Company:List of defunct hard disk manufacturers
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At least 218 companies have manufactured hard disk drives (HDDs) since 1956. Most of that industry has vanished through bankruptcy or mergers and acquisitions. None of the first several entrants (including IBM, who invented the HDD) continue in the industry today. Only three manufacturers have survived—Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital (WD)—all of which grew at least in part through mergers and acquisitions.[1]
Manufacturers
The following is a partial list of defunct hard disk manufacturers. There are currently Script error: No such module "Table row counter". manufacturers in this incomplete list.
Name | Country of origin | Year of market entry | Year of market exit | Fate | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3M | United States | 1981 | 1983 | HDD assets sold to Disc Tech One | [2] | |
Alps Electric | Japan | ? | 2008 | HDD assets sold to TDK | [3] | |
Amcodyne | United States | 1983 | 1986 | Acquried by Century Data Systems | [4][5] | |
Ampex | United States | 1970 | ? | ? | [6] | |
Anelex Corporation | United States | 1964 | 1967 | Acquired by Mohawk Data Sciences | [7][8] | |
Areal Technology | United States | 1987 | 1999 | Acquired by Tomen Electronics and Sanyo in 1993, dissolved in 1998 | Manufactured the first HDDs employing glass as the substrate for their platters | [9] |
Atasi | United States | 1982 | 1987 | Acquired by Tandon | [10][11] | |
Aura Associates | United States | 1992 | ? | ? | [12] | |
Avatar Systems | United States | 1991 | 1998 | Bankruptcy | [13][14][15] | |
BASF | Germany | 1970 | 1982 | HDD assets sold to Kennedy Company | [16][17] | |
Brand Technologies | United States | 1986 | ? | ? | [18] | |
Bryant Computer Products | United States | 1959 | 1972 | Dissolution | Renamed to XLO Computer Products in 1972 | [19] |
Bull Peripheral | United States | 1984 | 1989 | Acquired by Seagate Technology | American subsidiary of CII-Honeywell-Bull | [20] |
Burroughs | United States | 1964 | ? | ? | [21] | |
C. Itoh | Japan | 1985 | ? | ? | [22] | |
Castlewood Systems | United States | 1999 | 2004 | Bankruptcy | ||
Caelus Memories | United States | 1967 | 1969 | Acquired by Electronic Memories & Magnetics | [23][24][25] | |
CalComp | United States | 1972 | 1979 | HDD assets sold to Xerox | [26] | |
Calluna Technology | Scotland | 1992 | 2001 | Dissolution | [27][28] | |
Cardiff Peripherals | United States | 1987 | ? | ? | [29] | |
Century Data Systems | United States | 1968 | 1972 | Acquired by CalComp in 1972; later sold to Xerox in 1979 | [26] | |
CII-Honeywell-Bull | France | 1975 | 1989 | HDD business acquired by Seagate Technology | Resold drives through partnership with Magnetic Peripherals; CII-Honeywell-Bull was itself a joint venture between Compagnie Internationale d'Informatique, Honeywell, and Groupe Bull | [30] |
Cogito Systems | United States | 1983 | 1985 | Dissolution | [31][32] | |
Comport | United States | 1988 | 1991 | Dissolution | [33][34] | |
Computer Memories, Inc. | United States | 1979 | 1986 | Exited the HDD business | ||
Computer Memory Devices | United States | 1969 | 1971 | Dissolution | [35][36][37] | |
Conner Peripherals | United States | 1985 | 1996 | Acquired by Seagate Technology | ||
Cornice | United States | 2000 | 2007 | Dissolution | [38][39] | |
Data Disc | United States | 1962 | 1977 | Acquired by Datapoint | [40][41] | |
Data General | United States | 1969 | ? | ? | ||
Datapoint | Japan | 1977 | 1984 | HDD assets sold to Xebec Corporation | [41][42] | |
Dataproducts | United States | 1962 | ? | Exited the HDD business | ||
Data Recording Instrument | United Kingdom | 1970 | 1988 | Acquired by FKI | First company to manufactured HDDs in Europe | [43][44][45]:289 |
Data-Tech Memories | United States | 1986 | 1989 | Dissolution | [46][47]:133 | |
Diablo Systems | United States | 1969 | 1972 | Acquired by Xerox | [48] | |
Digital Equipment Corporation | United States | 1969 | 1993 | Exited the HDD business | [49] | |
Disc Tech One | United States | 1983 | 1984 | Acquired by Life Tech Industries | [50][51] | |
Disctron | United States | 1982 | 1983 | Dissolution | Spin-off of Computer & Communications Technology | [52][53] |
DMA Systems | United States | 1981 | 1985 | Dissolution | [54] | |
DZU AD | Bulgaria | 1968 | 1999 | Dissolution | Originally a state-owned entity, later converted to private company; HDD assets dispersed between 1997 and 1999 | [45]:289[55] |
Ecol. 2 | United States | 1990 | 1993 | Dissolution | Never produced any drives beyond prototypes | [56] |
Electronic Memories & Magnetics | United States | 1969 | 1985 | Acquired by Titan Systems | [57][25] | |
Emulex | United States | 1979 | 1992 | HDD assets spun off as QLogic | ||
Epson | Japan | 1985 | 1987 | Left the HDD business | [58][59] | |
Espert | South Korea | 1990 | ? | Dissolution | [60] | |
ExcelStor Technology | China | 2000 | 2008 | Dissolution | ||
Fuji Electric | Japan | 1985 | 2011 | Exited the HDD business | [61][62] | |
Fujitsu | Japan | 1963 | 2009 | HDD assets sold to Toshiba | [63][64] | |
General Electric | United States | 1962 | 1970 | HDD assets sold to Honeywell | [65][66] | |
GS Magicstor | China | 2003 | ? | Dissolution | [67] | |
Hewlett-Packard | United States | 1979 | 1996 | Exited the HDD business | Manufactured the first 1.3-inch HDDs | [68][69] |
HGST | United States | 2003 | 2018 | Acquired by Western Digital | Hitachi's HDD business after acquiring IBM's HDD assets | |
Hitachi | United States | 1967 | 2018 | HDD assets sold to Western Digital | [63] | |
Hokushin Electric Works | Japan | 1980 | ? | ? | [45]:289[70] | |
Hyosung | South Korea | ? | ? | ? | [47]:138 | |
IBM | United States | 1956 | 2003 | HDD assets sold to Hitachi | Inventors of the HDD; HDD assets briefly spun off to AdStar between 1992 and 1995 | |
Information Storage Systems | United States | 1969 | 1973 | Acquired by Itel Corporation; later sold to Sperry Univac | [71][72][73] | |
Intégral Peripherals | United States | 1990 | 1998 | Acquired by H&Q Asia Pacific | Manufactured the first 1.8-inch HDDs | [74][75] |
International Memories | United States | 1977 | 1984 | Merged with Onyx Systems to become Dorado Micro Systems, later Onyx-IMI; left the HDD business in 1984; HDD business sold to Fujhin Electronic Computer Co. in 1985 | [76][77][78][79][80] | |
Iomec | United States | 1969 | 1975 | Acquired by Data 100 | [81][82] | |
Iomega | United States | 1995 | 2008 | Acquired by EMC Corporation | ||
ИЗОТ (ru) (English: ISOT) | Bulgaria | 1962 | 1991 | Dissolution | State-owned entity | |
Josephine County Technology | United States | 1984 | 1986 | Dissolution | [83][84][85] | |
JT Storage | United States | 1994 | 1999 | Dissolution | ||
JVC | Japan | 1986 | ? | ? | [86] | |
Kalok | United States | 1987 | 1994 | Acquired by JT Storage | [87][88] | |
Kennedy | United States | 1977 | 1988 | Dissolution | [89][90] | |
Kyocera | Japan | 1984 | 1991 | Exited the HDD business | [91][92] | |
LaPine Technologies | United States | 1984 | 1987 | Bankruptcy | [93][94][95] | |
Librascope | United States | 1961 | 1968 | Acquired by Singer Corporation | [96] | |
Magnetic Peripherals | United States | 1975 | 1989 | Acquired by Seagate Technology | Joint venture between Control Data and CII-Honeywell-Bull; later known as Imprimis Technology | |
Marshall Laboratories | United States | 1968 | 1969 | Dissolution | [97][98] | |
Matsushita | Japan | 1989 | 2000 ca. | Exited the HDD business | Originally as a licensee of Quantum | [99] |
Maxtor | United States | 1982 | 2006 | Acquired by Seagate Technology | ||
Memorex | United States | 1968 | 1981 | Acquired by Burroughs Corporation; HDD assets later sold to Toshiba | Manufactured the first HDD subsystems that were plug-compatible with IBM's | |
Microcomputer Memories | United States | 1983 | 1986 | Bankruptcy | [100][101] | |
Micropolis | United States | 1986 | 1996 | HDD assets sold to Singapore Technology | ||
MiniScribe | United States | 1980 | 1990 | Acquired by Maxtor | ||
Mitsubishi | Japan | 1968 | 2002 | HDD assets sold to Showa Denko | [63][102] | |
Mitsumi Electric | Japan | ? | ? | ? | ||
NCR | United States | 1964 | ? | ? | [103] | |
NEC | Japan | 1965 | 2002 | Exited the HDD business | [63][104] | |
Newbury Data | United Kingdom | 1984 | 1988 | Acquired by FKI | [105][106] | |
Nippon Electric Industry | Japan | 1983 | ? | ? | [107] | |
Nippon Peripherals | Japan | 1971 | 1986 | Dissolution | [108][109][110] | |
Nomaï | France | 1992 | 1998 | Acquired by Iomega | ||
Ohio Scientific | United States | 1980 | 1980 | Acquired by M/A-COM | [111] | |
Okidata | Japan | 1973 | 1980 | HDD business acquired by Ohio Scientific | [112][113][114] | |
Olivetti OPE | Italy | 1981 | ? | Left the HDD business | [115][116] | |
Orca Technology | United States | 1990 | 1992 | Bankruptcy; HDD assets sold to Samsung Electronics in 1995 | [117][118] | |
Otari | Japan | 1985 | ? | Exited the HDD business | [119] | |
Pertec Computer | United States | 1971 | 1987 | Acquired by Triumph-Adler | [120][121] | |
Philips | Netherlands | ? | ? | ? | [45]:289 | |
Plus Development | United States | 1983 | 1993 | Dissolution | Inventors of the hardcard | |
Potter Instrument | United States | 1968 | 1975 | Bankruptcy | [122][123][124] | |
PrairieTek | United States | 1985 | 1991 | Bankruptcy | Manufactured the first 2.5-inch HDDs | |
Priam | United States | 1978 | 1991 | HDD assets sold to Prima International | ||
Peripheral Technology | United States | 1985 | 1990 | Dissolution | [125][126] | |
Quantum | United States | 1980 | 2000 | HDD assets sold to Maxtor | ||
Ricoh | Japan | 1985 | ? | Exited the HDD business | [127] | |
Rodime | Scotland | 1979 | 1991 | Exited the HDD business | Manufactured the first 3.5-inch HDDs | |
Rotating Memory Systems | United States | 1981 | 1982 | Acquired by Computer & Communications Technology | [128][129] | |
SAGEM | France | ? | ? | Exited the HDD business | ||
Samsung Electronics | South Korea | 1988 | 2011 | HDD assets sold to Seagate Technology | [130][131] | |
Shugart Associates | United States | 1979 | 1985 | Acquired by Xerox in 1977; assets liquidated in 1985 | ||
Siemens | Germany | ? | ? | ? | [45]:289 | |
Storage Technology Corporation | United States | 1969 | 2005 | Acquired by Sun Microsystems | ||
SyQuest Technology | United States | 1982 | 1999 | HDD assets sold to Iomega | ||
Tandon | United States | 1981 | 1988 | HDD assets sold to Western Digital | [132][133] | |
TEAC | Japan | ? | ? | ? | ||
Texas Instruments | United States | 1981 | ? | Exited the HDD business | First company to second-source Seagate's ST-506, the first 5.25-inch HDD | [134][135][136] |
Tokico | Japan | ? | ? | ? | [47]:166 | |
Tulin | United States | 1982 | 1991 | Dissolution | [137][138] | |
Vertex Peripherals | United States | 1982 | 1985 | Acquired by Priam Corporation | [139][140] | |
Xebec | United States | 1974 | ? | ? | Originally named Microcomputer Systems Corporation; 1410 SCSI controller formed the basis of IBM PC's hard disk controller | [141][142] |
YE-Data | Japan | ? | 1995 | Exited the HDD business | [47]:169–170[143] |
See also
- History of hard disk drives
- List of computer hardware manufacturers
- List of hard disk manufacturers
- List of solid-state drive manufacturers
References
- General references
- "Sustaining Competitive Advantage in Global Industries: Technological Change and Foreign Assembly in the Hard Disk Drive Industry". November 1997. http://isic.ucsd.edu/demandbased.html.
- Specific references
- ↑ "History: List of 221 Companies in HDD Manufacturing Since 1956". Computer Data Storage Newsletter. Micro-Journal. March 28, 2013. Archived from the original on March 31, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130331010059/https://www.storagenewsletter.com/news/disk/217-companies-hdd-since-1956.
- ↑ Gross, Steve (August 10, 1983). "3M says it plans to give up making disk-drive units". Star Tribune: 7B. https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-tribune-3m-says-it-plans-to-give-up/138396118/.
- ↑ "Alps to sell hard-disk head assets to rival TDK". Electronic Engineering Times. UBM LLC. March 19, 2007. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-031327/https://www.eetimes.com/alps-to-sell-hard-disk-head-assets-to-rival-tdk/.
- ↑ Danish, Paul (July 19, 1983). "Amcodyne pioneers removable hard disk". Journal of Commerce and Commercial (UBM Global Trade) 357: 6A. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A2849425/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ "Century Data to Acquire Colorado Disk Drive Firm". Los Angeles Times (Times-Mirror Company): 8. September 16, 1986. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-031821/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-16-fi-10803-story.html.
- ↑ Piasta, Frank (October 28, 1970). "First Ampex Disk Drive System Is 2314-Compatible". Computerworld (CW Communications) IV (43): 21. https://archive.org/details/computerworld4265unse18/page/n31/.
- ↑ "Memory Systems". Computers and Automation (Berkeley Enterprises) XIII (6): 42. June 1964. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersA_14203499/page/n41/.
- ↑ "Stockholder Blessing on Anelex-Mohawk Data". The Boston Globe: 73. October 18, 1967. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-stockholder-blessing-on/138355298/.
- ↑ Kovsky, Steven (May 30, 1988). "Executive exodus troubles Maxtor". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) (368): 1 et seq.. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6720963/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ Pate, Donald (October 1982). "Atasi: Why Another Disk Drive Company?". Digital Design (Morgan-Grampian Publishing) 12 (10): 91. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_DigitalDesN10198210_51326479/page/91/.
- ↑ Martin, James A. (April 20, 1987). "Tandon buys Winchester drive maker". Computerworld (IDG Publications) XXI (16): 105. https://books.google.com/books?id=fKtIbDybloEC&pg=PA105.
- ↑ Weisman, Jonathan (February 17, 1992). "Tiny disk drive may bring big payoff to Aura". The Business Journal (American City Business Journals) 9 (44): 1 et seq.. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A12049177/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ Nash, Jim (March 28, 1994). "Avatar on crusade to revolutionize hard-disk drives". The Business Journal (American City Business Journals) 11 (50): 1 et seq.. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A15347815/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ Peterson's Hidden Job Market: 2,000 High-growth Companies That Are Hiring at Four Times the National Average (1998 ed.). Peterson's Guides. 1998. p. 34. ISBN 9781560798347. https://archive.org/details/petersonshiddenj0000unse/page/5/.
- ↑ Furger, Roberta (October 1998). "Rebate or Rip-Off?". PC World (IDG Publications) 16 (10): 183. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A21153611/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ "Raytheon nets $2.35 a share". The Boston Globe: 26. January 23, 1970. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-raytheon-nets-235-a-s/138356781/.
- ↑ "Supershorts". Computerworld (CW Communications) XVI (22): 60. May 31, 1982. https://books.google.com/books?id=QghOwt8qQsEC&pg=PA60.
- ↑ Pitta, Julie (August 11, 1986). "CMI co-founder establishes Winchester drive start-up". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) (276): 22. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A4321063/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ "XLO: What It Could Have Been". Datamation (Technical Publishing Company) 18 (8): 87. August 1972. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_datamation_16576189/page/n88/.
- ↑ "The Bull Group to establish Bull Peripheral in Calif.". Computerworld (CW Communications) XVIII (15): 144. April 9, 1984. https://books.google.com/books?id=mt0cw1-3PIkC&pg=RA1-PA144.
- ↑ "Merger fallout puts Memorex across Atlantic". Computerworld XX (45): 1, 8. November 10, 1986. https://books.google.com/books?id=C5n2J7iQenwC.
- ↑ C. Itoh Full Line of Small Winchester Disk Drives: NP04/03/02 Family. C. Itoh & Co., Ltd.. March 30, 1985. https://bitsavers.org/pdf/nipponPeripherals/brochures/NP04_03_02_C_Itoh_Brochure_1985.pdf.
- ↑ "January Deliveries From Caelus: Another Independent Disk-Pack Supplier". Computerworld (CW Communications) 1 (6): 1, 4. September 20, 1967. https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1967-09-20_1_6/.
- ↑ "Caelus Plans 3336-11-Type Disk, Will 'Wait and See' on Winchester". Computerworld VII (44): 34. October 31, 1973. https://books.google.com/books?id=qYmeRiv3ZxgC&pg=PT33.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Electronic Memories and Magnetics Corporation". Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments. Harvard University. n.d.. https://waywiser.fas.harvard.edu/people/8279/electronic-memories-and-magnetics-corporation.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Calcomp–Xerox Deal Completed". March 26, 1979 (Computerworld) XIII (13): 84. March 26, 1979. https://books.google.com/books?id=eF05CJbJY4gC&pg=RA1-PA84.
- ↑ "Former Rodime team forms Calluna to make 80Mb 1.8[-inch disk drives"]. Computergram International (GlobalData). December 19, 1992. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A13960457/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ "Calluna's disk business finally grinds to a halt". The Herald (Newsquest Media Group): 24. August 31, 2001. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A77751781/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ Kimbrough, Jan (September 28, 1987). "Cardiff Peripheral Corp touts 3.5-inch drive". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) 333: 24. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6007521/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ "MPI Begins Operations". Computerworld (CW Communications) IX (34): 33. August 20, 1975. https://books.google.com/books?id=tPYveN8W2qgC&pg=PA33.
- ↑ "Company Formed to Market 5.25-Inch Winchesters". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) 114: 68. February 28, 1983. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A652284/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ Moad, J. (May 27, 1985). "Cogito Shelves 20M-Byte Drive, Cuts Staff". Electronic News (Sage Publications) 31 (1551): 26. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A621791/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ Hayashi, Alden M. (November 15, 1988). "Hard times for hard drives". Electronic Business (Reed Business Information) 14 (22): 32 et seq.. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A7153421/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ "Comport Corporation". OpenCorporates. n.d.. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-035213/https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/1527584.
- ↑ "James Flynn Joins Computer Memory Devices". Arizona Republic: 20D. November 23, 1969. https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-republic-james-flynn-joins-compu/138386301/.
- ↑ "Firm expands computer line". Arizona Republic: 16-B. August 23, 1970. https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-republic-firm-expands-computer-l/138386347/.
- ↑ "Computer Memory Devices, Inc.". OpenCorporates. n.d.. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-035445/https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/0594985.
- ↑ Frauenheim, Ed (June 30, 2004). "Minidrive maker Cornice slapped with another suit". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220815112700/https://www.cnet.com/culture/minidrive-maker-cornice-slapped-with-another-suit/.
- ↑ "Flash Prices Kill Cornice's Disk-Drive Plans". ExtremeTech.com (Ziff-Davis). February 26, 2007. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A159861742/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ "Data Disc Inc. names Stevens new president". The Peninsula Times Tribune: 11. April 21, 1969. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-peninsula-times-tribune-data-disc-in/138138366/.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Acquisitions". Computerworld (CW Communications) XI (10): 48. March 7, 1977. https://books.google.com/books?id=ySBFs12hzSkC&pg=PA48.
- ↑ "Xebec Completes Acquisition". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company): 1. April 4, 1984. https://www.proquest.com/docview/397981228/.
- ↑ "Contracts". Computerworld (CW Communications) IV (17): 95D. April 29, 1970. https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1970-04-29_4_17/page/n106/.
- ↑ "DGI Group – An FKI Babcock Company". Camberley News: 68. August 19, 1988. https://www.newspapers.com/article/camberley-news-dgi-group-an-fki-babcoc/138390519/.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 Mowery, David C. (1999). U.S. Industry in 2000: Studies in Competitive Performance. National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309173575. https://www.google.com/books/edition/U_S_Industry_in_2000/48Tw9qi64KsC.
- ↑ "Data-Tech Memories, Inc.". OpenCorporates. n.d.. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-044304/https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/1549232.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Bodo, Martin; Harold Moorehead (1996). Hard Drive Bible. Corporate Systems Center. ISBN 9780964150317. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hard_Drive_Bible/SdMco8ehLHMC.
- ↑ Hendrie, Gardner, ed (August 13, 2003). "Oral History of George Comstock". Mountain View, California, USA: Computer History Museum. http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Comstock_George/Comstock_George_1.oral_history.102658008.pdf.
- ↑ Doyle, Eric (July 1993). "Driving range". DEC User (EMAP Media): 19. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A14206629/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ "Mergers & Acquisitions". Computerworld (CW Communications) XVII (50): 121. December 12, 1983. https://books.google.com/books?id=nCRF5I1tgOwC&pg=RA1-PA121.
- ↑ Love, N. (September 24, 1984). "Disc Tech One Inc. Is Acquired by Hearing Aid Manufacturer". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC): 75. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A592614/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ "Supershots". Computerworld (CW Communications) XVI (39): 115. September 27, 1982. https://books.google.com/books?id=dpKltAUoYAAC&pg=RA1-PA115.
- ↑ Perkowski, M. (December 12, 1983). "Disctron Exits 5.25[-inch Winchester Disk Drive Fray"]. Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) (143): 1. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A512136/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ Pitta, J. (August 12, 1985). "Shakeout Continues in Disk Market: DMA Systems Closes Doors after Failing to Land Funds". Computer Systems News (UBM LLC) (224): 1. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A641754/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ "DZU AD (Bulgaria)". EMIS. ISI Emerging Markets Group. n.d.. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. https://archive.today/2024.01.10-042528/https://www.emis.com/php/company-profile/BG/Dzu_AD__%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%94__en_1403688.html.
- ↑ Maleval, Jean Jacques (June 1993). "Ecol. 2 Out of Business". Computer Data Storage Newsletter. Micro-Journal. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240110043230/https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2020/10/01/history-1993-ecol-2-out-of-business/.
- ↑ "EMM to Acquire Group/3 from Informatics". Computerworld (CW Communications) XI (50): 68. December 12, 1977. https://books.google.com/books?id=EyDhUNUTyV4C&pg=PA68.
- ↑ "[Unknown title"]. Mini-Micro Systems (Cahners Publishing) 18: 34. 1985. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mini_micro_Systems/srpPAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22epson%22+%22HD-860%22+%22pinion%22&dq=%22epson%22+%22HD-860%22+%22pinion%22&printsec=frontcover.
- ↑ Epson Equity II+ Personal Computer Service Manual. Epson America. September 1987. p. 370. https://archive.org/details/epson-equity-ii-plus-service-manual/page/n370/.
- ↑ "EsPerT Emerges Over the Horizon". Korea Trade & Business (KOTRA) 8: 24. 1990. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Korea_Trade_Business/8Zi2AAAAIAAJ.
- ↑ Laughton, S. (September 3, 1985). "Western Digital Puts 20M-byte Disk on Board". PC Week (Ziff-Davis) 2 (35): 4. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A648106/GPS?sid=wikipedia.
- ↑ "Notice Regarding Structural Reform of the Hard-Disk Business". Fuji Electric. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240104143910/https://www.fujielectric.com/about/news/detail/11042701.html.
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 "Peripheral Equipment: Magnetic Disk Units". Historical Computers in Japan. IPSJ Computer Museum. n.d.. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230403063304/https://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/device/magnetic_disk/index.html.
- ↑ Mearian, Lucas (February 17, 2009). "Why Toshiba is buying Fujitsu's HDD business". Computerworld. IDG Communications. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240110043912/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2531200/why-toshiba-is-buying-fujitsu-s-hdd-business.html.
- ↑ "GE Plant Is Installing High Speed Computer". The News-Virginian: 3. November 2, 1962. https://newspapers.com/article/the-news-virginian-ge-plant-is-installin/138429192/.
- ↑ Lee, J. A. N. (1995). "The Rise and Fall of the General Electric Corporation Computer Department". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 17 (4): 24–45. https://bitsavers.org/pdf/ge/history/Lee_-_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_General_Electric_Coporation_Computer_Department_1995.pdf.
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- ↑ Ribeiro, John (December 20, 2011). "Seagate completes acquisition of Samsung's HDD business". Computerworld. IDG Communications. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240110055046/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2733273/seagate-completes-acquisition-of-samsung-s-hdd-business.html.
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- ↑ O'Dell, John (May 24, 1988). "Western Digital Bought Patent Problems When It Acquired Hard Disk Operation". Los Angeles Times (Times-Mirror Company): 14. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210224112025/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-24-fi-3039-story.html.
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Further reading
- Wong, Poh-Kam (July 1999). "The Dynamics of the HDD Industry Development in Singapore". Centre for Management of Innovation and Technopreneurship, National University of Singapore: The Information Storage Industry Center, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California. http://isic.ucsd.edu/papers/pohkam.pdf.
![]() | Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of defunct hard disk manufacturers.
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