Chemistry:Roux
Roux (/ruː/) is a mixture of flour and fat cooked together and used to thicken sauces.[1] Roux is typically made from equal parts of flour and fat by weight.[2] The flour is added to the melted fat or oil on the stove top, blended until smooth, and cooked to the desired level of brownness. A roux can be white, blond (darker) or brown. Butter, bacon drippings or lard are commonly used fats. Roux is used as a thickening agent for gravy, sauces, soups and stews. It provides the base for a dish, and other ingredients are added after the roux is complete.[3]
Uses
The fat is most often butter in French cuisine, but may be lard or vegetable oil in other cuisines. Roux is used in three of the five mother sauces of classic French cooking: béchamel sauce, velouté sauce, and espagnole sauce.[4]
Instead of butter, in Cajun cuisine roux is made with lard, oil, or drippings from meat, poultry, or bacon. It is often cooked to a medium or dark brown color, which lends considerable richness of flavor while making it thinner.[5]
Central European cuisine often uses rendered lard or, more recently, vegetable oil instead of butter for the preparation of roux.[citation needed]
Japanese curry karē (カレー) is made from a roux made by frying yellow curry powder and flour together with butter or oil; this is called karērū (カレールー, curry roux).[citation needed]
Roux (meyane[6]) has been used in Ottoman and Turkish cuisine since at least the 15th century.[7]
Methods
The fat is heated in a pot or pan, melting it if necessary. Then the flour is added. The mixture is heated and stirred until the flour is incorporated, and then cooked until at least the point where a raw flour taste is no longer apparent and the desired colour has been reached. The final colour can range from nearly white to nearly black, depending on the length of time it is heated and its intended use. The end result is a thickening and flavoring agent.
Roux is most often made with butter as the fat base, but it may be made with any edible fat. For meat gravies, fat rendered from meat is often used. In regional American cuisine, bacon is sometimes rendered to produce fat to use in the roux. If clarified butter is not available, vegetable oil is often used when producing dark roux, since it does not burn at high temperatures, as whole butter would.
Curnonsky's recipe:
The iconic French gastronome Curnonsky gives the following recipe:
"Roux Preparation time: 10 minutes - Cooking time: 1 hour
Although it may seem surprising, roux, whether brown, blond or white, must be very well cooked. The more a roux is cooked, the clearer, smoother and brighter the sauce will be. If time is limited, it is preferable to make a beurre manié. For rouxes, the proportions are, per litre of liquid: 80g butter, 75g flour. With the reduction, the quantity will be suitable for 8 place settings."
Types
Light (or "white") roux provides little flavor other than a characteristic richness to a dish, and is used in French cooking and some gravies or pastries throughout the world.
Darker roux is made by browning the flour in oil for a longer time and adds a distinct nutty flavor to a dish. They may be called "blond," "peanut-butter," "brown," or "chocolate" roux depending on their color. The darker the color, the richer the flavor.
Swabian (southwest German) cooking uses a darker roux for its "brown broth" (braune Brühe), which, in its simplest form, consists of nothing more than lard, flour, and water, with a bay leaf and salt for seasoning.[citation needed] Dark roux is often made with vegetable oils, which have a higher smoke point than butter, and are used in Cajun and Creole cuisine for gumbos and stews. The darker the roux, the less thickening power it has; a chocolate roux has about one-fourth the thickening power, by weight, of a white roux. A very dark roux, just shy of burning and turning black, has a distinctly reddish color and is sometimes referred to as "brick" roux.[8]
In Hungary, roux (rántás) is almost always made with paprika and is the basis of several dishes, including főzelék (vegetable stew) and soups. It may also be prepared with onions and garlic.[9][10]
Cretan staka
Staka (στάκα) is a type of roux particular to Cretan cuisine. It is prepared by cooking sheep's milk cream over a low flame with wheat flour or starch: the protein-rich part of the butterfat coagulates with the flour or starch and forms the staka proper, which is served hot. It is generally eaten by dipping bread in it, occasionally served over French fries.
The fatty part separates to form stakovoutyro, staka butter, which is kept for later use and has a faint cheesy flavor. Staka butter is used in Cretan pilaf (piláfi), commonly served at weddings.
See also
- Beurre manié
- Chowder
- Étouffée
- Rubaboo
- Water roux
References
- ↑ "roux Definition" (in en-US). roux Definition. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/roux. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
- ↑ Berolzheimer, Ruth (1942). The American Woman's Cook Book. New York: Garden City Publishing. p. 307.
- ↑ "What is...roux?". 12 January 2017. https://guide.michelin.com/mo/en/article/dining-in/what-is-roux.
- ↑ "An Introduction to the 5 French Mother Sauces" (in en-US). 2020-09-01. https://www.escoffieronline.com/an-introduction-to-the-5-french-mother-sauces/.
- ↑ Wuerthner, Terri Pischoff (2006). "First You Make a Roux". Gastronomica 6 (4): 64–68. doi:10.1525/gfc.2006.6.4.64. ISSN 1529-3262. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/gfc.2006.6.4.64.
- ↑ "Türk Dil Kurumu". http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&kelime=MEYANE.
- ↑ Muhammed bin Mahmûd-ı Şirvânî (2005). 15. yüzyıl Osmanlı mutfağı. Gökkubbe. ISBN 978-975-6223-84-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=hc7gAAAAMAAJ.
- ↑ Alton Brown (1999-08-25). "Gravy Confidential". Good Eats. Season 1. Episode 108. Food Network. (transcript).
- ↑ Edit Fél, Tamás Hofer (1997) (in hu). Arányok és mértékek a paraszti gazdálkodásban. Balassi Kiadó. pp. 240. ISBN 9789635061075. https://books.google.com/books?id=87IxAAAAMAAJ&q=r%C3%A1nt%C3%A1s.
- ↑ "rántás". GasztroABC. https://gasztroabc.hu/lexikon/eljarasok/37_rantas/.
Further reading
- Folse, John D. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Cajun & Creole Cuisine. Gonzales, LA: Chef John Folse & Company. ISBN 0-9704457-1-7. OCLC 57363882. Troubleshooting roux (p. 130) Oil-based roux (pp. 130–131), Butter roux: the classical and Creole roux (pp. 132–133). Includes color illustrations and recipes.
- Wuerthner, Terri Pischoff (November 2006). "First You Make a Roux". Gastronomica 6 (4): 64–68. doi:10.1525/gfc.2006.6.4.64. Distinguishes history of classical French, Creole, and Cajun varieties of roux, with color illustrations of blond, peanut butter, and chocolate roux and detailed oil-based recipe, variations of proportions, chemistry, and storage techniques. Definitive.
External links
Roux at Wikibook Cookbooks
 |  |
