Company:ZeniMax Media

From HandWiki
Short description: American media company
ZeniMax Media Inc.
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryVideo games
PredecessorMedia Technology Limited
Founded1999; 25 years ago (1999)
Founders
  • Christopher Weaver
  • Robert A. Altman
Headquarters
Rockville, Maryland
,
US
Key people
James L. Leder (CEO)
Total equityUS$2.5 billion (2016)
Number of employees
2,300+ (2020)
ParentXbox Game Studios (2021–2023)
Microsoft Gaming (2023–present)
Subsidiaries
Websitezenimax.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2]

ZeniMax Media Inc. is an American video game holding company based in Rockville, Maryland, and founded in 1999.

The company owns publisher Bethesda Softworks with its development unit Bethesda Game Studios (developer of The Elder Scrolls, Fallout, and Starfield), as well as developers id Software (Doom, Quake, and Rage series), Arkane Studios (Dishonored, Prey, and Redfall), MachineGames (Wolfenstein series),[3] Tango Gameworks (The Evil Within, Ghostwire, and Hi-Fi Rush),[4] and ZeniMax Online Studios (The Elder Scrolls Online).

Microsoft announced its intent to acquire ZeniMax Media and all its subsidiaries for $7.5 billion on September 21, 2020.[5] The acquisition was completed on March 9, 2021.[6] ZeniMax Media is a subsidiary of Microsoft Gaming along with Xbox Game Studios and Activision Blizzard.

History

ZeniMax's old logo

1999–2007: Early history, SBS investment, Providence investment

ZeniMax was founded in 1999 by Bethesda Softworks founder Christopher Weaver and Robert A. Altman.[7] The name is a portmanteau of "zenith" and "maximum".[8] It was established as a successor to Media Technology Limited, Bethesda's parent company at the time.

Weaver brought Altman on board as CEO, contributing his stock in Bethesda Softworks so that the new shell company, named ZeniMax Media, would be able to obtain funding. Weaver served initially as chief technology officer of the company from 1999 to 2002, then moved to a non-operational role in 2002. Weaver filed a lawsuit against ZeniMax in 2002 for breach of contract, claiming he was owed US$1.2 million (~$1.66 million in 2019) in severance pay.[9][10]

In 2000, SBS Broadcasting acquired a 12.5% stake as part of the partnership between the two companies. Its chairman and CEO, Harry Sloan, became a ZeniMax board member a year prior to that.[11] Sloan is a founding investor and board member of the company.[11] Other original board members included Les Moonves[12] as well as the now-deceased Robert Trump.[13] The year 2000 also saw Terry McAuliffe, George Mitchell, Dean Devlin and Jon Feltheimer join ZeniMax as company advisors.[14]

In 2004, ZeniMax acquired the Fallout franchise from Interplay Entertainment.[15] Bethesda's Todd Howard said in January 2007 that "We started work on Fallout 3 in late 2004 with a few people. We only had about 10 people on it until Oblivion wrapped (...)".[16] Fallout 3 was released in October 2008.

On August 1, 2007, ZeniMax announced the creation of ZeniMax Online Studios, a division headed by Matt Firor.[17] In 2012, the company announced that it was developing The Elder Scrolls Online, ultimately releasing it on April 4, 2014.

On October 30, 2007, ZeniMax announced that the European broadcasting group ProSiebenSat.1 Media was intensifying its relationship with ZeniMax. It launched SevenGames.com, the international version of its German game platform, in December and work with ZeniMax to develop online games. ProSiebenSat.1 Media held a 9% stake in ZeniMax at the time through SBS Broadcasting, which it acquired the same year.[18][19][20] SBS Broadcasting previously acquired a 12.5% stake in ZeniMax in October 2000 as part of the partnership between the two companies at the time.[21][22] This included ZeniMax's e-Nexus Studios subsidiary, developing European entertainment portals and web sites for SBS,[23][24] as well as other stock purchase agreements between SBS and ZeniMax.[25]

As of 2007, Weaver held a 33% stake in the company.[10] In 2007, it was valued at $1.2 billion, when it raised $300 million from Providence Equity Partners in exchange for a 25% stake.[26][27][28] As of 2020, Weaver owned 'a pittance of the stock'.[29]

2007–2017: Expansion and Oculus lawsuit

By October 2007, ZeniMax employee count rose to 200 employees.[30]

In September 2009, ZeniMax acquired rights to the Prey video game franchise.[31] In December 2009, ZeniMax acquired publishing rights to the id Software game Rage from Electronic Arts.[32]

In 2010, Providence invested another $150 million for an undisclosed stake.[33][34] In May 2016, it was valued at $2.5 billion.[1]

By January 2011, ZeniMax employed 400 people in its Rockville headquarters.[35]

On March 3, 2011, ZeniMax announced a partnership with the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts to support its Interactive Media Division with a comprehensive educational program of guest lectures and internships.[36]

In May 2014, ZeniMax sent a letter to Facebook and Oculus VR asserting that any contributions that John Carmack made to the Oculus Rift project are the intellectual property of ZeniMax, stating that "ZeniMax provided necessary VR technology and other valuable assistance to Palmer Luckey and other Oculus employees in 2012 and 2013 to make the Oculus Rift a viable VR product, superior to other VR market offerings."

On May 21, 2014, ZeniMax filed a lawsuit against Oculus.[37][38] On June 25, 2014, Oculus filed an official response to the lawsuit. Oculus claimed ZeniMax was falsely claiming ownership to take advantage of the acquisition by Facebook. Oculus also claimed that the Oculus Rift did not share a single line of code or any technology with ZeniMax's code and technology.[39][40]

In August 2016, ProSiebenSat.1 Media sold its stake in ZeniMax for 30 million euros.[41][42]

On February 1, 2017, a Dallas, Texas jury awarded ZeniMax $500 million (~$524 million in 2019) in their lawsuit against Oculus.[43] The jury found that Oculus did not misappropriate ZeniMax trade secrets, but had violated ZeniMax's copyrights and trademarks in addition to violating a non-disclosure agreement.[44]

2020–present: Microsoft subsidiary

On September 21, 2020, Microsoft announced they entered into an agreement to acquire ZeniMax Media and all its subsidiaries for $7.5 billion (~$NaN in 2019).[45][46][47] The deal promised to return more than six times Providence Equity's investment in the company.[30] Altman considered selling ZeniMax for several years and at one point was close to a deal with rival Electronic Arts.[48] Altman died on February 3, 2021, aged 73 at a hospital in Baltimore.[49] By February 2021, Microsoft had created a subsidiary known as Vault that would be merged into ZeniMax as part of the acquisition.[50]

A notice of effectiveness in regard to Microsoft's takeover was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 5, 2021, followed by the EU antitrust regulator's green light on March 8.[51][52] Providence Equity, which had previously owned 25% of ZeniMax's shares, sold its shares around this time.[52] A preliminary injunction to block the acquisition was being sought in a class-action lawsuit that ZeniMax faced over Fallout 4, with the plaintiffs in the case arguing that Microsoft could shield ZeniMax's assets from damages should they be found liable after the acquisition.[53]

On March 9, 2021, Microsoft announced that the acquisition was completed and that ZeniMax had become part of the Microsoft Gaming division.[54] The final cost of the transaction was $8.1 billion.[55] As a result of the acquisition, future games from ZeniMax and its studios will be exclusive to platforms supported by Xbox Game Pass, such as Xbox consoles and Windows, although Microsoft will allow studios to complete all remaining contractual obligations to release on other platforms.[56] The ZeniMax Board of Directors was dissolved following the Microsoft purchase.[57]

Studios

Defunct

  • e-Nexus Studios (later renamed ZeniMax Productions) in Los Angeles , California ; founded in August 1999, headed by former The Simpsons co-creator Sam Simon.[69][70]
  • Mediatech West in Olympia, Washington; founded by Brent Erickson in Utah in 1992 as Flashpoint Productions and sold to Media Technology/Bethesda Softworks in 1995.[71] Also referred to as Bethesda West.[72]
  • Mud Duck Productions; founded in 2002, closed in 2007.
  • Vir2L Studios in Washington, D.C.; acquired in 1999, closed in 2010.
  • XL Translab in Washington, D.C.; acquired in 1997 by and moved to Bethesda Softworks.[73]
  • Visionary Design Technologies[74][75]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kiel, Porter (May 11, 2016). "Providence Said to Weigh Options for Video-Game Maker ZeniMax". Bloomberg L.P.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-11/providence-said-to-weigh-options-for-video-game-maker-zenimax. 
  2. ↑ Bass, Dina (September 21, 2020). "Microsoft to Buy Bethesda for $7.5 Billion to Boost Xbox". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-21/microsoft-to-buy-bethesda-studios-for-7-5-billion-to-boost-xbox. 
  3. ↑ Richardson, Stuart (November 5, 2010). "Buyout brings birth of ZeniMax Sweden â?? report". Develop. http://www.develop-online.net/news/buyout-brings-birth-of-zenimax-sweden-report/0108099. Retrieved October 18, 2012. 
  4. ↑ Garratt, Patrick (October 28, 2010). "Boom: Zenimax buys Tango and Shinji Mikami". VG247. http://www.vg247.com/2010/10/28/boom-zenimax-buys-tango-and-shinji-mikami/. 
  5. ↑ Browne, Ryan (September 21, 2020). "Microsoft buys Bethesda, maker of hit Fallout and The Elder Scrolls games, in $7.5 billion deal". https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/21/microsoft-to-buy-zenimax-owner-of-fallout-elder-scrolls-franchises.html. 
  6. ↑ Warren, Tom (March 9, 2021). "Microsoft completes Bethesda acquisition, promises some Xbox and PC exclusives". https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/9/22319124/microsoft-bethesda-acquisition-complete-finalized. 
  7. ↑ Gamers at Work: Stories Behind the Games People Play. Morgan Ramsay. January 31, 2012. ISBN 9781430233510. https://books.google.com/books?id=lroZsP4zyIYC&q=zenimax+weaver+robert+altman&pg=PA281. Retrieved August 13, 2016. 
  8. ↑ Good, Owen S. (February 4, 2021). "Robert A. Altman, founder of Bethesda parent ZeniMax Media, dies at 73". https://www.polygon.com/2021/2/4/22266679/robert-altman-zenimax-media-bethesda-obituary. 
  9. ↑ Musgrove, Mike (August 15, 2005). "Out of the Dark and Into the Spotlight". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2005/08/15/out-of-the-dark-and-into-the-spotlight/01e11d6e-e6a0-4c5a-8a6a-435c16e4fee8/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Blancato, Joe (February 6, 2007). "Bethesda:The Right Direction". The Escapist. https://www.escapistmagazine.com/bethesda-the-right-direction/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Skillz Set to Go Public to Bring Competitive Mobile Gaming to Everyone". Berkshire Hathaway. September 2, 2020. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200902005370/en/Skillz-Set-Public-Bring-Competitive-Mobile-Gaming. 
  12. ↑ "Leslie Moonves Quietly Exits AFI and Paley Center Boards". December 13, 2018. https://variety.com/2018/biz/news/leslie-moonves-afi-paley-center-boards-zenimax-1203088219/. 
  13. ↑ McAloon, Alissa (August 17, 2020). "Obituary: ZeniMax board member Robert Trump". https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/368358/Obituary_ZeniMax_board_member_Robert_Trump.php. 
  14. ↑ "ZeniMax Media business advisory board". http://www.zenimax.com/profile9.html. 
  15. ↑ "Facing Fallout". Edge. April 2, 2007. http://www.next-gen.biz/features/facing-fallout. 
  16. ↑ Thorsen, Tor (January 23, 2007). "Fallout 3 360-bound?". www.gamestop.com. http://www.gamespot.com/news/show_blog_entry.php/?print=1&topic_id=25330416. 
  17. ↑ "ZeniMax Media Announces Establishment of Online Gaming Division – ZeniMax Online Studios". August 1, 2007. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/zenimax-media-announces-establishment-of-online-gaming-division-zenimax-online-studios. 
  18. ↑ Meza, Ed (October 30, 2007). "ProSieben tightens hold on ZeniMax". Variety. https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975019?refCatId=1009. 
  19. ↑ "Global Finance and the Development of Regional Clusters:Tracing Paths in Munich's Film & TV Industry". Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Zademach. May 1, 2009. p. 22. http://www.uis.no/getfile.php/Forskning/Senter%20for%20Innovasjonsforskning/Zademach2009_Global%20Finance%20and%20CLuster%20Development.pdf. 
  20. ↑ Scott, Roxborough (October 31, 2007). "Game time for ProSiebenSat.1". The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/game-time-prosiebensat1-153859. 
  21. ↑ "SBS BROADCASTING S.A.". SEC. May 30, 2003. p. 66. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/895649/000104746903020100/a2112243zf-3.htm. 
  22. ↑ "FORM 6-K". SEC. October 23, 2003. p. 14. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/895649/000104746903034097/a2120559z6-k.htm. 
  23. ↑ "SBS BROADCASTING SA AND UNITED PAN-EUROPE COMMUNICATIONS EXPAND THEIR STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP". PR Newswire. January 27, 2000. http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/sbs-broadcasting-sa-and-united-pan-europe-communications-expand-their-strategic-partnership-156220525.html. 
  24. ↑ "SBS Broadcasting SA Announces Major European Internet Initiatives; SBS Invests in Bidlet and Partners with Sweden's Largest Auction Site". PR Newswire. November 17, 1999. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sbs-broadcasting-sa-announces-major-european-internet-initiatives-sbs-invests-in-bidlet-and-partners-with-swedens-largest-auction-site-77243152.html. 
  25. ↑ "FORM 20-F/A". SEC. May 23, 2003. p. 4,6. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/895649/000104746903019621/a2111947z20-fa.htm. 
  26. ↑ "RR Donnelley Private Equity". Docstoc.com. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/38310700/RR-Donnelley-Private-Equity. 
  27. ↑ "ZeniMax Media Buys DOOM Maker | peHUBpeHUB". Pehub.com. June 25, 2009. http://www.pehub.com/43108/zenimax-media-buys-doom-maker/. 
  28. ↑ "ZeniMax Media Receives $300 Million Investment From Providence Equity Partners". ZeniMax.com. October 25, 2007. http://www.zenimax.com/news_pressrelease03.03.11.html. 
  29. ↑ Kleinman, Jake. "Bethesda founder: Microsoft deal is "brilliant counter-move against Sony"" (in en). https://www.inverse.com/gaming/bethesda-microsoft-xbox-exclusivity-elder-scrolls-6-interview. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Kreutzer, Laura (September 21, 2020). "Providence Equity's Sale of ZeniMax Will Bring Lucrative End to 13-Year Deal". https://www.wsj.com/articles/providence-equitys-sale-of-zenimax-will-bring-lucrative-end-to-13-year-deal-11600725932. 
  31. ↑ Thorsen, Tor (September 8, 2009). "Prey IP acquired by id/Bethesda parent ZeniMax?". CBS Interactive. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/prey-ip-acquired-by-id-bethesda-parent-zenimax/1100-6216957/. 
  32. ↑ Purchese, Robert (December 15, 2009). "Bethesda takes Rage from EA". Eurogamer. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/bethesda-takes-rage-from-ea. 
  33. ↑ Hoffman, Liz (May 1, 2014). "Oculus, Facebook Face Challenge to Rights Over 'Rift'". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/SB10001424052702303948104579534013624548846. 
  34. ↑ "ZeniMax Media Receives $150 Million Investment From Providence Equity Partners". ZeniMax.com. October 6, 2010. http://www.zenimax.com/news_pressrelease10.06.10.htm. 
  35. ↑ "Providence Equity Partners executive says video-game industry is 'challenging'". January 8, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160611001228/https://callcenterinfo.tmcnet.com/news/2011/01/08/5232949.htm. 
  36. ↑ "ZeniMax Partners with USC School of Cinematic Arts". ZeniMax.com. March 3, 2011. http://www.zenimax.com/news_pressrelease03.03.11.html. 
  37. ↑ Hollister, Sean (May 2014). "Oculus and Facebook face legal challenge from John Carmack's former employer". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2014/5/1/5671620/oculus-and-facebook-face-legal-challenge. 
  38. ↑ Hollister, Sean (May 2014). "One document could decide whether Oculus owes ZeniMax millions". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2014/5/1/5672928/this-document-could-decide-whether-oculus-owes-zenimax-millions. 
  39. ↑ Sarkar, Samit (June 25, 2014). "Oculus: ZeniMax suit is a 'transparent attempt to take advantage' of Facebook acquisitione". Polygon. http://www.polygon.com/2014/6/25/5841764/oculus-zenimax-lawsuit-respons. 
  40. ↑ Orland, Kyle (January 16, 2017). "Oculus accused of destroying evidence, Zuckerberg to testify in VR theft trial". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/01/oculus-accused-of-destroying-evidence-zuckerberg-to-testify-in-vr-theft-trial/. 
  41. ↑ "ProSiebenSat.1 Media Q2/H1 2016 IR Presentation". August 4, 2016. p. 56. http://www.prosieben.com/uploads/2016/12/06/P7S1_Q2%202016_IR-presentation.pdf. 
  42. ↑ "Online-Boom hilft ProSiebenSat.1 über EM-Delle hinweg(In German)". Reuters. August 4, 2016. http://de.reuters.com/article/deutschland-prosiebensat-1-idDEKCN10F0GY. 
  43. ↑ Matney, Lucas. "Jury awards ZeniMax $500 million in Oculus VR lawsuit". https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/01/jury-awards-zenimax-500-million-in-oculus-vr-lawsuit/. 
  44. ↑ Orland, Kyle (February 1, 2017). "Oculus, execs liable for $500 million in ZeniMax VR trial". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/02/oculus-execs-liable-for-500-million-in-zenimax-vr-trial/. 
  45. ↑ "Microsoft acquires Fallout creator Bethesda" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2020-09-21. https://www.bbc.com/news/54233235. 
  46. ↑ Browning, Kellen; Lohr, Steve (2020-09-21). "Microsoft Grabs Some of World's Biggest Games in $7.5 Billion Deal" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/21/technology/microsoft-zenimax-video-game-deal.html. 
  47. ↑ Ruppert, Liana (September 21, 2020). "Microsoft Acquires Bethesda, The Studio Behind Fallout, The Elder Scrolls, Doom, And More". https://www.gameinformer.com/2020/09/21/microsoft-acquires-bethesda-the-studio-behind-fallout-the-elder-scrolls-doom-and-more. 
  48. ↑ Palmeri, Christopher (September 25, 2020). "From Banking Scandal to Video-Game CEO to Billion-Dollar Score". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-25/from-banking-scandal-to-video-game-ceo-to-billion-dollar-score. 
  49. ↑ Smith, Harrison (February 6, 2021). "Robert A. Altman, who went from banking scandal to video game CEO, dies at 73". https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/robert-altman-dead/2021/02/05/cdc9586a-67c4-11eb-886d-5264d4ceb46d_story.html. 
  50. ↑ Ruppert, Liana. "Microsoft Has Created A New Subsidiary To Merge With ZeniMax Called Vault" (in en). Game Informer. https://www.gameinformer.com/2021/02/10/microsoft-has-created-a-new-subsidiary-to-merge-with-zenimax-called-vault. Retrieved 2021-02-11. 
  51. ↑ McAloon, Alissa (March 5, 2021). "US SEC green-lights Microsoft's acquisition of ZeniMax Media". https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/378190/US_SEC_greenlights_Microsofts_acquisition_of_ZeniMax_Media.php. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Robinson, Andy (March 8, 2021). "The EU has approved Microsoft's acquisition of Bethesda parent ZeniMax". https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/the-eu-has-approved-microsofts-acquisition-of-bethesda-parent-zenimax/. 
  53. ↑ Kerr, Chris (February 25, 2021). "Ongoing Fallout 4 DLC lawsuit could impact Microsoft's takeover of Bethesda". Gamasutra. https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/377927/Ongoing_Fallout_4_DLC_lawsuit_could_impact_Microsofts_takeover_of_Bethesda.php. 
  54. ↑ Robinson, Andy (March 9, 2021). "Microsoft confirms its Bethesda acquisition is complete and 'some games' will be exclusive". Video Games Chronicle. https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/microsoft-confirms-its-bethesda-acquisition-is-complete-and-some-games-will-be-exclusive/. 
  55. ↑ "Form 10-K". June 30, 2021. p. 39. https://microsoft.gcs-web.com/static-files/0a2b8528-fb8b-4d11-8da2-fd9fa988a155. Retrieved August 7, 2021. 
  56. ↑ Warren, Tom (March 11, 2021). "Xbox boss says Microsoft's Bethesda deal was all about exclusive games for Game Pass". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/11/22325757/microsoft-xbox-bethesda-acquisition-game-pass-exclusive-games-phil-spencer-comment. Retrieved March 11, 2021. 
  57. ↑ Makuch, Eddie (March 17, 2021). "ZeniMax Board Of Directors Dissolved After Xbox's Bethesda Purchase". https://www.gamespot.com/articles/zenimax-board-of-directors-dissolved-after-xboxs-bethesda-purchase/1100-6488918/. Retrieved March 17, 2021. 
  58. ↑ McAloon, Alissa (October 24, 2019). "Bethesda looks to bolster its mobile game offerings with Alpha Dog Games acquisition". https://gamasutra.com/view/news/352817/Bethesda_looks_to_bolster_its_mobile_game_offerings_with_Alpha_Dog_Games_acquisition.php. 
  59. ↑ Sinclair, Brendan (October 24, 2019). "Bethesda acquires Alpha Dog". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-10-24-bethesda-acquires-alpha-dog. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Prey developer Human Head shuts down, is acquired by Bethesda". November 11, 2019. https://www.polygon.com/2019/11/13/20962923/bethesda-softworks-buys-human-head-prey-rune-roundhouse-studios. 
  61. ↑ "ZeniMax Media Acquires Arkane Studios". ZeniMax.com. August 12, 2010. http://zenimax.com/news_pressrelease08.12.10.htm. 
  62. ↑ Grandstaff, Matt (October 3, 2012). "Welcome to Battlecry Studios! | Bethesda Blog". Bethblog.com. http://www.bethblog.com/2012/10/03/welcome-to-battlecry-studios/. 
  63. ↑ "Escalation Studios Is Now Bethesda Game Studios Dallas". August 10, 2018. https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/bethesda-game-studios-dallas-announcement-1202901832/. 
  64. ↑ "Bethesda Game Studios Opens Montreal Office". ZeniMax.com. December 9, 2015. https://www.zenimax.com/press/BETHESDA_GAME_STUDIOS_OPENS_MONTREAL_OFFICE. 
  65. ↑ Remo, Chris (June 24, 2009). "Bethesda Parent ZeniMax Acquires id Software". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=24183. 
  66. ↑ Gilbert, Ben (November 5, 2010). "Machinegames purchased by ZeniMax Media, becomes ZeniMax Sweden". Joystiq. http://www.joystiq.com/2010/11/05/machinegames-purchased-by-zenimax-media-becomes-zenimax-sweden/. 
  67. ↑ Grandstaff, Matt (October 28, 2010). "Tango Gameworks, led by Resident Evil creator Shinji Mikami, joins ZeniMax | Bethesda Blog". Bethblog.com. http://bethblog.com/index.php/2010/10/28/tango-gameworks-lead-by-resident-evil-creator-shinji-mikami-joins-zenimax/. 
  68. ↑ "Bethesda Quietly Acquired Nemesys Games Last Year, Now ZeniMax Online Studios Hungary". https://gamingbolt.com/bethesda-quietly-acquired-nemesys-games-last-year-now-zenimax-online-studios-hungary. 
  69. ↑ Barron, James (January 19, 2000). "PUBLIC LIVES". https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/19/nyregion/public-lives.html. 
  70. ↑ Bernstein, Paula (January 19, 2000). "Lifetime reorders 'Day' and 'Chance'". https://variety.com/2000/tv/news/lifetime-reorders-day-and-chance-1117761083/. 
  71. ↑ McNamara, Marie (September 7, 1998). "Managing to be creative in the business of fun". https://southsoundbiz.com/examiner_posts/managing-to-be-creative-in-the-business-of-fun/. 
  72. ↑ Hines, Pete (November 24, 2014). PAX Aus – Pete Hines Storytime Keynote. Bethesda Softworks. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020 – via YouTube.
  73. ↑ Hilpert, Mark (December 22, 1997). "ThunderWave makes a big splash at Getty Center". Washington Business Journal. https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/1997/12/22/newscolumn4.html. 
  74. ↑ "Reportage" (in sv). 1990. p. 9,10. https://archive.org/details/Datormagazin1990/Datormagazin_1990_nr13/page/n7/mode/2up. Retrieved November 15, 2022. 
  75. ↑ "Det Er Ganske Vist" (in da). 1989. p. 6. https://archive.org/details/amiga-interface-7/page/6/mode/2up. Retrieved November 15, 2022. 

External links



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