Earth:Austronesia

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Austronesia, in historical terms, refers to the homeland of the peoples who speak Austronesian languages, including Malay (Malaysian-Indonesian), Filipino, the Visayan languages, Ilocano, Javanese, Malagasy, the Polynesian languages, Fijian, Taiwan's Formosan languages, Tetum and around ten-thousand other languages.

The Austronesian homeland is thought by linguists to have been prehistoric Taiwan.[1][2]

Language

The Austronesian language has been considered a coherent field of study for some decades.[3][4][5]

Austronesian linguistics has attracted considerable interest.[6][7]

The Austronesian linguistics and cultural world incorporates specific contexts of hierarchy which are included in linguistic form.[8]

Considerable discussion has occurred on the language in Indonesia.[9][10]

Archaeological linkages of the Austronesian world have been explored as well.[11]

Etymology of term

The name Austronesia comes from the Latin austrālis "southern" plus the Greek νήσος (nêsos) "island".

However, in contemporary terminology, the word Austronesia pertains to the regions where Austronesian languages are spoken. Austronesia then covers almost half of the globe, mostly ocean and oceanic islands, starting from Madagascar to the west until Easter Island, to the east.

Region

Austronesia as a region has three traditional divisions: Taiwan (Formosa), the Maritime Southeast Asia, and Austronesian Oceania (Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia).[citation needed]

The region where Austronesian languages are spoken spans over 200 degrees of longitude from Madagascar to Easter Island

Madagascar

Taiwan

Maritime Southeast Asia

Maritime Southeast Asia covers the modern nations of:

And as well: The Pattani region of Thailand, and the Chamic areas of Vietnam, Cambodia and Hainan Island.

Islands in the vicinity, with native populations having Malay or mixed Malay ancestry, which are not considered part of the Malay Archipelago include New Guinea and the Marianas Islands.

South Asia

Eastern Sri Lanka, well as parts of the Andaman Islands inhabited by the Orang Laut.

Oceania

Main page: Earth:Oceania

Micronesia

The term Micronesia was coined in 1832 by Jules Dumont d'Urville from the Greek roots μικρός mikros 'small' and νῆσοι nēsoi 'islands', thus meaning 'small islands'.

Politically, Micronesia is divided among eight territories:

  • the Federated States of Micronesia (sometimes referred to simply as "Micronesia", or alternatively abbreviated "FSM");
  • the Republic of the Marshall Islands;
  • the Republic of Palau;
  • the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands;
  • the Republic of Nauru;
  • the Republic of Kiribati;
  • the Territory of Guam.
  • the Territory of Wake Island.

Melanesia

The term Melanesia was coined in 1832 by Jules Dumont d'Urville from the Greek meaning 'black islands', in reference to the dark skin of the Melanesians.

The following islands and groups of islands are traditionally considered part of Melanesia:

  • Fiji
  • New Caledonia
  • New Guinea, politically split between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
  • Solomon Islands
  • Vanuatu
  • Maluku Islands, politically in Indonesia
  • Torres Strait Islands, politically in Australia

Other islands with populations of mixed Melanesian ancestry but are not part of the traditional Melanesian area include:

  • Nauru
  • Timor, politically split between Indonesia and East Timor
  • Maluku Utara, politically in Indonesia
  • Flores, politically in Indonesia
  • Sumba, politically in Indonesia

Polynesia

The term Polynesia was coined in 1756 by Charles de Brosses from the Greek meaning "many islands", describing the multiplicity of the islands in this area of the Pacific.

Countries and territories traditionally included in Polynesia include:

  • American Samoa (overseas United States territory)
  • Cook Islands (self-governing former territory of New Zealand)
  • Easter Island (part of Chile, called Rapa Nui in the Rapa Nui language)
  • Fiji (Lau Islands)
  • French Polynesia ("overseas nation", a territory of France)
  • Hawai‘i (a state of the United States)
  • Loyalty Islands (a dependency of the French territory of New Caledonia)
  • New Zealand (called Aotearoa in Māori)
  • Niue (a self-governing dependency of New Zealand)
  • Rotuma (an island in the extreme north of Fiji)
  • Samoa (independent nation)
  • Swains Island (politically part of American Samoa)
  • Tokelau (overseas dependency of New Zealand)
  • Tonga (independent nation)
  • Tuvalu (independent nation)
  • Wallis and Futuna (overseas territory of France)

In addition to these islands in this mid-Pacific Ocean, Polynesia often is meant to include the Polynesian outliers: islands that are culturally or linguistically Polynesian, but that are geographically in Melanesia or Micronesia. Most of these are small or isolated islands, like Rennell or Tikopia in the Solomon Islands.

See also

  • List of Austronesian regions

References

  1. ↑ Blust, Robert (1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". Asian Perspectives 26: 46–67. 
  2. ↑ Bellwood, Peter S., (editor.); Fox, James J., 1940-, (editor.); Tryon, D. T. (Darrell Trevor), (editor.); Comparative Austronesian Project (issuing body.) (2006), The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives, Canberra, ACT ANU E Press, ISBN 978-1-920942-85-4 
  3. ↑ Blust, R. A; Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Pacific Linguistics (2009), The Austronesian languages, Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, ISBN 978-0-85883-602-0 
  4. ↑ Dyen, Isidore (1963), A lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages, Yale University, http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19069705, retrieved 1 August 2017 
  5. ↑ Lanyon-Orgill, Peter A., 1924- (1953), Journal of Austronesian studies, Balmains, Scot, ISSN 0075-4137 
  6. ↑ Wurm, S. A. (Stephen Adolphe), 1922- (1976), Austronesian languages : S.A. Wurm, ed, Dept. of Linguistics, Australian National University, ISBN 978-0-85883-155-1 
  7. ↑ International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (1978 : Canberra); Wurm, S. A. (Stephen Adolphe), 1922-2001, (joint ed.); Carrington, Lois, (joint ed.); Australian National University. Research School of Pacific Studies. Department of Linguistics (1978), Second International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics : proceedings, Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, ISBN 978-0-85883-184-1 
  8. ↑ Jolly, Margaret; Mosko, Mark S., 1948- (1994), Transformations of hierarchy : structure, history and horizon in the Austronesian world, Harwood Academic, http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32726739, retrieved 1 August 2017 
  9. ↑ Mees, Constantinus Alting, Ilmu perbandingan bahasa bahasa Austronesia, s.n, http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/180473930, retrieved 1 August 2017 
  10. ↑ Najoan, J. A. Karisoh (1981), Refleksi fonem proto-Austronesia dalam bahasa Pamona, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, 1981, http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18642977, retrieved 1 August 2017 
  11. ↑ Mahmud, M. Irfan; Djami, Erlin Novita Idje (2011), Austronesia & Melanesia di Nusantara : mengungkap asal-usul dan jati-diri dari temuan arkeologis, Ombak : Balai Arkeologi Jayapura, Badan Pengembangan Sumber Daya, Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, ISBN 978-602-8335-73-7 

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