Company:ZeniMax Media

From HandWiki
ZeniMax Media Inc.
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryVideo games
PredecessorMedia Technology Limited
Founded1999; 27 years ago (1999)
Founders
  • Christopher Weaver
  • Robert A. Altman
Headquarters
Rockville, Maryland
,
US
Total equityUS$2.5 billion (2016)
Number of employees
2,300+ (2020)
ParentMicrosoft (2021–2022)
Microsoft Gaming (2022–present)
Subsidiaries
Websitezenimax.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2]

ZeniMax Media Inc. is an American video game holding company based in Rockville, Maryland. The company was founded in 1999 by Christopher Weaver and Robert A. Altman as the parent company for Weaver's video game publisher Bethesda Softworks. The company additionally owns the development studios Bethesda Game Studios (The Elder Scrolls, Fallout, and Starfield), id Software (Doom, Quake, and Rage), Arkane Studios (Dishonored, Prey, and Redfall), MachineGames (Wolfenstein), and ZeniMax Online Studios (The Elder Scrolls Online). Microsoft acquired ZeniMax Media for $8.1 billion in March 2021 and operates it under the Microsoft Gaming division.

History

ZeniMax Media, Inc. logo used from 1999 to 2014

Formation, investments, and growth (1999–2007)

Christopher Weaver, the founder of the video game publisher Bethesda Softworks, and Robert A. Altman, a lawyer, founded ZeniMax Media in 1999.[3] The name is a portmanteau of "zenith" and "maximum".[4] The company was established to succeed Media Technology Limited as the parent company of Bethesda Softworks. Weaver brought Altman onboard as the chief executive officer, contributing his stock in Bethesda Softworks so that ZeniMax Media would be able to obtain funding. Weaver served as the chief technology officer from 1999 to 2002, when he moved into a non-executive role. Later that year, he filed a lawsuit against ZeniMax, alleging breach of contract and claiming he was owed US$1.2 million in severance pay.[5][6] By February 2007, Weaver only held a 33% stake in the company,[6] which by 2020 had been reduced to "a pittance of the stock".[7]

Among the original board members were Harry E. Sloan,[8] Les Moonves,[9] and Robert Trump.[10] In 2000, SBS Broadcasting Group, operated by Sloan, acquired a 12.5% stake in ZeniMax as part of a partnership between the two companies.[8] Among the partnerships between the companies, ZeniMax's subsidiary e-Nexus Studios developed entertainment portals and websites for SBS.[11][12] In the same year, Terry McAuliffe, George Mitchell, Dean Devlin, and Jon Feltheimer joined ZeniMax as advisors.[13] The company acquired the Fallout franchise from Interplay Entertainment in 2004.[14]

In August 2007, ZeniMax announced the formation of the studio ZeniMax Online Studios, led by Matt Firor.[15] In October, after ProSiebenSat.1 Media purchased SBS Broadcasting Group and inherited its stake in ZeniMax Media, now 9% of the shares, ProSiebenSat.1 Media announced it would intensify its relationship with ZeniMax. The company launched SevenGames.com, the international edition of its German-language game platform, in December and worked with ZeniMax to develop online games.[16][17][18] In the same year, Providence Equity Partners bought a 25% stake in ZeniMax for $300 million.[19][20][21] ZeniMax had 200 employees in October 2007.[22][23] It acquired the Prey and Rage franchise in 2009.[24][25] After Providence Equity Partners invested another $150 million for an undisclosed stake in 2010,[26][27] the company grew to 400 employees by January 2011.[28] ZeniMax subsequently announced a partnership with the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts to support its Interactive Media Division with a comprehensive educational program of guest lectures and internships.[29]

Litigation with Oculus VR (2014–2017)

In May 2014, ZeniMax sent a letter to Facebook and its Oculus VR subsidiary, asserting that any contributions John Carmack made to the Oculus Rift project were the intellectual property of ZeniMax, stating that "ZeniMax provided necessary VR technology and other valuable assistance to Palmer Luckey and other Oculus employees in 2012 and 2013 to make the Oculus Rift a viable VR product, superior to other VR market offerings." The company filed a lawsuit against Oculus VR later that month.[30][31] In June, Oculus VR filed a response to the lawsuit, stating that ZeniMax was falsely claiming ownership to take advantage of its acquisition by Facebook. Oculus VR also claimed that the Oculus Rift did not share any code or technology with ZeniMax's.[32][33] A jury ruled in favor of ZeniMax in February 2017. They found that, while Oculus VR had not misappropriated ZeniMax's trade secrets, it had violated ZeniMax's copyrights and trademarks in addition to a non-disclosure agreement. ZeniMax was awarded $500 million.[34][35] In the meantime, ProSiebenSat.1 Media had sold its stake in ZeniMax back to the company for €30 million.[36][37]

Acquisition by Microsoft (2020–present)

In September 2020, Microsoft announced it had entered into an agreement to acquire ZeniMax and its subsidiaries for $7.5 billion.[38][39][40] For Providence Equity Partners, the deal represented a six-time return on investment.[23] Altman had considered selling ZeniMax for several years and at one point was close to a deal with rival Electronic Arts.[41] Prior the deal's closure, he died on February 3, 2021, aged 73, at a Baltimore hospital.[42] The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the European Commission greenlit the acquisition in March 2021.[43][44] A preliminary injunction to block the acquisition was being sought in a class-action lawsuit that ZeniMax faced over Fallout 4, with the plaintiffs arguing that Microsoft could shield ZeniMax's assets from damages should it be found liable after the acquisition.[45] Microsoft announced the completion of the acquisition on March 9, 2021.[46] The final cost of the transaction was $8.1 billion.[47] ZeniMax's board of directors was consequently dissolved.[48]

300 QA testers, a majority at ZeniMax Studios voted to unionize as ZeniMax Workers United-CWA in January 2023. This follows the unionization efforts of QA testers at Activision Blizzard which was also acquired by Microsoft.[49] In 2024, Microsoft signed a labor-neutrality agreement with CWA union, agreeing not to interfere with unionization efforts in any ZeniMax Media subsidiaries.[50]

In May 2024, Microsoft announced the impending closures of the ZeniMax studios Arkane Austin, Alpha Dog Games, and Tango Gameworks, as well as Roundhouse Studios' absorption into ZeniMax Online Studios.[51] In July 2024, over 200 Bethesda Game Studios employees unionized with CWA. The wall-to-wall unit was recognized by Microsoft, and includes artists, engineers, programmers, and designers.[52] In August 2024, Krafton agreed to buy Tango Gameworks, preventing its closure.[53]

Studios

Former

Alpha Dog Games

ZeniMax Halifax Ltd. (trade name: Alpha Dog Games)[61] was a Canadian mobile video game developer based in Halifax, Nova Scotia.[62][63][64] The company was acquired by ZeniMax Media in October 2019.[65]

ZeniMax Media was acquired by Microsoft in March 2021 and became part of Microsoft Gaming. As a result, Alpha Dog Games was owned by Microsoft since 2021, and it was an indirect mobile gaming extension of the Xbox brand. The studio was closed in May 2024 and Mighty Doom was sunset on August 7.[64] Games from the company included Wraithborne,[66]MonstroCity: Rampage[67]and Ninja Golf.[65]

Other

  • Arkane Studios Austin in Austin, Texas, US; acquired in August 2010, closed in 2024.
  • e-Nexus Studios (later renamed ZeniMax Productions) in Los Angeles, US; founded in August 1999, headed by former The Simpsons co-creator Sam Simon.[68][69]
  • Mediatech West in Olympia, Washington, US; founded by Brent Erickson in Utah in 1992 as Flashpoint Productions and sold to Media Technology/Bethesda Softworks in 1995.[70] Also referred to as Bethesda West.[71]
  • Mud Duck Productions[72]
  • Roundhouse Studios in Madison, Wisconsin, US; founded in November 2019, merged into ZeniMax Online Studios in 2024.[60][64]
  • Tango Gameworks in Tokyo, Japan; acquired in October 2010, sold to Krafton in 2024.[53][73][64]
  • Vir2L Studios based in Washington, D.C., US and LA and London.[74] It was a provider of complete media solutions and interactive content for the Internet, broadband and wireless.[75] The company developed the wildly popular games for the CBS Survivor Outback series series.[76][75] Games published or developed by Vir2L included Medieval Games[77], IHRA Drag Racing[78], The Elder Scrolls Travels[79], 3D AMF Xtreme Bowling[80] as well as others. Vir2L won a silver award at the Clio Awards[81], and a Cyber Lions gold award.[82]
  • XL Translab in Washington, D.C., US; acquired in 1997 by and moved to Bethesda Softworks.[83]
  • Visionary Design Technologies[84][85] VDT developed the games Vortex and Datastorm.

References

  1. ↑ Kiel, Porter (May 11, 2016). "Providence Said to Weigh Options for Video-Game Maker ZeniMax". Bloomberg L.P.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-11/providence-said-to-weigh-options-for-video-game-maker-zenimax. 
  2. ↑ Bass, Dina (September 21, 2020). "Microsoft to Buy Bethesda for $7.5 Billion to Boost Xbox". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-21/microsoft-to-buy-bethesda-studios-for-7-5-billion-to-boost-xbox. 
  3. ↑ Gamers at Work: Stories Behind the Games People Play. Morgan Ramsay. January 31, 2012. ISBN 9781430233510. https://books.google.com/books?id=lroZsP4zyIYC&q=zenimax+weaver+robert+altman&pg=PA281. Retrieved August 13, 2016. 
  4. ↑ Good, Owen S. (February 4, 2021). "Robert A. Altman, founder of Bethesda parent ZeniMax Media, dies at 73". https://www.polygon.com/2021/2/4/22266679/robert-altman-zenimax-media-bethesda-obituary. 
  5. ↑ Musgrove, Mike (August 15, 2005). "Out of the Dark and Into the Spotlight". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2005/08/15/out-of-the-dark-and-into-the-spotlight/01e11d6e-e6a0-4c5a-8a6a-435c16e4fee8/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Blancato, Joe (February 6, 2007). "Bethesda:The Right Direction". The Escapist. https://www.escapistmagazine.com/bethesda-the-right-direction/. 
  7. ↑ Kleinman, Jake. "Bethesda founder: Microsoft deal is "brilliant counter-move against Sony"" (in en). https://www.inverse.com/gaming/bethesda-microsoft-xbox-exclusivity-elder-scrolls-6-interview. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Skillz Set to Go Public to Bring Competitive Mobile Gaming to Everyone". Berkshire Hathaway. September 2, 2020. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200902005370/en/Skillz-Set-Public-Bring-Competitive-Mobile-Gaming. 
  9. ↑ "Leslie Moonves Quietly Exits AFI and Paley Center Boards". December 13, 2018. https://variety.com/2018/biz/news/leslie-moonves-afi-paley-center-boards-zenimax-1203088219/. 
  10. ↑ McAloon, Alissa (August 17, 2020). "Obituary: ZeniMax board member Robert Trump". https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/obituary-zenimax-board-member-robert-trump. 
  11. ↑ "SBS BROADCASTING SA AND UNITED PAN-EUROPE COMMUNICATIONS EXPAND THEIR STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP". PR Newswire. January 27, 2000. http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/sbs-broadcasting-sa-and-united-pan-europe-communications-expand-their-strategic-partnership-156220525.html. 
  12. ↑ "SBS Broadcasting SA Announces Major European Internet Initiatives; SBS Invests in Bidlet and Partners with Sweden's Largest Auction Site". PR Newswire. November 17, 1999. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sbs-broadcasting-sa-announces-major-european-internet-initiatives-sbs-invests-in-bidlet-and-partners-with-swedens-largest-auction-site-77243152.html. 
  13. ↑ "ZeniMax Media business advisory board". http://www.zenimax.com/profile9.html. 
  14. ↑ "Facing Fallout". Edge. April 2, 2007. http://www.next-gen.biz/features/facing-fallout. 
  15. ↑ "ZeniMax Media Announces Establishment of Online Gaming Division – ZeniMax Online Studios". August 1, 2007. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/zenimax-media-announces-establishment-of-online-gaming-division-zenimax-online-studios. 
  16. ↑ Meza, Ed (October 30, 2007). "ProSieben tightens hold on ZeniMax". Variety. https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975019?refCatId=1009. 
  17. ↑ "Global Finance and the Development of Regional Clusters:Tracing Paths in Munich's Film & TV Industry". Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Zademach. May 1, 2009. p. 22. http://www.uis.no/getfile.php/Forskning/Senter%20for%20Innovasjonsforskning/Zademach2009_Global%20Finance%20and%20CLuster%20Development.pdf. 
  18. ↑ Scott, Roxborough (October 31, 2007). "Game time for ProSiebenSat.1". The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/game-time-prosiebensat1-153859. 
  19. ↑ "RR Donnelley Private Equity". Docstoc.com. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/38310700/RR-Donnelley-Private-Equity. 
  20. ↑ "ZeniMax Media Buys DOOM Maker | peHUBpeHUB". Pehub.com. June 25, 2009. http://www.pehub.com/43108/zenimax-media-buys-doom-maker/. 
  21. ↑ "ZeniMax Media Receives $300 Million Investment From Providence Equity Partners". ZeniMax.com. October 25, 2007. http://www.zenimax.com/news_pressrelease03.03.11.html. 
  22. ↑ "Growth Private Equity Leader: Providence Equity Partners’ Michael Dominguez". May 29, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZinC8lJobM. Retrieved June 1, 2025. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Kreutzer, Laura (September 21, 2020). "Providence Equity's Sale of ZeniMax Will Bring Lucrative End to 13-Year Deal". https://www.wsj.com/articles/providence-equitys-sale-of-zenimax-will-bring-lucrative-end-to-13-year-deal-11600725932. 
  24. ↑ Thorsen, Tor (September 8, 2009). "Prey IP acquired by id/Bethesda parent ZeniMax?". CBS Interactive. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/prey-ip-acquired-by-id-bethesda-parent-zenimax/1100-6216957/. 
  25. ↑ Purchese, Robert (December 15, 2009). "Bethesda takes Rage from EA". Eurogamer. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/bethesda-takes-rage-from-ea. 
  26. ↑ Hoffman, Liz (May 1, 2014). "Oculus, Facebook Face Challenge to Rights Over 'Rift'". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/SB10001424052702303948104579534013624548846. 
  27. ↑ "ZeniMax Media Receives $150 Million Investment From Providence Equity Partners". ZeniMax.com. October 6, 2010. http://www.zenimax.com/news_pressrelease10.06.10.htm. 
  28. ↑ "Providence Equity Partners executive says video-game industry is 'challenging'". January 8, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160611001228/https://callcenterinfo.tmcnet.com/news/2011/01/08/5232949.htm. 
  29. ↑ "ZeniMax Partners with USC School of Cinematic Arts". ZeniMax.com. March 3, 2011. http://www.zenimax.com/news_pressrelease03.03.11.html. 
  30. ↑ Hollister, Sean (May 2014). "Oculus and Facebook face legal challenge from John Carmack's former employer". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2014/5/1/5671620/oculus-and-facebook-face-legal-challenge. 
  31. ↑ Hollister, Sean (May 2014). "One document could decide whether Oculus owes ZeniMax millions". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2014/5/1/5672928/this-document-could-decide-whether-oculus-owes-zenimax-millions. 
  32. ↑ Sarkar, Samit (June 25, 2014). "Oculus: ZeniMax suit is a 'transparent attempt to take advantage' of Facebook acquisitione". Polygon. http://www.polygon.com/2014/6/25/5841764/oculus-zenimax-lawsuit-respons. 
  33. ↑ Orland, Kyle (January 16, 2017). "Oculus accused of destroying evidence, Zuckerberg to testify in VR theft trial". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/01/oculus-accused-of-destroying-evidence-zuckerberg-to-testify-in-vr-theft-trial/. 
  34. ↑ Matney, Lucas (February 2017). "Jury awards ZeniMax $500 million in Oculus VR lawsuit". https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/01/jury-awards-zenimax-500-million-in-oculus-vr-lawsuit/. 
  35. ↑ Orland, Kyle (February 1, 2017). "Oculus, execs liable for $500 million in ZeniMax VR trial". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/02/oculus-execs-liable-for-500-million-in-zenimax-vr-trial/. 
  36. ↑ "ProSiebenSat.1 Media Q2/H1 2016 IR Presentation". August 4, 2016. p. 56. http://www.prosieben.com/uploads/2016/12/06/P7S1_Q2%202016_IR-presentation.pdf. 
  37. ↑ "Online-Boom hilft ProSiebenSat.1 über EM-Delle hinweg(In German)". Reuters. August 4, 2016. http://de.reuters.com/article/deutschland-prosiebensat-1-idDEKCN10F0GY. 
  38. ↑ "Microsoft acquires Fallout creator Bethesda" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2020-09-21. https://www.bbc.com/news/54233235. 
  39. ↑ Browning, Kellen; Lohr, Steve (2020-09-21). "Microsoft Grabs Some of World's Biggest Games in $7.5 Billion Deal" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/21/technology/microsoft-zenimax-video-game-deal.html. 
  40. ↑ Ruppert, Liana (September 21, 2020). "Microsoft Acquires Bethesda, The Studio Behind Fallout, The Elder Scrolls, Doom, And More". Game Informer. https://www.gameinformer.com/2020/09/21/microsoft-acquires-bethesda-the-studio-behind-fallout-the-elder-scrolls-doom-and-more. Retrieved September 22, 2020. 
  41. ↑ Palmeri, Christopher (September 25, 2020). "From Banking Scandal to Video-Game CEO to Billion-Dollar Score". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-25/from-banking-scandal-to-video-game-ceo-to-billion-dollar-score. 
  42. ↑ Smith, Harrison (February 6, 2021). "Robert A. Altman, who went from banking scandal to video game CEO, dies at 73". https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/robert-altman-dead/2021/02/05/cdc9586a-67c4-11eb-886d-5264d4ceb46d_story.html. 
  43. ↑ McAloon, Alissa (March 5, 2021). "US SEC green-lights Microsoft's acquisition of ZeniMax Media". https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/378190/US_SEC_greenlights_Microsofts_acquisition_of_ZeniMax_Media.php. 
  44. ↑ Robinson, Andy (March 8, 2021). "The EU has approved Microsoft's acquisition of Bethesda parent ZeniMax". https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/the-eu-has-approved-microsofts-acquisition-of-bethesda-parent-zenimax/. 
  45. ↑ Kerr, Chris (February 25, 2021). "Ongoing Fallout 4 DLC lawsuit could impact Microsoft's takeover of Bethesda". Gamasutra. https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/377927/Ongoing_Fallout_4_DLC_lawsuit_could_impact_Microsofts_takeover_of_Bethesda.php. 
  46. ↑ Robinson, Andy (March 9, 2021). "Microsoft confirms its Bethesda acquisition is complete and 'some games' will be exclusive". Video Games Chronicle. https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/microsoft-confirms-its-bethesda-acquisition-is-complete-and-some-games-will-be-exclusive/. 
  47. ↑ "Form 10-K". June 30, 2021. p. 39. https://microsoft.gcs-web.com/static-files/0a2b8528-fb8b-4d11-8da2-fd9fa988a155. Retrieved August 7, 2021. 
  48. ↑ Makuch, Eddie (March 17, 2021). "ZeniMax Board Of Directors Dissolved After Xbox's Bethesda Purchase". https://www.gamespot.com/articles/zenimax-board-of-directors-dissolved-after-xboxs-bethesda-purchase/1100-6488918/. Retrieved March 17, 2021. 
  49. ↑ Conditt, Jessica (2023-01-03). "Microsoft is now the home of the video game industry's largest union" (in en-US). https://www.engadget.com/microsoft-union-zenimax-vote-recognize-190529301.html. 
  50. ↑ Shanklin, Will (2024-06-06). "Microsoft and CWA forge labor neutrality agreement covering all ZeniMax workers" (in en-US). https://www.engadget.com/microsoft-and-cwa-forge-labor-neutrality-agreement-covering-all-zenimax-workers-212643324.html. 
  51. ↑ Yin-Poole, Wesley (May 7, 2024). "Microsoft Closes Redfall Developer Arkane Austin, Hi-Fi Rush Developer Tango Gameworks, and More in Devastating Cuts at Bethesda". https://www.ign.com/articles/microsoft-closes-redfall-developer-arkane-austin-hifi-rush-developer-tango-gameworks-and-more-in-devastating-cuts-at-bethesda. 
  52. ↑ Peters, Jay (2024-07-19). "Bethesda Game Studios workers have unionized" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2024/7/19/24202271/bethesda-game-studios-workers-unionize-cwa. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 ""KRAFTON Strengthens Global Presence Through Strategic Integration of Tango Gameworks and Hi-Fi RUSH IP" - KRAFTON Press Room". https://press.krafton.com/en-US/KRAFTON-Strengthens-Global-Presence-Through-Strategic-Integration-of-T. 
  54. ↑ "ZeniMax Media Acquires Arkane Studios". ZeniMax.com. August 12, 2010. http://zenimax.com/news_pressrelease08.12.10.htm. 
  55. ↑ Grandstaff, Matt (October 3, 2012). "Welcome to Battlecry Studios! | Bethesda Blog". Bethblog.com. http://www.bethblog.com/2012/10/03/welcome-to-battlecry-studios/. 
  56. ↑ "Escalation Studios Is Now Bethesda Game Studios Dallas". August 10, 2018. https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/bethesda-game-studios-dallas-announcement-1202901832/. 
  57. ↑ "Bethesda Game Studios Opens Montreal Office". ZeniMax.com. December 9, 2015. https://www.zenimax.com/press/BETHESDA_GAME_STUDIOS_OPENS_MONTREAL_OFFICE. 
  58. ↑ Remo, Chris (June 24, 2009). "Bethesda Parent ZeniMax Acquires id Software". Gamasutra. https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/bethesda-parent-zenimax-acquires-id-software. 
  59. ↑ Gilbert, Ben (November 5, 2010). "Machinegames purchased by ZeniMax Media, becomes ZeniMax Sweden". Joystiq. http://www.joystiq.com/2010/11/05/machinegames-purchased-by-zenimax-media-becomes-zenimax-sweden/. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Bethesda Quietly Acquired Nemesys Games Last Year, Now ZeniMax Online Studios Hungary". https://gamingbolt.com/bethesda-quietly-acquired-nemesys-games-last-year-now-zenimax-online-studios-hungary. 
  61. ↑ "Legal Information". ZeniMax Media. https://www.zenimax.com/en/legal/legal-information. "ZeniMax® Halifax Ltd. (d/b/a Alpha Dog Games)" 
  62. ↑ McAloon, Alissa (October 24, 2019). "Bethesda looks to bolster its mobile game offerings with Alpha Dog Games acquisition". https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/bethesda-looks-to-bolster-its-mobile-game-offerings-with-alpha-dog-games-acquisition. 
  63. ↑ "Prey developer Human Head shuts down, is acquired by Bethesda". November 11, 2019. https://www.polygon.com/2019/11/13/20962923/bethesda-softworks-buys-human-head-prey-rune-roundhouse-studios. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 Yin-Poole, Wesley (2024-05-07). "Microsoft Closes Redfall Developer Arkane Austin, Hi-Fi Rush Developer Tango Gameworks, and More in Devastating Cuts at Bethesda" (in en). https://www.ign.com/articles/microsoft-closes-redfall-developer-arkane-austin-hifi-rush-developer-tango-gameworks-and-more-in-devastating-cuts-at-bethesda. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Sinclair, Brendan (October 24, 2019). "Bethesda acquires Alpha Dog". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-10-24-bethesda-acquires-alpha-dog. Retrieved May 27, 2021. 
  66. ↑ "Alpha Dog Games: the acquisition of a successful indie studio in Nova Scotia". February 12, 2020. https://www.novascotiabusiness.com/articles/alpha-dog-games-acquisition-successful-indie-studio-nova-scotia. Retrieved May 27, 2021. 
  67. ↑ Teuton, Christopher J. (October 25, 2019). "Bethesda Acquires Mobile Game Studio Alpha Dog Games". https://screenrant.com/bethesda-acquire-alpha-dog-games-mobile/. Retrieved September 27, 2021. 
  68. ↑ Barron, James (January 19, 2000). "PUBLIC LIVES". https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/19/nyregion/public-lives.html. 
  69. ↑ Bernstein, Paula (January 19, 2000). "Lifetime reorders 'Day' and 'Chance'". https://variety.com/2000/tv/news/lifetime-reorders-day-and-chance-1117761083/. 
  70. ↑ McNamara, Marie (September 7, 1998). "Managing to be creative in the business of fun". https://southsoundbiz.com/examiner_posts/managing-to-be-creative-in-the-business-of-fun/. 
  71. ↑ Hines, Pete (November 24, 2014). PAX Aus – Pete Hines Storytime Keynote. Bethesda Softworks. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020 – via YouTube.
  72. ↑ "Koch Media and ZeniMax Europe Ltd Announce Distribution Deal". February 25, 2008. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220814001203/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/koch-media-and-zenimax-europe-ltd-announce-distribution-deal. Retrieved November 11, 2025. 
  73. ↑ Grandstaff, Matt (October 28, 2010). "Tango Gameworks, led by Resident Evil creator Shinji Mikami, joins ZeniMax | Bethesda Blog". Bethblog.com. http://bethblog.com/index.php/2010/10/28/tango-gameworks-lead-by-resident-evil-creator-shinji-mikami-joins-zenimax/. 
  74. ↑ "About Vir2L". Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090416033049/http://vir2l.com/about.php. Retrieved December 4, 2025. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 "Vir2L Studios to Partner with Postfuture". July 25, 2001. Archived from the original on August 24, 2001. https://web.archive.org/web/20010824221159/http://www.postfuture.com/brochure/Vir2L.htm. Retrieved December 4, 2025. 
  76. ↑ "Survivor". Archived from the original on December 5, 2003. https://web.archive.org/web/20031205103538/http://www.vir2l.com/v6/game-survivor.htm. Retrieved December 4, 2025. 
  77. ↑ "Vir2L Studios Announces Medieval Games for Wii". December 22, 2008. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131019161734/http://www.vir2l.com/news/pr_12.22.08.php. Retrieved December 4, 2025. 
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  79. ↑ "Mforma Announces Availability of Wireless Version of Hit Video Game from Bethesda The Elder Scrolls Travels". July 2, 2003. Archived from the original on February 3, 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20040203110354/http://www.mforma.com/releases/070203.shtml. Retrieved December 4, 2025. 
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