Comparison of triplestores

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This is a comparison of triplestores, also known as subject-predicate-object databases. Some of these database management systems have been built as database engines from scratch, while others have been built on top of existing commercial relational database engines (e.g., SQL-based).[1] Like the early development of online analytical processing (OLAP) databases, this intermediate approach allowed large and powerful database engines to be constructed for little programming effort in the initial phases of triplestore development. Long-term though it seems that native triplestores will have the advantage for performance. A difficulty with implementing triplestores over SQL is that although triples may thus be stored, implementing efficient querying of a graph-based RDF model (e.g., mapping from SPARQL) onto SQL queries is difficult.[2]

Implementations

Name Developed in language Latest Version Latest Release Date Licence
3store C 3.0.17[3] 2006-07-17 GNU GPL
Akutan Go ? ? Apache 2
AllegroGraph Common Lisp 7.2.0[4] 2021-10-15 Proprietary
AnzoGraph C/C++ 4.1.0 2019-01-30 Proprietary
Apache Jena Java 4.5.0[5] 2022-05-01 Apache 2
Apache Rya Java 4.0.1[6] 2020-12-22 Apache 2
ARC2 PHP 2.5.1[7] 2020-06-19 W3C Software License or GPL
Attean Perl 0.030[8] 2021-02-06 Artistic or GPL-1+
Blazegraph Java 2.1.5[9] 2019-03-19 GNU GPL (v.2)
BrightstarDB C# 1.14.0-alpha03[10] 2019-08-18 MIT
Cayley Go 0.7.7[11] 2019-10-15 Apache 2
CM-Well Scala 1.5.170[12] 2020-03-24 Apache 2
ClioPatria SWI-Prolog, C 3.1.1[13] 2017-09-06 GNU GPL (v.2)
Datomic Clojure 535-8812[14] 2019-10-01 Proprietary
Dydra Common Lisp, C++ ? ? Proprietary
Enterlab SimpleGraph Java ? ? EPL
gStore C++ 0.7.2[15] 2018-11-04 BSD
Ontotext GraphDB Java 9.9.1[16] 2021-09-10 Proprietary
Halyard Java 3.2[17] 2019-12-05 Apache 2
IBM Db2 Java, SQL 11.5[18] ?
KiWi (Apache Marmotta) Java 3.4.0[19] 2018-06-12 Apache 2
MarkLogic C++ 10.0-1[20] 2019-05 Proprietary
Mulgara Java 2.1.13[21] 2012-01-10 OSL, moving to Apache 2
Amazon Neptune ? 1.0.5.1[22] 2021-10-01 Proprietary
NitrosBase C++ 2.0 2018-12-3 Proprietary
OntoQuad RDF Server C++ ? ?
OpenAnzo Java 3.2.0[23] 2010-03-11 EPL
OpenLink Virtuoso C 8.3 (Commercial);[24] 7.2.6 (Open Source)[25] 2018-10-22 ; 2021-06-22 GPL v2 or Commercial
Oracle Java, PL/SQL, SQL 21c 2020-12-08 Commercial
Oxigraph Rust 0.3.2[26] 2022-04-25 Apache 2 or MIT [27]
Parliament Java, C++ 2.7.13[28] 2019-05-07 BSD license
Pointrel System Java, Python 20090201[29] 2013-02-21 GNU LGPL[30]
Profium Sense Java 7.0 2018-04
RAP PHP 0.9.6[31] 2008-02-29
RDF::Core Perl 0.5.1[32] 2007-02-19
RDF::Trine Perl 1.019[33] 2018-01-05 Artistic or GPL-1+
RDF-3X C++ 0.3.8[34] 2013-11-22 CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0
Eclipse RDF4J Java 3.7.5[35] 2022-03-06 Eclipse Distribution License (EDL)
RDFBroker Java ? 2009-01-14[36]
RDFLib Python 6.1.1[37] 2021-12-20 BSD
RDFox C++ 5.5[38] 2021-10-26[39] Proprietary
Redland C 1.0.17[40] 2014-05-10 Apache or LGPL or GPL[41]
RedStore C 0.5.4[42] 2011-10-27 GNU GPL
Semantics Platform C# 2.0[43] 2010-06-17
SemWeb-DotNet C# ? 2014-08-11[44]
SiDiF - Simple Data Interchange Format - Educational TripleStore Java 0.0.9[45] 2018-01-14 Apache 2
Smart-M3 Python, Java, C, C# 0.5.0[46] 2017-01-01 BSD [47]
Soprano C++ 2.8.0 2012-06-27 GNU LGPL [48]
Stardog Java 8.1[49] 2022-06-01 Proprietary
StrixDB C++, Lua 94_3[50] 2013-04-11
TerminusDB Prolog, Rust, JSON-LD 10.1.4[51] 2022-08-24 Apache 2
Wukong C++ 0.2.0[52] 2019-11-27 Apache 2

Additional implementation facets

The following table is an overview of available triplestores, their technical implementation, support for the SPARQL World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendations, and available application programming interfaces (API).

Solution Name Native storage Native SPARQL support Native SPARQL/Update support Native SPARQL Protocol Endpoint Native APIs
4store Triplestore Yes Yes Yes Command line only
Akutan ? ? ? ?
AllegroGraph Graph Yes Yes Yes For most modern programming languages
AnzoGraph MPP In-memory Triplestore Yes Yes Yes For programming languages that support gRPC bindings.
ARC2 3rd party Yes Yes Yes PHP
ARQ 3rd party Yes Yes Java
BrightstarDB Graph data model in Heap file Yes Yes .NET Framework or Web Service
CM-Well Apache Cassandra Yes Yes Java, Scala,
Corese 3rd party Yes Java
D2R Server 3rd party Yes Yes Yes Java
Dydra Graph database in the cloud SaaS Yes Yes Yes REST API
GraphDB by Ontotext Triplestore / Quadstore Yes Yes Yes Java (Jena and RDF4J (Sesame))
Halyard Apache HBase Yes Yes Java
IBM Db2 Object-relational Java
Intellidimension Semantics Platform 2.0 3rd party Yes .NET Framework
Jena Tuple store Yes Yes Yes Java
KAON2 3rd party Yes Java
MarkLogic Triplestore / Quadstore Yes Yes Yes REST API, SPARQL Endpoint, Graph Protocol Endpoint, Java API, XQuery, Server-side JavaScript, SQL/ODBC
Mulgara 3rd party Yes Java or REST API
OntoBroker Triplestore Yes Yes Yes Java
Ontop relational, 3rd party Yes Yes SPARQL Endpoint
OntoQuad RDF Server Triplestore / Quadstore Yes Yes Yes Java, SPARQL Endpoint or REST API
Open Anzo 3rd party Yes Yes Java, JavaScript, .NET Framework
OpenLink Virtuoso Hybrid (Relational Tables and Relational Property Graphs) Yes Yes Yes ODBC, JDBC, ADO.NET, OLE DB, XMLA, HTTP, etc., serving most modern programming languages including C, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, Java, JavaScript, .NET Framework, etc.
Oracle DB Object-relational Yes Yes Yes For most modern programming languages; REST, RDF4J
Parliament 3rd party Yes Yes Yes Java or C++
Pellet 3rd party Yes Java
Pointrel Triplestore Python
Profium Sense In-memory triplestore Yes Yes Java
RAP In-memory triplestore or heap file Yes PHP
RDF API for PHP 3rd party Yes PHP
RDF::Query 3rd party Yes Yes Yes Perl
RDF-3X Triplestore Yes Command line only
RDFBroker 3rd party Java
Redland, Redstore 3rd party Yes Yes Yes C
SemWeb.NET 3rd party Yes Yes .NET Framework
Sesame 3rd party Yes Yes Yes Java
Soprano 3rd party C++
SparkleDB Triplestore / Quadstore Yes Yes Yes For most modern programming languages
SPARQL City Triplestore Yes Yes Yes Command Line, Web Interface
SPARQL Engine 3rd party Yes Java
Stardog Triplestore Yes Yes Yes Java, Groovy
StrixDB Triplestore Yes Yes Yes Lua
TerminusDB Graph database RESTful API
Twinql 3rd party Yes Lisp
Wukong Graph Yes Command line only

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dingley, Andrew, "Storage and management of semi-structured data", US patent application 003145022, published 003-07-31, assigned to Hewlett-Packard Company, now abandoned. Use of SQL relational databases as an RDF triple store.
  2. ↑ Broekstra, Jeen (19 September 2007). "The importance of SPARQL can not be overestimated". Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141219084958/http://www.semantic-web.at/news/jeen-broekstra-x22-the-importance-of-sparql-can-not-be-overestimated-x22. 
  3. ↑ "3store - Browse Files at SourceForge.net". https://sourceforge.net/projects/threestore/files/. 
  4. ↑ "AllegroGraph - Download". https://franz.com/agraph/downloads/server?ui=new. 
  5. ↑ "Apache Jena - Apache Jena Releases". https://jena.apache.org/download/. 
  6. ↑ "Rya Downloads". http://rya.apache.org/download/. 
  7. ↑ "Releases · semsol/Arc2". https://github.com/semsol/arc2/releases. 
  8. ↑ https://metacpan.org/pod/Attean
  9. ↑ "Releases · blazegraph/Database". https://github.com/blazegraph/database/releases. 
  10. ↑ "Releases · BrightstarDB/BrightstarDB". https://github.com/BrightstarDB/BrightstarDB/releases. 
  11. ↑ "Releases · cayleygraph/Cayley". https://github.com/cayleygraph/cayley/releases. 
  12. ↑ "Releases · CM-Well/CM-Well". https://github.com/CM-Well/CM-Well/releases. 
  13. ↑ "Releases · ClioPatria/ClioPatria". https://github.com/ClioPatria/ClioPatria/releases. 
  14. ↑ "Datomic Cloud Releases | Datomic". https://docs.datomic.com/cloud/releases.html#535-8812. 
  15. ↑ "Releases · pkumod/GStore". https://github.com/Caesar11/gStore/releases. 
  16. ↑ "Release Notes — GraphDB SE 9.11.0 documentation". http://graphdb.ontotext.com/documentation/standard/release-notes.html. 
  17. ↑ "Releases · Merck/Halyard". https://github.com/Merck/Halyard/releases. 
  18. ↑ "IBM Docs". https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSEPGG. 
  19. ↑ "ASF Git Repos - marmotta.git/Summary". https://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf?p=marmotta.git. 
  20. ↑ "Release Notes — MarkLogic 10 Product Documentation". https://docs.marklogic.com/guide/relnotes. 
  21. ↑ "Mulgara Project News". http://www.mulgara.org/news.html. 
  22. ↑ "Engine Releases for Amazon Neptune - Amazon Neptune". https://docs.aws.amazon.com/neptune/latest/userguide/engine-releases.html. 
  23. ↑ "/ (Log) – openanzo". http://www.openanzo.org/projects/openanzo/log/. 
  24. ↑ "Free Evaluation License Generator". http://virtuoso.openlinksw.com/download/. 
  25. ↑ "Releases · openlink/Virtuoso-opensource". https://github.com/openlink/virtuoso-opensource/releases. 
  26. ↑ "Oxigraph Releases". https://github.com/oxigraph/oxigraph/releases. Retrieved 2022-06-01. 
  27. ↑ "Oxigraph License". June 2022. https://github.com/oxigraph/oxigraph#license. Retrieved 2022-06-01. 
  28. ↑ "Releases · SemWebCentral/Parliament". https://github.com/SemWebCentral/parliament/releases. 
  29. ↑ "Pointrel Social Semantic Desktop". https://sourceforge.net/projects/pointrel/. 
  30. ↑ "Smart-M3 download". SourceForge.net. http://sourceforge.net/projects/smart-m3. Retrieved 2016-07-17. 
  31. ↑ "RAP - RDF API for PHP V0.9.6 - Home". http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/rdfapi. 
  32. ↑ https://metacpan.org/pod/RDF::Core
  33. ↑ https://metacpan.org/pod/RDF::Trine
  34. ↑ "Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting". https://code.google.com/archive/p/rdf3x/downloads. 
  35. ↑ https://rdf4j.org
  36. ↑ http://rdfbroker.opendfki.de/browser/trunk[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  37. ↑ "Releases · RDFLib/Rdflib". https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/releases. 
  38. ↑ "RDFox, the High Performance Knowledge Graph and Reasoner". https://www.oxfordsemantic.tech/product. 
  39. ↑ "What's New in RDFox Version 5.4: The Console Update? | Oxford Semantic Technologies | 7 min read | Nov 30, 2021". https://www.oxfordsemantic.tech/blog/whats-new-in-rdfox-version-5-4-the-console-update. 
  40. ↑ "Index of /Source". http://download.librdf.org/source/. 
  41. ↑ Dave Beckett. "Redland librdf RDF API Library - License". Librdf.org. http://librdf.org/LICENSE.html. Retrieved 2016-07-17. 
  42. ↑ "Releases · NJH/Redstore". https://github.com/njh/redstore/releases. 
  43. ↑ "Intellidimension - News". http://www.intellidimension.com/company/news/. 
  44. ↑ https://github.com/JoshData/semweb-dotnet/commits/master[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  45. ↑ "GitHub - BITPlan/Org.sidif.triplestore: Simple Data Interchange Format and Triplestore". 8 November 2020. https://github.com/BITPlan/org.sidif.triplestore. 
  46. ↑ "Smart-M3". https://sourceforge.net/projects/smart-m3. 
  47. ↑ "Smart-M3 download". SourceForge.net. http://sourceforge.net/projects/smart-m3. Retrieved 2016-07-17. 
  48. ↑ "Soprano download". SourceForge.net. 2013-03-20. http://sourceforge.net/projects/soprano/. Retrieved 2016-07-17. 
  49. ↑ "Release Notes". https://www.stardog.com/docs/release-notes/. 
  50. ↑ https://sourceforge.net/projects/strixdb/M[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  51. ↑ TerminusDB Releases, https://github.com/terminusdb/terminusdb/releases, retrieved 2022-09-09 
  52. ↑ "Releases · SJTU-IPADS/Wukong". https://github.com/SJTU-IPADS/wukong/releases. 
  53. ↑ "Graphd - Freebase". Wiki.freebase.com. 2010-06-10. Archived from the original on 2016-07-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20160722220415/http://wiki.freebase.com/wiki/Graphd. Retrieved 2016-07-17. 

External links




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