 2019 Bank of Ireland, Danske Bank and Ulster Bank, commercial banks in Northern Ireland, each issued a new series of pound banknotes on polymer substrate for general use in Northern Ireland on 27 February 2019.[109]
 Samoa June 2019 The Central Bank of Samoa announced the release of a new 10 Tala polymer banknote in June 2019, to commemorate the XVI Pacific Games 2019 which were held in Samoa from 7 July 2019. The 10 Tala banknote will be the second polymer banknote issued in Samoa and the first carbon offset banknote created from the polymer substrate. The new banknote is one of a kind for Samoa as it will have a horizontal front and a vertical back. The banknote will feature a see through window depicting the Pacific Games logo, and a tactile embossed feature to assist the visually impaired, both are unique features of polymer banknotes. The standard banknote prefix has been replaced with the special PG/XVI prefix denoting "XVI Pacific Game". Issuance of the new 10 Tala note will commence the last week of June 2019, and will co-circulate together with the existing 10 tala banknotes which will remain legal tender.[110]
 Trinidad and Tobago 9 December 2019 The Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago issued a TT$100 polymer banknote for circulation on 9 December 2019, while announcing that all versions of the paper TT$100 banknotes will be demonetized and withdrawn from circulation on 31 December 2019.[111]
 England 20 February 2020 The Bank of England issued a £20 polymer banknote. This the third banknote in the new series.[112]
 Namibia 25 March 2020 The Bank of Namibia issued a 30 dollar polymer banknote to commemorate 30 years of independence.[113]
 Angola 7 July 2020 National Bank of Angola issued 200, 500, 1000, 2000 Kwanzas banknotes on polymer substrate.[114]
 Costa Rica 25 July 2020 The Banco Central de Costa Rica issued a new family of polymer banknote in denominations of 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000 and 20,000 colones.[115][116]
 Trinidad and Tobago 30 September 2020 The Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago issued a new polymer banknote family in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 dollars.[117]
 Saudi Arabia 4 October 2020 The Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority has announced the five riyals banknote will be switched to polymer, replacing the current paper banknote, without any announcement on the other banknotes. The banknote was said to feature more environmentally friendly materials and additional security features, in addition to a much longer lifespan.[118]
 Mexico 21 November 2020 The Banco de Mexico released a 100 peso polymer banknote as a part of new series.[119]
 Lebanon 5 December 2020 The Banque du Liban released a £L100,000 polymer banknote in circulation to commemorate the centenary of the establishment of Greater Lebanon.[120]
 Cape Verde 8 January 2021 The Bank of Cape Verde introduced a new 200-escudo note like the preceding issue printed in polymer, but printed on cotton paper.[121]
 England 23 June 2021 The Bank of England issued a £50 polymer banknote, completing sterling's transition from paper to polymer notes. This the fourth and final Series G banknote to be issued.[122]
 Romania 1 December 2021 The National bank of Romania introduced a new 20 lei banknote, depicting World War I hero Ecaterina Teodoroiu.[123]
 United Arab Emirates 7 December 2021 The Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates introduced the country's first polymer banknote - a redesigned Dh50 note to commemorate the golden jubilee of the country on 2 December 2021.[124]
 Barbados 21 March 2022 The Central Bank of Barbados announced its intent to replace the current paper banknotes with a newly designed polymer version by the end of the year.[125] The new designs of the polymer banknotes were revealed on 4 May 2022 and the notes were rolled out 5 December 2022 as scheduled.[126][127]
 Thailand 24 March 2022 The Bank of Thailand started issuing ฿20 polymer banknotes bearing the image of Rama X. It is done to improve its quality as it is the most widely used banknote and hence it is prone to sustained damage.[128]
 Philippines 18 April 2022 The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas started issuing the 1000-piso polymer banknote, the country's first polymer banknote. These banknotes began the phased issuance to banks, with the release of a limited quantity.[129]
 United Arab Emirates 21 and 26 April 2022 The Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates started issuing new, redesigned Dh5 and Dh10 polymer currency notes. The ten dirham banknote entered circulation on Thursday 21 April and the five dirham banknote entered circulation on Tuesday 26 April.[130] Following that, it was announced that the Dh1000 note will also be replaced and circulation will start on the first half of 2023.[131]

See also

  • Banknotes of the Australian dollar
  • Banknotes of the Canadian dollar
  • CSIRO
  • Hybrid Paper Polymer Banknote
  • Polymers

Notes

  1. ↑ Although the £5 Northern Bank polymer banknote was a one-off commemorative issued, unconventionally, in portrait orientation to mark the year 2000, it was in general circulation, with normal serial numbers (the commemorative version has serial numbers beginning with "Y2K", normal versions with "MM").[citation needed] It is the only Northern Bank note currently in circulation which was not affected by the recall of all the bank's notes as a result of the 26.5 million pound raid on its Belfast headquarters on 20 December 2004.[citation needed]

References

  1. ↑ "Australia, inventor of safe plastic money". Best Migration Services. 16 May 2019. https://www.bmsmigration.com/australia-inventor-of-safe-plastic-money/. 
  2. ↑ "About polymer". Reserve Bank of New Zealand. https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/notes-and-coins/notes/banknotes-in-circulation/about-polymer. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Orzano, Michele (2 October 2012). "BEP confirms 1998 DuraNote polymer testing". Coin World. http://www.coinworld.com/numismatic/paper-money/bep-confirms-1998-duranote-polymer-testing.html. Retrieved 9 March 2014. 
  4. ↑ "DuraNote polymer film banknotes to be revealed at UK auction". Bank Note Reporter (Paul Fraser Collectibles). 2012-08-12. https://www.paulfrasercollectibles.com/blogs/coins-banknotes/duranote-polymer-film-banknotes-to-be-revealed-at-uk-auction. Retrieved 2020-03-18. 
  5. ↑ Solomon, David; Spurling, Tom (2014). The Plastic Banknote. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643094277. http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/18/pid/6490.htm. Retrieved 21 November 2014. 
  6. ↑ "Polymer banknotes". CSIRO. 10 March 2011. https://csiropedia.csiro.au/polymer-banknotes/. 
  7. ↑ "FAQs on Currency Restructuring". Central Bank of Nigeria. http://www.cenbank.org/curres2012.asp. 
  8. ↑ "PRESS BRIEFING BY THE GOVERNOR, CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA, MALLAM SANUSI LAMIDO SANUSI, CON, ON THE PROPOSED CURRENCY RESTRUCTURING EXERCISE, "PROJECT CURE"". Central Bank of Nigeria. http://www.cenbank.org/OUT/2012/PRESSRELEASE/CCD/GOVERNOR'S%20PRESS%20BRIEFING%20ON%20THE%20CURRENCY%20RESTRUCTURING.PDF. 
  9. ↑ "CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA – Press Release – Update on the Proposed Currency Restructuring Exercise 'Project CURE'". Central Bank of Nigeria. http://www.cenbank.org/out/2012/ccd/press%20release%20on%20project%20cure%20step%20down.pdf. 
  10. ↑ "De la Rue - Safeguard™– de la Rue's polymer solution". http://www.delarue.com/Home/DeLaRueSafeguard/. 
  11. ↑ "First plastic banknotes to feature Forth Bridge". Edinburgh Evening News. http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/first-plastic-banknotes-to-feature-forth-bridge-1-3420624. 
  12. ↑ "Clydesdale notes could win 'banknote of the year' award". BBC News. BBC News. 14 March 2016. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-35798715. 
  13. ↑ "New £5 and £10 polymer notes unveiled". http://www.rbs.com/news/2016/april/new-p5-and-p10-polymer-notes-unveiled.html. 
  14. ↑ "News Release – New Bank of England banknotes to be printed on polymer". http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Pages/news/2013/189.aspx. 
  15. ↑ "New polymer £5 note is out today – here's where you're likely to see it first". BBC News. 13 September 2016. http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/37338862/new-polymer-5-note-is-out-today---heres-where-youre-likely-to-see-it-first. 
  16. ↑ "Payments Intelligence Extract: Who pays for polymer?". http://www.cmspaymentsintelligence.com/eu/blog/article/payments-intelligence-polymer/. 
  17. ↑ "King Charles III banknotes" (in en). https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/king-charles-banknotes. 
  18. ↑ Agcaoili, Lawrence (26 October 2021). "BSP revives plan to use polymer banknotes". The Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/business/2021/10/26/2136630/bsp-revives-plan-use-polymer-banknotes. 
  19. ↑ The Tyvek banknotes of Haiti Dennis Hengeveld, Coin Update, 10 April 2017
  20. ↑ Polymer Bank Note Australian Invention – 1988 HolidayHunter.com.au
  21. ↑ "Introducing polymer banknote in Australia". https://museum.rba.gov.au/exhibitions/displays/polymer-banknotes/. 
  22. ↑ Currency – General Information – Development regarding issue of Commemorative NOTES/COINS to date Bank of Papua New Guinea
  23. ↑ "1993 – Indonesia – 50000 Polymer note". notes.kompasiana.com. 21 August 2020. https://www.kompasiana.com/djuliantosusantio/5f3f0620d541df34631c77c3/uang-soeharto-rp-50-000-pernah-jadi-rebutan-lalu-dicampakkan?page=all. 
  24. ↑ "Brunei introduced its first polymer banknote in 1996". https://www.ambd.gov.bn/know-your-banknotes. 
  25. ↑ "1998 – Sri Lanka 50th Independence – 200 rupee Polymer note". notes.lakdiva.org. http://notes.lakdiva.org/commemorative/1998_ind50_200r.html. 
  26. ↑ "CSIRO's story of converting all Banknotes into Polymer Banknotes". 10 March 2011. https://csiropedia.csiro.au/polymer-banknotes/#:~:text=by%20the%20public.-,By%201998%20all%20Australian%20banknotes%20were%20issued%20in%20plastic%20and,than%20%2420%20million%20per%20annum.. 
  27. ↑ History and Series of Banknotes – Series 15 Bank of Thailand
  28. ↑ "Kuala Lumpur 98 – XVI Commonwealth Games RM50 Commemorative Polymer Banknote". Bank Negara Malaysia. http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_press&pg=en_press&ac=3023&lang=en. 
  29. ↑ "RBNZ's story of converting into Polymer Banknotes". https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/notes-and-coins/notes/banknotes-in-circulation/about-polymer#:~:text=New%20Zealand%20banknotes%20are%20printed,on%20paper%20made%20from%20cotton.. 
  30. ↑ "Taiwan issued a 50 dollar to commemorate 50 years of New Taiwan dollar". http://www.polymernotes.com/taiwan.html. 
  31. ↑ "2000 Polymer Lei to commemorate Last Eclipse of 20 th Century". http://www.polymernotes.com/romania.html. 
  32. ↑ "1999 - Indonesia - 100.000 Polymer note". notes.kompasiana.com. November 2018. https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2018/11/01/135425426/1-november-1999-beredarnya-uang-pecahan-kertas-rp-100000-pertama?page=all. 
  33. ↑ "10 Brazilian Reals Polymer Banknote". http://www.polymernotes.com/brazil.html. 
  34. ↑ "10 Bangladeshi Taka Polymer Banknote". http://www.polymernotes.com/bangladesh.html.. 
  35. ↑ "The Himalayan kingdom introduces polymer banknote". 25 May 2002. https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/plastic-notes-of-rs-10-to-be-issued-by-october/. 
  36. ↑ "Pagina404". Bancodemexico.com.mx. 11 July 2001. http://www.bancodemexico.com.mx/billetesymonedas/didactico/billetes_FabCaractHis/presentaciones/presentaciones_nueva_fam.html. 
  37. ↑ "Mexico issues new vertical polymer banknote". http://www.stevenbron.nl/2020/11/15/mexico-issues-new-100-pesos-banknote. 
  38. ↑ "Romania's story of converting into Polymer Banknotes". http://www.polymernotes.com/romania.html. 
  39. ↑ McGuire, Nancy (31 January 2005). "Paying With Plastic". American Chemical Society. http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/feature_ent.html?id=c373e901b8615f2a8f6a17245d830100. 
  40. ↑ "Bank issues RM5 Polymer Banknotes". Bank Negara Malaysia. http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_press&pg=en_press&ac=975&lang=en. 
  41. ↑ "Bank Indonesia Switched IDR 100000 into Paper Banknotes". Bank Indonesia. https://www.bi.go.id/id/ruang-media/siaran-pers/Pages/sp%20613204.aspx. 
  42. ↑ "Romania does Redenomination". https://www.bnr.ro/Redenomination-2785-Mobile.aspx. 
  43. ↑ "Pagina404". Bancodemexico.com.mx. 11 July 2001. http://www.bancodemexico.com.mx/billetesymonedas/didactico/billetes_FabCaractHis/presentaciones/presentaciones_nueva_fam.html. 
  44. ↑ "Mexico issues new vertical polymer banknote". http://www.stevenbron.nl/2020/11/15/mexico-issues-new-100-pesos-banknote. 
  45. ↑ "Promotional prints (Y) / CSIRO". polymernotes.org. http://www.polymernotes.org/resources/promotional/ypromotional_csiro.htm. 
  46. ↑ McGuire, Nancy (31 January 2005). "Paying With Plastic". American Chemical Society. http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/feature_ent.html?id=c373e901b8615f2a8f6a17245d830100. 
  47. ↑ "Banca Naţională a României - Act legislativ". https://bnr.ro/apage.aspx?pid=404&actId=217411. 
  48. ↑ "Ten-Dollar Polymer Note". Hong Kong Monetary Authority. 26 August 2019. https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/key-functions/money/hong-kong-currency/notes/design-security-features-of-ten-dollar-polymer-notes/. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Central Bank of Nigeria:: History of The Currency". https://www.cbn.gov.ng/currency/historycur.asp. 
  50. ↑ "Guatemala introduces Polymer Banknote in Denomination of 1". https://banknotenews.com/?p=18051. 
  51. ↑ Franklin G. (17 December 2008). "Numismatic News: New Banknote of 500 Cordobas at Nicaragua". Numismaticworldnews. blogspot.com. http://numismaticworldnews.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-banknote-of-500-cordobas-at.html. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 "Nicaragua new 50-cordoba commemorative confirmed". Banknote News. http://www.banknotenews.com/files/tag-nicaragua.php. 
  53. ↑ "New NIS 20 banknotes printed on polymer will be put into general circulation from 13 April 2008". Office of the Spokesperson and Economic Information. 4 November 2008. http://www.bankisrael.gov.il/press/eng/080414/080414e.htm. 
  54. ↑ "IPCA The New Paradigm in Currency". ipca.au.com. http://www.ipca.au.com/pdfs/IPCA_Eng_1009.pdf. 
  55. ↑ Franklin G. (17 December 2008). "Numismatic News: New Banknote of 500 Cordobas at Nicaragua". Numismaticworldnews. blogspot.com. http://numismaticworldnews.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-banknote-of-500-cordobas-at.html. 
  56. ↑ "RBI to introduce 100 crore Rs 10 plastic notes – The Times of India". Timesofindia. The Times of India.. 8 September 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/business/india-business/RBI-to-introduce-100-crore-Rs-10-plastic-notes/articleshow/4987202.cms. 
  57. ↑ "Nuevos Billetes". Nuevosbilletes.cl. http://www.nuevosbilletes.cl/nuevos-billetes/5000/. 
  58. ↑ Franklin G. (17 December 2008). "Numismatic News: New Banknote of 500 Cordobas at Nicaragua". Numismaticworldnews. blogspot.com. http://numismaticworldnews.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-banknote-of-500-cordobas-at.html. 
  59. ↑ "Nuevo billete de RD$20.00 en polímero". Bancentral.gov.do. http://www.bancentral.gov.do/billetes_monedas/billetes_20.html. 
  60. ↑ "Nuevos Billetes". Nuevosbilletes.cl. http://www.nuevosbilletes.cl/nuevos-billetes/2000/. 
  61. ↑ Yuen, Jenny (14 November 2011). "Pay with a new kind of 'plastic' | Canada". Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/2011/11/14/carney-to-launch-plastic-100-bill-into-circulation. 
  62. ↑ "Polymer $20 bill goes into circulation – CTV News". CTVNews. 7 November 2012. http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/polymer-20-bill-to-be-tossed-into-circulation-today-1.1028333. 
  63. ↑ "New plastic $50 bills go into circulation". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2012/03/26/fifty-dollar-bank-note.html. 
  64. ↑ Bank of Canada (20 June 2011). "Canada's New Polymer Bank Notes – Celebrating Canada's Achievements at the Frontiers of Innovation – Bank of Canada". Bankofcanada.ca. http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/06/speeches/canada-new-polymer-bank-notes/. 
  65. ↑ "Guatemala introduces 5 quetzal Polymer Banknote". https://banknotenews.com/?p=12555. 
  66. ↑ "New Banknotes Series Issued Into Circulation from 16 July 2012". Bank Negara Malaysia. http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_press&pg=en_press&ac=69&lang=en. 
  67. ↑ "Britain to Join Ranks of Nations Using Plastic Currency". New York Times. 18 December 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/19/business/international/britain-to-join-ranks-of-nations-using-plastic-currency.html?hp. 
  68. ↑ "RBI to introduce Rs 10 polymer notes on trial basis". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/RBI-to-introduce-Rs-10-polymer-notes-on-trial-basis/articleshow/19580472.cms. 
  69. ↑ "BanknoteNews – Breaking news about world paper money. Powered by The Banknote Book.". https://banknotenews.com/files/tag-mauritius.php/. 
  70. ↑ Lebanon new 50,000-livre commemorative note confirmed BanknoteNews.com. 24 November 2013. Retrieved on 2013-11-25.
  71. ↑ De La Rue's announcement on the issuance of the 50,000 livre commemorative polymer note De La Rue (www.delarue.com). Retrieved on 2014-04-09.
  72. ↑ Polymer notes launched include new Vt2000 Daily Post (www.dailypost.vu). 10 June 2014. Retrieved on 2014-06-12.
  73. ↑ The Centenary of the Formation of the Polish Legions National Bank of Poland (www.nbp.pl). Retrieved on 2014-07-26.
  74. ↑ Central Bank of The Gambia launches new commemorative 20 Dalasi banknote on De La Rue's Safeguard® polymer De La Rue (www.delarue.com). Retrieved on 2014-11-19.
  75. ↑ Gambia unveils new note family including 20- and 200-dalasi denominations BanknoteNews.com. 26 February 2015. Retrieved on 2015-02-28.
  76. ↑ Mauritania launches 1000 Ouguiya note on Guardian® Innovia Security (www.innoviasecurity.com). Retrieved on 2014-12-06.
  77. ↑ Trinidad & Tobago new 50-dollar polymer note reported BanknoteNews.com. 15 December 2014. Retrieved on 2014-12-16.
  78. ↑ Cape Verde new 200-, 1,000- and 2,000-escudo notes confirmed BanknoteNews.com. 10 January 2015. Retrieved on 2015-02-28.
  79. ↑ Brighter Money / Banknote upgrade project Reserve Bank of New Zealand (www.rbnz.govt.nz). Retrieved on 2014-11-20.
  80. ↑ "The German technology to help prevent New Zealand banknote forgery". https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/the-german-technology-to-help-prevent-new-zealand-banknote-forgery/X7I4ZZZORCA2K6CISWTIZYNVSI/. 
  81. ↑ "Plastic £5 note first for Great Britain". BBC. 22 May 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27517606. 
  82. ↑ "RBI planning to introduce plastic currency notes next year". timesofindia-economictimes. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-22/news/53112856_1_plastic-currency-notes-bank-notes-pilot-testing. 
  83. ↑ Lebanon new 50,000-livre polymer commemorative note reported for July 2015 BanknoteNews.com. 21 May 2015. Retrieved on 2015-05-23.
  84. ↑ Papua New Guinea new 10- and 20-kina polymer commemorative notes reported issued 21.05.2015 BanknoteNews.com. 22 May 2015. Retrieved on 2015-05-23.
  85. ↑ Notice of Issuance of Commemorative currencies 2015[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}] Bank of Papua New Guinea (www.bankpng.gov.pg). Retrieved on 2015-05-23.
  86. ↑ The Maldives Monetary Authority announces new banknote family on De La Rue's Safeguard® polymer substrate De La Rue (www.delarue.com). 12 May 2015. Retrieved on 2015-06-19.
  87. ↑ Maldives new 5,000-rufiyaa commemorative polymer note (B222) confirmed BanknoteNews.com. 26 July 2015. Retrieved on 2015-07-27.
  88. ↑ Maldives new note family unveiled BanknoteNews.com 1 November 2015. Retrieved on 2015-11-01.
  89. ↑ Singapore new 10- and one 50-dollar commemorative notes (B212 – B217) confirmed BanknoteNews.com. 26 August 2015. Retrieved on 2015-08-27.
  90. ↑ BCN anuncia Emisión de Nuevos Billetes 2015 Banco Central de Nicaragua (www.bcn.gob.ni). Retrieved on 2015-10-13.
  91. ↑ Nicaragua new note family (B506 – B511) confirmed BanknoteNews.com. 28 October 2015. Retrieved on 2015-10-30.
  92. ↑ Bank Note Design Bank of Canada (Banque du Canada) (www.bankofcanada.ca). Retrieved on 2015-09-12.
  93. ↑ Gibraltar new 100-pound polymer commemorative note to be issued in 2016 BanknoteNews.com. 21 August 2015. Retrieved on 2015-09-07.
  94. ↑ Royal Bank of Scotland announces its new £5 and £10 banknotes will be issued on De La Rue's Safeguard® polymer substrate De La Rue (www.delarue.com). 7 September 2015. Retrieved on 2015-09-15.
  95. ↑ Australia new 5-dollar note (B230) confirmed BanknoteNews.com. 2 September 2016. Retrieved on 2016-09-21.
  96. ↑ [1] The New Fiver – Bank of England.
  97. ↑ "Approval given to RBI to print Rs 10 plastic notes: Government". The Economic Times. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/approval-given-to-rbi-to-print-rs-10-plastic-notes-government/articleshow/57689898.cms. 
  98. ↑ Celebrating Canada's 150th 1867 – 2017 Bank of Canada (Banque du Canada) (www.bankofcanada.ca). Retrieved on 2017-04-15.
  99. ↑ "The new £10 polymer banknote". Bank of England. http://www.thenewten.co.uk/. 
  100. ↑ "Sao Tome introduces new banknote family". http://www.stevenbron.nl/2018/01/26/sao-tome-e-principe-issues-new-banknote-series. 
  101. ↑ Macedonia introduces 1st polymer banknotes Xinhua. 23 April 2018. Retrieved on 2019-08-16.
  102. ↑ Bank of Mauritius launch a new 2000 rupee polymer banknote De La Rue (www.delarue.com). 6 December 2018. Retrieved on 2019-01-20.
  103. ↑ "Banca Naţională a României - Act legislativ". https://bnr.ro/apage.aspx?pid=404&actId=329515. 
  104. ↑ https://m.subrayado.com.uy/presentaron-el-nuevo-billete-50-pesos-que-parece-plastico-o-nailon-n514059 . 18 September 2018. Retrieved on 10 February 2020.
  105. ↑ https://www.subrayado.com.uy/desde-este-sabado-se-ponen-circulacion-los-nuevos-billetes-20-y-50-pesos-n674455
  106. ↑ "Morocco introduces new polymer banknote to mark 20 years of enthronement". http://www.stevenbron.nl/2019/08/24/morocco-announces-commemorative-20-dirham-note. 
  107. ↑ "Seria e Re e Kartëmonedhave" (in sq). https://www.bankofalbania.org/Paraja/Seria_e_Re_e_Kartemonedhave/. 
  108. ↑ "Central Bank of Libya announces new 'plastic banknote' in Tripoli" (in en-GB). https://www.libyanexpress.com/coinciding-with-the-8th-anniversary-of-libyan-revolution-cbl-announces-the-new-version-of-the-currency-category-1-dinar/. 
  109. ↑ "New Polymer Note To Enter Circulation This Month" (in en-GB). https://danskebank.co.uk/about-us/news-and-insights/new-polymer-note-to-enter-circulation-this-month. 
  110. ↑ "Samoa new 10-tala" (in en-US). https://banknotenews.com/?p=379. 
  111. ↑ "Trinidad and Tobago unveiled 100-dollar polymer banknote". http://www.news.gov.tt/content/trinidad-and-tobago-get-new-100-dollar-bill#.X9N4_VO9QUo. 
  112. ↑ "Bank of England issues new 20 pounds polymer banknote". https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/polymer-20-pound-note. 
  113. ↑ "New polymer banknote to commemorate 30 years of independence in Namibia". https://news.coinupdate.com/namibia-new-commemorative-polymer-banknote-issued-in-observance-of-the-30th-anniversary-of-independence/. 
  114. ↑ "New series of banknote to introduced in Angola". https://news.coinupdate.com/angola-new-series-of-polymer-banknotes-to-be-introduced-with-designs-highlighting-natural-landmarks/. 
  115. ↑ "Costa Rica announces new polymer banknotes". http://www.stevenbron.nl/2020/07/31/costa-rica-announces-new-polymer-notes. 
  116. ↑ "Costa Rica announces last polymer banknotes for 2021". http://www.stevenbron.nl/2020/11/15/costa-rica-announces-last-two-polymer-notes-for-2021. 
  117. ↑ "Trinidad and Tobago unveiled a new polymer banknotes series". http://www.stevenbron.nl/2020/09/30/trinidad-and-tobago-issue-new-notes-of-polymer-series. 
  118. ↑ "Sama Introduces The Five Riyal Denomination Made Of Polymer ... And It Will Start Circulating On October 5th". http://www.sama.gov.sa/en-us/news/pages/news-618.aspx. 
  119. ↑ "Mexico released a new Vertical Polymer Banknote". https://www.coinworld.com/news/us-coins/bank-of-mexico-releases-new-100-peso-note-in-polymer-honoring-poet. 
  120. ↑ "New 100000 banknote released to commemorate establishment of Lebanon". https://platform.keesingtechnologies.com/new-100000-banknote-to-be-released-next-week/. 
  121. ↑ Cape Verde new paper 200-escudo note (B222a) reportedly introduced on 08.01.2021 Banknotenews.com, 5 February 2021
  122. ↑ "New Alan Turing £50 note design is revealed". BBC News. 25 March 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-56503741. 
  123. ↑ "Comunicat de presă privind lansarea în circulație a bancnotei de 20 de lei". BNR. BNRs. 25 November 2021. https://www.bnr.ro/page.aspx?prid=20196. 
  124. ↑ Forster, Sarah (7 December 2021). "UAE leaders attend launch of new Dh50 banknote". The National News. The National News. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2021/12/07/uae-leaders-attend-launch-of-new-dh50-banknote/. 
  125. ↑ "Barbados switching to polymer banknotes later this year" (in en-US). 2022-03-21. https://barbadostoday.bb/2022/03/21/barbados-switching-to-polymer-banknotes-later-this-year/. 
  126. ↑ "Standing Secure: Launch of Barbados' 2022 Banknote Series" (in en-US). http://www.centralbank.org.bb/news/article/10770/standing-secure-launch-of-barbados-2022-banknote-series. 
  127. ↑ "Barbados’ new banknotes are now in circulation - by" (in en-US). https://barbadostoday.bb/2022/12/05/barbados-new-banknotes-are-now-in-circulation/. 
  128. ↑ "The Bank of Thailand will start issuing 20 Baht Polymer Banknote on 24 March 2022". Bank of Thailand. 20 January 2022. https://www.bot.or.th/English/PressandSpeeches/Press/2022/Pages/n0265.aspx. 
  129. ↑ "BSP Releases Polymer Banknotes to Banks for Circulation" (in en). https://www.bsp.gov.ph/SitePages/MediaAndResearch/MediaDisp.aspx?ItemId=6251. 
  130. ↑ "UAE issues new Dh5 and Dh10 polymer currency notes" (in en). https://gulfnews.com/business/banking/uae-issues-new-dh5-and-dh10-polymer-currency-notes-1.1650530184393. 
  131. ↑ Web Desk. "UAE Central Bank issues new Dh1,000 banknote for National Day" (in en). https://www.khaleejtimes.com/currency-exchange/uae-central-bank-issues-new-dh1000-banknote-for-national-day. 

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