Company:List of defunct hard disk manufacturers

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Diagram of consolidation

At least 218 companies have manufactured hard disk drives (HDDs) since 1956. Most of that industry has vanished through bankruptcy or mergers and acquisitions. None of the first several entrants (including IBM, who invented the HDD) continue in the industry today. Only three manufacturers have survived—Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital (WD)—all of which grew at least in part through mergers and acquisitions.[1]

Manufacturers

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

The following is a partial list of defunct hard disk manufacturers. There are currently Script error: No such module "Table row counter". manufacturers in this incomplete list.

Name Country of origin Year of market entry Year of market exit Fate Notes References
3M United States 1981 1983 HDD assets sold to Disc Tech One [2]
Alps Electric Japan ? 2008 HDD assets sold to TDK [3]
Amcodyne United States 1983 1986 Acquried by Century Data Systems [4][5]
Ampex United States 1970 ? ? [6]
Anelex Corporation United States 1964 1967 Acquired by Mohawk Data Sciences [7][8]
Areal Technology United States 1987 1999 Acquired by Tomen Electronics and Sanyo in 1993, dissolved in 1998 Manufactured the first HDDs employing glass as the substrate for their platters [9]
Atasi United States 1982 1987 Acquired by Tandon [10][11]
Aura Associates United States 1992 ? ? [12]
Avatar Systems United States 1991 1998 Bankruptcy [13][14][15]
BASF Germany 1970 1982 HDD assets sold to Kennedy Company [16][17]
Brand Technologies United States 1986 ? ? [18]
Bryant Computer Products United States 1959 1972 Dissolution Renamed to XLO Computer Products in 1972 [19]
Bull Peripheral United States 1984 1989 Acquired by Seagate Technology American subsidiary of CII-Honeywell-Bull [20]
Burroughs United States 1964 ? ? [21]
C. Itoh Japan 1985 ? ? [22]
Castlewood Systems United States 1999 2004 Bankruptcy
Caelus Memories United States 1967 1969 Acquired by Electronic Memories & Magnetics [23][24][25]
CalComp United States 1972 1979 HDD assets sold to Xerox [26]
Calluna Technology Scotland 1992 2001 Dissolution [27][28]
Cardiff Peripherals United States 1987 ? ? [29]
Century Data Systems United States 1968 1972 Acquired by CalComp in 1972; later sold to Xerox in 1979 [26]
CII-Honeywell-Bull France 1975 1989 HDD business acquired by Seagate Technology Resold drives through partnership with Magnetic Peripherals; CII-Honeywell-Bull was itself a joint venture between Compagnie Internationale d'Informatique, Honeywell, and Groupe Bull [30]
Cogito Systems United States 1983 1985 Dissolution [31][32]
Comport United States 1988 1991 Dissolution [33][34]
Computer Memories, Inc. United States 1979 1986 Exited the HDD business
Computer Memory Devices United States 1969 1971 Dissolution [35][36][37]
Conner Peripherals United States 1985 1996 Acquired by Seagate Technology
Cornice United States 2000 2007 Dissolution [38][39]
Data Disc United States 1962 1977 Acquired by Datapoint [40][41]
Data General United States 1969 ? ?
Datapoint Japan 1977 1984 HDD assets sold to Xebec Corporation [41][42]
Dataproducts United States 1962 ? Exited the HDD business
Data Recording Instrument United Kingdom 1970 1988 Acquired by FKI First company to manufactured HDDs in Europe [43][44][45]:289
Data-Tech Memories United States 1986 1989 Dissolution [46][47]:133
Diablo Systems United States 1969 1972 Acquired by Xerox [48]
Digital Equipment Corporation United States 1969 1993 Exited the HDD business [49]
Disc Tech One United States 1983 1984 Acquired by Life Tech Industries [50][51]
Disctron United States 1982 1983 Dissolution Spin-off of Computer & Communications Technology [52][53]
DMA Systems United States 1981 1985 Dissolution [54]
DZU AD Bulgaria 1968 1999 Dissolution Originally a state-owned entity, later converted to private company; HDD assets dispersed between 1997 and 1999 [45]:289[55]
Ecol. 2 United States 1990 1993 Dissolution Never produced any drives beyond prototypes [56]
Electronic Memories & Magnetics United States 1969 1985 Acquired by Titan Systems [57][25]
Emulex United States 1979 1992 HDD assets spun off as QLogic
Epson Japan 1985 1987 Left the HDD business [58][59]
Espert South Korea 1990 ? Dissolution [60]
ExcelStor Technology China 2000 2008 Dissolution
Fuji Electric Japan 1985 2011 Exited the HDD business [61][62]
Fujitsu Japan 1963 2009 HDD assets sold to Toshiba [63][64]
General Electric United States 1962 1970 HDD assets sold to Honeywell [65][66]
GS Magicstor China 2003 ? Dissolution [67]
Hewlett-Packard United States 1979 1996 Exited the HDD business Manufactured the first 1.3-inch HDDs [68][69]
HGST United States 2003 2018 Acquired by Western Digital Hitachi's HDD business after acquiring IBM's HDD assets
Hitachi United States 1967 2018 HDD assets sold to Western Digital [63]
Hokushin Electric Works Japan 1980 ? ? [45]:289[70]
Hyosung South Korea ? ? ? [47]:138
IBM United States 1956 2003 HDD assets sold to Hitachi Inventors of the HDD; HDD assets briefly spun off to AdStar between 1992 and 1995
Information Storage Systems United States 1969 1973 Acquired by Itel Corporation; later sold to Sperry Univac [71][72][73]
Intégral Peripherals United States 1990 1998 Acquired by H&Q Asia Pacific Manufactured the first 1.8-inch HDDs [74][75]
International Memories United States 1977 1984 Merged with Onyx Systems to become Dorado Micro Systems, later Onyx-IMI; left the HDD business in 1984; HDD business sold to Fujhin Electronic Computer Co. in 1985 [76][77][78][79][80]
Iomec United States 1969 1975 Acquired by Data 100 [81][82]
Iomega United States 1995 2008 Acquired by EMC Corporation
ИЗОТ (ru) (English: ISOT) Bulgaria 1962 1991 Dissolution State-owned entity
Josephine County Technology United States 1984 1986 Dissolution [83][84][85]
JT Storage United States 1994 1999 Dissolution
JVC Japan 1986 ? ? [86]
Kalok United States 1987 1994 Acquired by JT Storage [87][88]
Kennedy United States 1977 1988 Dissolution [89][90]
Kyocera Japan 1984 1991 Exited the HDD business [91][92]
LaPine Technologies United States 1984 1987 Bankruptcy [93][94][95]
Librascope United States 1961 1968 Acquired by Singer Corporation [96]
Magnetic Peripherals United States 1975 1989 Acquired by Seagate Technology Joint venture between Control Data and CII-Honeywell-Bull; later known as Imprimis Technology
Marshall Laboratories United States 1968 1969 Dissolution [97][98]
Matsushita Japan 1989 2000 ca. Exited the HDD business Originally as a licensee of Quantum [99]
Maxtor United States 1982 2006 Acquired by Seagate Technology
Memorex United States 1968 1981 Acquired by Burroughs Corporation; HDD assets later sold to Toshiba Manufactured the first HDD subsystems that were plug-compatible with IBM's
Microcomputer Memories United States 1983 1986 Bankruptcy [100][101]
Micropolis United States 1986 1996 HDD assets sold to Singapore Technology
MiniScribe United States 1980 1990 Acquired by Maxtor
Mitsubishi Japan 1968 2002 HDD assets sold to Showa Denko [63][102]
Mitsumi Electric Japan ? ? ?
NCR United States 1964 ? ? [103]
NEC Japan 1965 2002 Exited the HDD business [63][104]
Newbury Data United Kingdom 1984 1988 Acquired by FKI [105][106]
Nippon Electric Industry Japan 1983 ? ? [107]
Nippon Peripherals Japan 1971 1986 Dissolution [108][109][110]
Nomaï France 1992 1998 Acquired by Iomega
Ohio Scientific United States 1980 1980 Acquired by M/A-COM [111]
Okidata Japan 1973 1980 HDD business acquired by Ohio Scientific [112][113][114]
Olivetti OPE Italy 1981 ? Left the HDD business [115][116]
Orca Technology United States 1990 1992 Bankruptcy; HDD assets sold to Samsung Electronics in 1995 [117][118]
Otari Japan 1985 ? Exited the HDD business [119]
Pertec Computer United States 1971 1987 Acquired by Triumph-Adler [120][121]
Philips Netherlands ? ? ? [45]:289
Plus Development United States 1983 1993 Dissolution Inventors of the hardcard
Potter Instrument United States 1968 1975 Bankruptcy [122][123][124]
PrairieTek United States 1985 1991 Bankruptcy Manufactured the first 2.5-inch HDDs
Priam United States 1978 1991 HDD assets sold to Prima International
Peripheral Technology United States 1985 1990 Dissolution [125][126]
Quantum United States 1980 2000 HDD assets sold to Maxtor
Ricoh Japan 1985 ? Exited the HDD business [127]
Rodime Scotland 1979 1991 Exited the HDD business Manufactured the first 3.5-inch HDDs
Rotating Memory Systems United States 1981 1982 Acquired by Computer & Communications Technology [128][129]
SAGEM France ? ? Exited the HDD business
Samsung Electronics South Korea 1988 2011 HDD assets sold to Seagate Technology [130][131]
Shugart Associates United States 1979 1985 Acquired by Xerox in 1977; assets liquidated in 1985
Siemens Germany ? ? ? [45]:289
Storage Technology Corporation United States 1969 2005 Acquired by Sun Microsystems
SyQuest Technology United States 1982 1999 HDD assets sold to Iomega
Tandon United States 1981 1988 HDD assets sold to Western Digital [132][133]
TEAC Japan ? ? ?
Texas Instruments United States 1981 ? Exited the HDD business First company to second-source Seagate's ST-506, the first 5.25-inch HDD [134][135][136]
Tokico Japan ? ? ? [47]:166
Tulin United States 1982 1991 Dissolution [137][138]
Vertex Peripherals United States 1982 1985 Acquired by Priam Corporation [139][140]
Xebec United States 1974 ? ? Originally named Microcomputer Systems Corporation; 1410 SCSI controller formed the basis of IBM PC's hard disk controller [141][142]
YE-Data Japan ? 1995 Exited the HDD business [47]:169–170[143]

See also

References

General references
Specific references
  1. ↑ "History: List of 221 Companies in HDD Manufacturing Since 1956". Computer Data Storage Newsletter. Micro-Journal. March 28, 2013. Archived from the original on March 31, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130331010059/https://www.storagenewsletter.com/news/disk/217-companies-hdd-since-1956. 
  2. ↑ Gross, Steve (August 10, 1983). "3M says it plans to give up making disk-drive units". Star Tribune: 7B. https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-tribune-3m-says-it-plans-to-give-up/138396118/. 
  3. ↑ "Alps to sell hard-disk head assets to rival TDK". Electronic Engineering Times. UBM LLC. March 19, 2007. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-031327/https://www.eetimes.com/alps-to-sell-hard-disk-head-assets-to-rival-tdk/. 
  4. ↑ Danish, Paul (July 19, 1983). "Amcodyne pioneers removable hard disk". Journal of Commerce and Commercial (UBM Global Trade) 357: 6A. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A2849425/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  5. ↑ "Century Data to Acquire Colorado Disk Drive Firm". Los Angeles Times (Times-Mirror Company): 8. September 16, 1986. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-031821/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-16-fi-10803-story.html. 
  6. ↑ Piasta, Frank (October 28, 1970). "First Ampex Disk Drive System Is 2314-Compatible". Computerworld (CW Communications) IV (43): 21. https://archive.org/details/computerworld4265unse18/page/n31/. 
  7. ↑ "Memory Systems". Computers and Automation (Berkeley Enterprises) XIII (6): 42. June 1964. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersA_14203499/page/n41/. 
  8. ↑ "Stockholder Blessing on Anelex-Mohawk Data". The Boston Globe: 73. October 18, 1967. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-stockholder-blessing-on/138355298/. 
  9. ↑ Kovsky, Steven (May 30, 1988). "Executive exodus troubles Maxtor". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) (368): 1 et seq.. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6720963/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  10. ↑ Pate, Donald (October 1982). "Atasi: Why Another Disk Drive Company?". Digital Design (Morgan-Grampian Publishing) 12 (10): 91. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_DigitalDesN10198210_51326479/page/91/. 
  11. ↑ Martin, James A. (April 20, 1987). "Tandon buys Winchester drive maker". Computerworld (IDG Publications) XXI (16): 105. https://books.google.com/books?id=fKtIbDybloEC&pg=PA105. 
  12. ↑ Weisman, Jonathan (February 17, 1992). "Tiny disk drive may bring big payoff to Aura". The Business Journal (American City Business Journals) 9 (44): 1 et seq.. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A12049177/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  13. ↑ Nash, Jim (March 28, 1994). "Avatar on crusade to revolutionize hard-disk drives". The Business Journal (American City Business Journals) 11 (50): 1 et seq.. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A15347815/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  14. ↑ Peterson's Hidden Job Market: 2,000 High-growth Companies That Are Hiring at Four Times the National Average (1998 ed.). Peterson's Guides. 1998. p. 34. ISBN 9781560798347. https://archive.org/details/petersonshiddenj0000unse/page/5/. 
  15. ↑ Furger, Roberta (October 1998). "Rebate or Rip-Off?". PC World (IDG Publications) 16 (10): 183. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A21153611/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  16. ↑ "Raytheon nets $2.35 a share". The Boston Globe: 26. January 23, 1970. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-raytheon-nets-235-a-s/138356781/. 
  17. ↑ "Supershorts". Computerworld (CW Communications) XVI (22): 60. May 31, 1982. https://books.google.com/books?id=QghOwt8qQsEC&pg=PA60. 
  18. ↑ Pitta, Julie (August 11, 1986). "CMI co-founder establishes Winchester drive start-up". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) (276): 22. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A4321063/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  19. ↑ "XLO: What It Could Have Been". Datamation (Technical Publishing Company) 18 (8): 87. August 1972. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_datamation_16576189/page/n88/. 
  20. ↑ "The Bull Group to establish Bull Peripheral in Calif.". Computerworld (CW Communications) XVIII (15): 144. April 9, 1984. https://books.google.com/books?id=mt0cw1-3PIkC&pg=RA1-PA144. 
  21. ↑ "Merger fallout puts Memorex across Atlantic". Computerworld XX (45): 1, 8. November 10, 1986. https://books.google.com/books?id=C5n2J7iQenwC. 
  22. ↑ C. Itoh Full Line of Small Winchester Disk Drives: NP04/03/02 Family. C. Itoh & Co., Ltd.. March 30, 1985. https://bitsavers.org/pdf/nipponPeripherals/brochures/NP04_03_02_C_Itoh_Brochure_1985.pdf. 
  23. ↑ "January Deliveries From Caelus: Another Independent Disk-Pack Supplier". Computerworld (CW Communications) 1 (6): 1, 4. September 20, 1967. https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1967-09-20_1_6/. 
  24. ↑ "Caelus Plans 3336-11-Type Disk, Will 'Wait and See' on Winchester". Computerworld VII (44): 34. October 31, 1973. https://books.google.com/books?id=qYmeRiv3ZxgC&pg=PT33. 
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  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Calcomp–Xerox Deal Completed". March 26, 1979 (Computerworld) XIII (13): 84. March 26, 1979. https://books.google.com/books?id=eF05CJbJY4gC&pg=RA1-PA84. 
  27. ↑ "Former Rodime team forms Calluna to make 80Mb 1.8[-inch disk drives"]. Computergram International (GlobalData). December 19, 1992. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A13960457/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
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  29. ↑ Kimbrough, Jan (September 28, 1987). "Cardiff Peripheral Corp touts 3.5-inch drive". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) 333: 24. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6007521/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
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  31. ↑ "Company Formed to Market 5.25-Inch Winchesters". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) 114: 68. February 28, 1983. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A652284/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  32. ↑ Moad, J. (May 27, 1985). "Cogito Shelves 20M-Byte Drive, Cuts Staff". Electronic News (Sage Publications) 31 (1551): 26. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A621791/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  33. ↑ Hayashi, Alden M. (November 15, 1988). "Hard times for hard drives". Electronic Business (Reed Business Information) 14 (22): 32 et seq.. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A7153421/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  34. ↑ "Comport Corporation". OpenCorporates. n.d.. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-035213/https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/1527584. 
  35. ↑ "James Flynn Joins Computer Memory Devices". Arizona Republic: 20D. November 23, 1969. https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-republic-james-flynn-joins-compu/138386301/. 
  36. ↑ "Firm expands computer line". Arizona Republic: 16-B. August 23, 1970. https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-republic-firm-expands-computer-l/138386347/. 
  37. ↑ "Computer Memory Devices, Inc.". OpenCorporates. n.d.. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-035445/https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/0594985. 
  38. ↑ Frauenheim, Ed (June 30, 2004). "Minidrive maker Cornice slapped with another suit". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220815112700/https://www.cnet.com/culture/minidrive-maker-cornice-slapped-with-another-suit/. 
  39. ↑ "Flash Prices Kill Cornice's Disk-Drive Plans". ExtremeTech.com (Ziff-Davis). February 26, 2007. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A159861742/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  40. ↑ "Data Disc Inc. names Stevens new president". The Peninsula Times Tribune: 11. April 21, 1969. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-peninsula-times-tribune-data-disc-in/138138366/. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Acquisitions". Computerworld (CW Communications) XI (10): 48. March 7, 1977. https://books.google.com/books?id=ySBFs12hzSkC&pg=PA48. 
  42. ↑ "Xebec Completes Acquisition". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company): 1. April 4, 1984. https://www.proquest.com/docview/397981228/. 
  43. ↑ "Contracts". Computerworld (CW Communications) IV (17): 95D. April 29, 1970. https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1970-04-29_4_17/page/n106/. 
  44. ↑ "DGI Group – An FKI Babcock Company". Camberley News: 68. August 19, 1988. https://www.newspapers.com/article/camberley-news-dgi-group-an-fki-babcoc/138390519/. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 Mowery, David C. (1999). U.S. Industry in 2000: Studies in Competitive Performance. National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309173575. https://www.google.com/books/edition/U_S_Industry_in_2000/48Tw9qi64KsC. 
  46. ↑ "Data-Tech Memories, Inc.". OpenCorporates. n.d.. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-044304/https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/1549232. 
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  49. ↑ Doyle, Eric (July 1993). "Driving range". DEC User (EMAP Media): 19. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A14206629/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
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  51. ↑ Love, N. (September 24, 1984). "Disc Tech One Inc. Is Acquired by Hearing Aid Manufacturer". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC): 75. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A592614/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  52. ↑ "Supershots". Computerworld (CW Communications) XVI (39): 115. September 27, 1982. https://books.google.com/books?id=dpKltAUoYAAC&pg=RA1-PA115. 
  53. ↑ Perkowski, M. (December 12, 1983). "Disctron Exits 5.25[-inch Winchester Disk Drive Fray"]. Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) (143): 1. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A512136/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  54. ↑ Pitta, J. (August 12, 1985). "Shakeout Continues in Disk Market: DMA Systems Closes Doors after Failing to Land Funds". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) (224): 1. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A641754/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
  55. ↑ "DZU AD (Bulgaria)". EMIS. ISI Emerging Markets Group. n.d.. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-042528/https://www.emis.com/php/company-profile/BG/Dzu_AD__%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%94__en_1403688.html. 
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  62. ↑ "Notice Regarding Structural Reform of the Hard-Disk Business". Fuji Electric. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240104143910/https://www.fujielectric.com/about/news/detail/11042701.html. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 "Peripheral Equipment: Magnetic Disk Units". Historical Computers in Japan. IPSJ Computer Museum. n.d.. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230403063304/https://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/device/magnetic_disk/index.html. 
  64. ↑ Mearian, Lucas (February 17, 2009). "Why Toshiba is buying Fujitsu's HDD business". Computerworld. IDG Communications. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240110043912/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2531200/why-toshiba-is-buying-fujitsu-s-hdd-business.html. 
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  66. ↑ Lee, J. A. N. (1995). "The Rise and Fall of the General Electric Corporation Computer Department". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 17 (4): 24–45. https://bitsavers.org/pdf/ge/history/Lee_-_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_General_Electric_Coporation_Computer_Department_1995.pdf. 
  67. ↑ "Magicstor to Launch Large Scale Manufacture of 1 Inch Hard Disk". Asia Africa Intelligence Wire (Financial Times Limited). July 24, 2003. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A105860863/GPS?sid=wikipedia. 
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  73. ↑ "Sperry Rand acquires ISS". The Peninsula Times Tribune: 9. July 6, 1973. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-peninsula-times-tribune-sperry-rand/138410925/. 
  74. ↑ Day, Janet (November 6, 1990). "3 From PrairieTek Found New Computer Firm". Denver Post: C1. https://www.proquest.com/docview/410410427/. 
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  76. ↑ "Around Minnesota". The Minneapolis Star: 10B. July 26, 1978. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-minneapolis-star-around-minnesota/138411550/. 
  77. ↑ Background. Corvus Systems. 1984. p. 5. https://archive.org/details/TNM_Various_press_releases_for_local_area_compute_20170827_0632/page/n7/. 
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