Chemistry:Tylenol (brand)

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Short description: Medication
For information about the active ingredient in Tylenol, see paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen.
Tylenol
Logo-tylenol (1).png
Extra Strength Tylenol and Tylenol PM.jpg
Tylenol PM (left) and Tylenol
Product typeAnalgesic
OwnerMcNeil Consumer Healthcare
CountryUnited States
Introduced1955 (1955)
MarketsWorldwide
TaglineFor What Matters Most
Website{{{1}}}


Medical uses

The active ingredient in Tylenol is paracetamol, a widely used over-the-counter analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer).[1][2] Formulations with additional active ingredients intended to target specific applications are sold under the Tylenol brand. These can include codeine as co-codamol, dextromethorphan, methocarbamol, guaifenesin, pseudoephedrine, caffeine, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine and phenylephrine.[3]

History

The brand was introduced in 1955 by McNeil Laboratories, a family-owned pharmaceutical manufacturer. Two brothers took over the company from their father that year, and one of them subsequently learned about paracetamol, which was not on the U.S. market at that time.[4] To avoid competing with aspirin, they marketed it as a product to reduce fever in children, packaging it like a red fire truck with the slogan, "for little hotheads". The brand name Tylenol and the United States Adopted Name acetaminophen were generated by McNeil from the chemical name of the drug, N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP).[5]

In 1955, McNeil introduced Tylenol Elixer for children, the first aspirin-free pain reliever.[6]

Johnson & Johnson bought McNeil in 1959, and one year later the drug was made available over the counter.[5][6]

Recalls

1982 Chicago Tylenol murders

Main page: Chemistry:Chicago Tylenol murders

On September 29, 1982, a "Tylenol scare" began when the first of seven individuals died in the Chicago metropolitan area after ingesting Extra Strength Tylenol that had been deliberately contaminated with cyanide. Within a week, the company pulled 31 million bottles of tablets back from retailers, making it one of the first major product recalls in American history.[7]

As a result of the crisis, all Tylenol capsules were discontinued, as were capsules of other brand names. Retained by McNeil's president, new product consultant Martin Calle of management strategist Calle & Company conceived the world's first tamper-resistant gelatin-enrobed capsule called "Tylenol Gelcaps",[6] which proved to resuscitate the 92% of capsule-segment sales lost to the recall.[citation needed] The tamper-resistant, triple-sealed safety containers were placed on the shelves of retailers ten weeks after the withdrawal, and other manufacturers followed suit. The crisis cost the company more than US$100 million, but Tylenol regained 100% of the market share it had before the crisis.

The Tylenol murderer was never found, (though later James Lewis was a prime suspect[8]) and a US$100,000 reward offered by Johnson & Johnson remained unclaimed as of 2023.[9][10][11]

Before the poisonings, Tylenol brands held around 35% of the US market for acetaminophen and in the immediate aftermath, fell to 8%. Within a year sales had rebounded to the prior levels.[12] J&J's handling of the crisis has been widely cited as an example of optimal crisis management.[13]

These events led to the widespread use of tamper resistance packaging of drugs by drug companies, to the 1982 passage of a US federal law making tampering a crime, and to legislation in 1989 requiring tamper-proof packaging.[12]

2010 Tylenol recalls

On January 15, 2010, a voluntary recall of several hundred batches of popular medicines was announced, including Benadryl, Motrin, Rolaids, Simply Sleep, St. Joseph Aspirin, and Tylenol.[14] The recall was due to complaints of a musty smell suspected to be due to contamination of the packaging with the chemical 2,4,6-tribromoanisole.[15] The full health effects of 2,4,6-tribromoanisole are not known but no serious events have been documented in medical literature.[16] The recall came 20 months after McNeil first began receiving and investigating consumer complaints about moldy-smelling bottles of Tylenol Arthritis Relief caplets, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The recall included 53 million bottles of over-the-counter products, involving lots in the Americas, the United Arab Emirates, and Fiji.[17]

Children's Tylenol

On April 30, 2010, another recall was issued for 40 products including liquid infant and children's pain relievers Tylenol and Motrin, and allergy medications Zyrtec and Benadryl.[17] An FDA report said its inspectors found thick dust and grime covering certain equipment, a hole in the ceiling, and duct tape-covered pipes at the Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, facility that made 40 products recalled. New testing regulations were enacted after the recall to ensure product quality and safety.[18]

On May 5, 2010, the FDA confirmed[19] that the bacterium found at the Johnson & Johnson plant that made the recalled Children's Tylenol was Burkholderia cepacia, a bacterium often resistant to common antibiotics.[20] The bacteria were found on the outside of certain product-containing drums, but not in the finished product. The CDC has stated that Burkholderia cepacia is not likely to cause health problems for those with healthy immune systems, but those with weaker ones and those with chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, could be more susceptible to infection.[citation needed]

Questions about safety during pregnancy

A 2014 study[21] found that "Maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk for HKDs and ADHD-like behaviors in children." The study was the first of its kind, and concluded that, "because the exposure and outcome are frequent, these results are of public health relevance but further investigations are needed."

In September 2021, the United States Food and Drug Administration released a statement[22] amid growing concern about the potential impact of Tylenol during pregnancy, and concluded that the studies were "too limited to make any recommendations based on these studies at this time. Because of this uncertainty, the use of pain medicines during pregnancy should be carefully considered. We urge pregnant women to always discuss all medicines with their health care professionals before using them."

Advertising

Tylenol has many different advertisement approaches. One of these advertisement campaigns focuses on "getting you back to normal", whereas the other commercials focus on Tylenol's current slogan, "Feel better, Tylenol". In the "Feel better, Tylenol" commercials, Tylenol places emphasis on the importance of sleep; various people are seen sleeping in this commercial while a voiceover describes how sleep can help repair and heal the human body during times of aches and pains.[23] In the "getting you back to normal" commercial, Tylenol places more emphasis on helping its consumers get back to their daily routines; many different people are shown first experiencing headaches and other sorts of body pain, where a voiceover then states that Tylenol Rapid Release can help rid aches and pains; the various people are then shown enjoying their everyday lives, and are seen as "back to normal".[24]

In an older commercial from 1986, Tylenol emphasized that it is the drug that American hospitals trust the most. In this ad, Susan Sullivan told the consumer that Tylenol was a drug that could be trusted by Americans since many doctors also trusted it; she went on to state that doctors prescribed Tylenol four times more often than other leading pain relieving drugs combined.[25]

A form that contains dextromethorphan, pseudoephedrine, acetaminophen, and chlorpheniramine, is sold as Cotylenol.[26][27]

Countries

(As of 2021), the "Tylenol" brand was used in Australia ,[28] Brazil , Canada , China , Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mexico, Myanmar, Netherlands, Oman, Paraguay, the Philippines , South Africa , South Korea , Switzerland , Taiwan, Thailand, the United States , Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[29]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Aghababian, Richard V. (October 22, 2010). Essentials of Emergency Medicine. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 814. ISBN 978-1-4496-1846-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=HnbKaRQAXOIC&pg=PA814. 
  2. ↑ Ahmad, Jawad (October 17, 2010). Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology: A Case Based Approach. Springer. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-4419-7085-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=ssfSYYb1OHMC&pg=PA194. 
  3. ↑ "Pain Relief Products for Adults & Children". https://www.tylenol.ca/products. 
  4. ↑ Singer, Natasha (2010-06-04). "Robert L. McNeil Jr., Chemist Who Introduced Tylenol, Dies at 94" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/04/business/04mcneil.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Miller, Stephen (May 26, 2010). "Creator of Tylenol 'For Little Hotheads'". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704026204575266780552207418. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "TYLENOL® History" (in en). https://www.tylenol.com/news/about-us. 
  7. ↑ Rehak, Judith (March 23, 2002). "Tylenol made a hero of Johnson & Johnson : The recall that started them all". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/23/your-money/IHT-tylenol-made-a-hero-of-johnson-johnson-the-recall-that-started.html. 
  8. ↑ "James Lewis, prime suspect in unsolved 1982 Tylenol murders case, dies at 76" (in en). 2023-07-10. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/james-lewis-prime-suspect-unsolved-1982-tylenol-murders-case-dies-76-rcna93459. 
  9. ↑ "FBI drops 1982 Tylenol murders task force, local police to lead probe". ABC. September 27, 2013. https://abc7chicago.com/archive/9265032/. 
  10. ↑ "James Lewis, prime suspect in unsolved 1982 Tylenol murders case, dies at 76" (in en). 2023-07-10. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/james-lewis-prime-suspect-unsolved-1982-tylenol-murders-case-dies-76-rcna93459. 
  11. ↑ "James Lewis, suspect in the 1982 Tylenol murders, dies at 76" (in en-us). 2023-07-10. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/james-lewis-suspect-in-the-1982-tylenol-murders-dies-at-76. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Markel, Howard (September 29, 2014). "How the Tylenol murders of 1982 changed the way we consume medication". PBS NewsHour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/tylenol-murders-1982/. 
  13. ↑ Dezenhall, E. (March 17, 2004). "Tylenol Can't Cure All Crisis". USA Today. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2004-03-17-dezenhall_x.htm. 
  14. ↑ Singer, Natasha (January 15, 2010). "In Recall, a Role Model Stumbles". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/18/business/18drug.html. 
  15. ↑ Tylenol recall expands, WebMD, Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  16. ↑ "McNeil Consumer Healthcare Announces Voluntary Recall of Certain Over-The-Counter (OTC) Products in the Americas, UAE, and Fiji" (Press release). McNeil Consumer Healthcare. January 15, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Wahba, Phil; Gevirtz, Leslie (May 4, 2010). "FACTBOX-Johnson & Johnson's recent product recalls". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/johnsonandjohnson-idUSN0412564320100504. 
  18. ↑ Heavey, Susan (May 4, 2010). "FDA finds grime at J&J plant, urges use of generics". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-johnsonandjohnson-recall-idUSTRE64367Z20100504. 
  19. ↑ Kavilanz, Parija (May 5, 2010). "Bacteria identified in Tylenol recall". CNN. https://money.cnn.com/2010/05/05/news/companies/childrens_tylenol_recall_bacteria/index.htm. 
  20. ↑ Kavilanz, Parija (May 6, 2010). "Bacteria identified in Tylenol recall". CNN. https://money.cnn.com/2010/05/05/news/companies/childrens_tylenol_recall_bacteria/index.htm. 
  21. ↑ "Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy, Behavioral Problems, and Hyperkinetic Disorders". JAMA Network. April 2014. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/1833486#:~:text=Conclusions%20and%20Relevance%20Maternal%20acetaminophen,but%20further%20investigations%20are%20needed.. 
  22. ↑ "FDA has reviewed possible risks of pain medicine use during pregnancy". FDA. September 2021. https://www.fda.gov/media/90209/download. 
  23. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Midori's Tylenol Commercial. August 23, 2009 – via YouTube.
  24. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Tylenol Rapid Release - Suzumiya Haruhi. September 12, 2008 – via YouTube.
  25. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Tylenol Commercial (1986). August 19, 2007 – via YouTube.
  26. ↑ "Co-Tylenol Drug Information, Indications & Other Medicaments on Catalog.md". http://www.catalog.md/drugs/co-tylenol.html. 
  27. ↑ "CoTylenol oral : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD". http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-55368/cotylenol-oral/details. 
  28. ↑ "About Us". https://www.tylenol.com.au/about. 
  29. ↑ "Paracetamol international brands". Drugs.com. https://www.drugs.com/international/paracetamol.html. 

External links



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