Chemistry:Synthetic rubber
A synthetic rubber is an artificial elastomer. They are polymers synthesized from petroleum byproducts. About 32 million metric tons of rubbers are produced annually in the United States , and of that amount two thirds are synthetic. Synthetic rubber, just like natural rubber, has many uses in the Automotive industry for tires, door and window profiles, seals such as O-rings and gaskets, hoses, belts, matting, and flooring. They offer a different range of physical and chemical properties which can improve the reliability of a given product or application. Synthetic rubbers are superior to natural rubbers in two major respects: thermal stability, and resistance to oils and related compounds.[1] They are more resistant to oxidizing agents, such as oxygen and ozone which can reduce the life of products like tires.
History of synthetic rubber
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The expanded use of bicycles, and particularly their pneumatic tires, starting in the 1890s, created increased demand for rubber. In 1909, a team headed by Fritz Hofmann, working at the Bayer laboratory in Elberfeld, Germany, succeeded in polymerizing isoprene, making the first synthetic rubber.[2][3]
Studies published in 1930 written independently the Russian Lebedev, the American Wallace Carothers and the German scientist Hermann Staudinger led in 1931 to one of the first successful synthetic rubbers, known as neoprene, which was developed at DuPont under the direction of E. K. Bolton. Neoprene is highly resistant to heat and chemicals such as oil and gasoline, and is used in fuel hoses and as an insulating material in machinery. The company Thiokol applied their name to a competing type of rubber based on ethylene dichloride.[4]
In 1935, German chemists synthesized the first of a series of synthetic rubbers known as Buna rubbers. These were copolymers, meaning the polymers were made up from two monomers in alternating sequence. Other brands included Koroseal, which Waldo Semon developed in 1935, and Sovprene, which Soviet researchers created in 1940.[5]
World War II
Production of synthetic rubber in the United States expanded greatly during World War II since the Axis powers controlled nearly all the world's limited supplies of natural rubber by mid-1942, following the Japanese conquest of most of Asia, particularly in the Southeast Asian colonies of British Malaya (now Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) from where much of the global supply of natural rubber was sourced.[6]
Operation Pointblank bombing targets of Nazi Germany included the Schkopau (50,000 tons/yr) plant and the Hüls synthetic rubber plant near Recklinghausen (30,000, 17%),[7] and the Kölnische Gummifäden Fabrik tire and tube plant at Deutz on the east bank of the Rhine.[8] The Ferrara, Italy, synthetic rubber factory (near a river bridge) was bombed August 23, 1944.[9] Three other synthetic rubber facilities were at Ludwigshafen/Oppau (15,000), Hanover/Limmer (reclamation, 20,000), and Leverkusen (5,000). A synthetic rubber plant at Oświęcim, in Nazi-occupied Poland, was under construction on March 5, 1944[10] operated by IG Farben and supplied with slave labor, by the SS, from the associated camp Auschwitz III (Monowitz).[11][12]
Types
The most prevalent synthetic rubber is styrene-butadiene rubbers (SBR) derived from the copolymerization of styrene and 1,3-butadiene. Other synthetic rubbers include:
- polyisoprene, prepared by polymerization of isoprene
- neoprene, prepared by polymerization of 2-chlorobutadiene
- nitrile rubber made from cyanobutadiene or 2-propenenitrile and butadiene
Many variations of these can be prepared with mixtures of monomers and with various catalysts that allow for control of stereochemistry.[13]
Polyisobutylene or butyl rubber is commonly used in tyre inner tubes or linings owing to its resistance to diffusion of air through the lining. It is however, a much less resilient material than cis-polybutadiene which is frequently used in tyre sidewalls to minimize energy losses and hence heat build-up. Indeed, it is so resilient that it is used in super balls. An elastomer widely used for external sheet such as roof coverings is Hypalon or chlorosulphonated polyethylene. Synthetic rubbers like EPR can also be used for electrical insulation.
Silicone rubber
Silicone rubber is also a synthetic elastomer composed of silicone polymers. Silicone rubbers are widely used in industry, and there are multiple formulations. Silicone rubbers are often one- or two-part polymers, and may contain fillers to improve properties or reduce cost. Silicone rubber is generally non-reactive, stable, and resistant to extreme environments and temperatures.
Natural vs. synthetic rubber
Natural rubber, coming from latex of Hevea brasiliensis, is mainly poly-cis-isoprene.
Synthetic rubber, like other polymers, is made from various petroleum-based monomers.
Some synthetic rubbers are less sensitive to ozone cracking than natural rubber. Natural rubber is sensitive owing to the double bonds in its chain structure, but some synthetic rubbers do not possess these bonds and so are more resistant to ozone cracking. Examples include Viton rubber, EPDM and butyl rubber.
A new class of synthetic rubber is the thermoplastic elastomers which can be moulded easily unlike conventional natural rubber vulcanized rubber. Their structure is stabilized by cross-linking by crystallites in the case of polyurethanes or by amorphous domains in the case of SBS block copolymers.
References
- ↑ Threadingham, Desmond; Obrecht, Werner; Wieder, Wolfgang (2011). "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_239.pub5.
- ↑ The Moving Powers of Rubber, Leverkusen, Germany: LANXESS AG: 20
- ↑ Michalovic, Mark (2000). "Destination Germany: A Poor Substitute". http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/exp/rubber/synth/methyl.htm.
- ↑ Edwards, Douglas C. (2001). "Chap. 5 – Liquid Rubber". in Bhowmick, Anil K.; Stephens, Howard. Handbook of Elastomers, Second Edition (First ed.). Marcel Dekker Inc.. p. 135. ISBN 0-8247-0383-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFwp_jBu0QsC&q=Handbook+of+Elastomers%2C+Second+Edition+%2B+liquid+elastomers. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ↑ Current Biography 1940, "SEMON, WALDO LONSBURY" pp. 723–724
- ↑ Gropman, Alan L. (1996). Mobilizing U. S. Industry in World War II. Institute for National Strategic Studies. p. 115. ISBN 0788136461.
- ↑ Stormont, John W. (March 1946), AAFRH-19: The Combined Bomber Offensive; April through December 1943, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library: Collection of 20th Century Military Records, 1918–1950 Series I: Historical Studies Box 35: AAF Historical Office; Headquarters, Army Air Force, pp. 74–5, 81, "SECRET ... Classification Cancelled ... JUN 10 1959"
- ↑ Gurney, Gene (Major, USAF) (1962), The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat, New York: Bonanza Books, pp. 215
- ↑ "Army Air Forces in World War II". February 11, 2009. http://usaaf.net/chron/44/aug44.htm.
- ↑ Williamson, Charles C. (5 March 1944), Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive (Appendices C & F), Hughes, R. D.; Cabell, C. P.;Nazarro, J. J.; Bender, F. P.; & Crigglesworth, W. J., Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library: SMITH, WALTER BEDELL: Collection of World War II Documents, 1941–1945; Box No.: 48: HQ, U.S.S.T.A.F, "DECLASSIFIED ... 4/24/74"
- ↑ Steinbacher, Sybille (2005). Auschwitz: a history (1st Ecco ed.). New York: Ecco. p. 45. ISBN 978-0060825812. https://archive.org/details/auschwitzhistory00stei/page/45.
- ↑ Herbert, Vernon; Bisio, Attilio (December 11, 1985). Synthetic Rubber: A Project That Had to Succeed. Contributions in Economics and Economic History. Greenwood Press. p. 32ff. ISBN 978-0313246340.
- ↑ Greve, Heinz-Hermann; Threadingham, Desmond (2000). "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_221.
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