Earth:Baruungoyot Formation

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Barun Goyot Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian
~72–71 Ma
↓
Hermiin Tsav, a highly fossiliferous locality of the formation
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesNemegt Formation
Thicknessca. 110 m (360 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 43°30′N 99°48′E / 43.5°N 99.8°E / 43.5; 99.8
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 40°30′N 89°30′E / 40.5°N 89.5°E / 40.5; 89.5
RegionOmnogov
CountryMongolia
ExtentGobi Desert
Type section
Named forBaruun[1]
Baruungoyot Formation is located in Mongolia
Baruungoyot Formation
Baruungoyot Formation (Mongolia)

The Baruungoyot Formation (also known as Barun Goyot[1]) is a geological formation dating to the Late Cretaceous Period. It is located within and is widely represented in the Gobi Desert Basin, in the Ömnögovi Province of Mongolia.

Description

Khulsan in 1970

It was previously known as the Lower Nemegt Beds occurring beneath the Nemegt Formation. The stratotype of the Baruungoyot Formation is the Khulsan locality, east of Nemegt. At Nemegt, only the uppermost barungoyotian beds are visible. The Red Beds of Khermeen Tsav are also considered part of the Baruungoyot Formation. It is approximately 110 metres (360 ft) in thickness,[2] and was laid down roughly 72-71 million years ago. Given the new date for the start of the Maastrichtian (72.1 MYA) a basal Maastrichtian age seems probable. The Baruungoyot Formation preserves an environment of sand dunes, created from wind-eroded rocks (aeolian dunes). The formation is considered Maastrichtian in age.[3] It has no contact with the Djadochta Formation but the presence of many overlapping animals suggests they are at least partially coeval.[4]

Paleobiota of the Baruungoyot Formation

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Lizards

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Estesia

Estesia mongoliensis

An anguimorph

Gobiderma Gobiderma pulchrum A Monstersaur

Proplatynotia

Proplatynotia longirostrata

Mammals

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Asioryctes A. nemegtensis A eutherian. 200px
Barunlestes B. butleri A eutherian. 200px
Catopsbaatar C. catopsaloides A djadochtatheriid. 200px
Chulsanbaatar C. vulgaris A multituberculate.
Deltatheridium D. pretrituberculare A tribosphenid.
Nemegtbaatar N. gobiensis A multituberculate. 200px
Zofialestes Z. longidens A eutherian.

Dinosaurs

Ornithiscians

Ankylosaurs
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Saichania S. chulsanensis Hermiin Tsav II, Khulsan [Three] skulls, mandibles, cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapulocoracoids, humerus, ulna, radius, manus, cervical half-rings, and osteoderms.[5][6][7] An ankylosaurid also known from the Nemegt Formation. 200px
Tarchia T. kielanae Hermiin Tsav II, Khulsan [Two] partial skulls, osteoderms, and [three] undescribed specimens.[6][7] An ankylosaurid also known from a second species, T. teresae, which was found in the Nemegt Formation. 200px
Zaraapelta Z. nomadis Hermiin Tsav A partial skull missing the rostrum.[6] An ankylosaurid known from a subadult individual.
Ankylosauridae indet. Indeterminate Hermiin Tsav Dorsal vertebrae, ribs, pectoral girdles, forelimbs, pelvic girdles, hindlimbs, and osteoderms.[8] An ankylosaurid known from a specimen preserved in a "resting posture". 200px
Ceratopsians
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Bagaceratops B. rozhdestvenskyi Hermin Tsav, Khulsan "Multiple specimens with partial to nearly complete skulls and skeletons."[9][10][11] A protoceratopsid. Gobiceratops, Lamaceratops, and Platyceratops are now considered synonyms of Bagaceratops.[10] 200px
Breviceratops B. kozlowskii Khulsan "Two skulls and partial skeleton remains."[12][10] A protoceratopsid. 200px
Udanoceratops? Indeterminate Baga Tariach "Partial juvenile specimen."[13] A giant leptoceratopsid. 200px
Pachycephalosaurs
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Tylocephale T. gilmorei Khulsan "Partial skull."[14][15] A pachycephalosaurid. 200px

Sauropods

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Faveoloolithus F. ningxiaensis Hermiin Tsav, Ikh Shunkht, Ologoy Ulan Tsav "Eggs, egg clutches and shells."[16] Eggs probably laid by a sauropod.
Quaesitosaurus Q. orientalis Shar Tsav "Partial skull."[17] A titanosaur. 200px

Theropods

An undescribed tyrannosaurid specimen is known from the formation.[18]

Alvarezsaurs
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Ceratonykus C. oculatus Hermiin Tsav "Partial skull with skeleton."[19][20] An alvarezsaurid. 200px
Jaculinykus J. yaruui Nemegt A nearly complete articulated skeleton including much of the skull[21] A parvicursorine alvarezsaurid. 200px
Khulsanurus K. magnificus Khulsan "Partial skeleton, including cervical and caudal vertebrae, scapulocoracoids, humerus, and pubis."[22] An alvarezsaurid.
Ondogurvel O. alifanovi Nemegt "Partial postcranial skeleton," including dorsal and sacral vertebrae and hip and leg bones.[23] An alvarezsaurid. 200px
Parvicursor P. remotus Khulsan "Partial vertebrae, pelvic girdle and hindlimbs."[24] An alvarezsaurid 200px
Birds
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Gobioolithus G. major Gilbent, Khulsan "Five eggs."[25] Eggs probably laid by a bird.
G. minor Hermiin Tsav, Khulsan "Eggs with embryonic remains."[26][25] Eggs probably laid by Gobipipus.[26][25]
Gobipipus G. reshetovi Hermiin Tsav, Khulsan "Embryonic skulls and skeletons."[26] An enantiornithine.
Gobipteryx G. minuta Hermiin Tsav, Khulsan "Skulls and partial skeletons, and embryonic remains."[27][28][29] An enantiornithine. Also present in the Djadokhta Formation.
Hollanda H. luceria Hermiin Tsav "Partial hindlimbs from several specimens."[30][31] An ornithuromorph. 200px
Protoceratopsidovum P. fluxuosum Hermiin Tsav, Khulsan "Clutch of 19 eggs and isolated eggs."[32] Eggs probably laid by a bird.[25]
P. minimum Ikh Shunkht "Clutch of eggs."[32] Eggs probably laid by a bird.[25]
P. sincerum Hermiin Tsav "Partial egg."[32] Eggs probably laid by a bird.[25]
Styloolithus S. sabathi Khulsan "Partial eggs."[25] Eggs probably laid by a bird.
Dromaeosaurids
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Hulsanpes H. perlei Khulsan Partial foot and skull bone[33] A halszkaraptorine 200px
Kuru K. kulla Khulsan "Fragmentary skeleton."[34] A dromaeosaurid. 200px
Natovenator N. polydontus Hermiin Tsav Partial articulated skeleton with skull[35] A halszkaraptorine 300x300px
Shri S. devi Khulsan "Articulated skeleton lacking skull."[36] A dromaeosaurid. 200px
Velociraptorinae indet. Indeterminate Hermin Tsav, Khulsan Not specified.[37][38] A dromaeosaurid.
Troodontids
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Harenadraco[39] H. prima Hermiin Tsav Partial leg, foot, and hip bones[39] A troodontid 200px
Oviraptorosaurs
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Conchoraptor C. gracilis Hermin Tsav, Khulsan "Multiple specimens with skulls and partial skeletons."[40][41][42][43][44] An oviraptorid. Also present in the Nemegt Formation. 200px
Heyuannia H. yanshini Hermiin Tsav "Partial skulls and skeletons."[45][43][44] An oviraptorid. Originally identified as Ajancingenia and "Ingenia". 200px
Nemegtomaia N. barsboldi Nemegt "Nesting specimen."[46] An oviraptorid. Also present in the Nemegt Formation. 200px
Panoramic view of the Hermiin Tsav locality of the Barun Goyot Formation

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Benton, M.J.. "Mongolian Place Names and Stratigraphic Terms". in Benton, M.J.; Shishkin, M.A.; Unwin, D.M. et al.. The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxii-xxviii. ISBN 0-521-55476-4. 
  2. ↑ Gradzinski, R.; & Jerzykiewicz, T. (1974). Sedimentation of the Barun Goyot formation. Palaeontologica Polonica, 30, 111-146.
  3. ↑ Bell, Phil R; Woodruff, D Cary; Nguyen, Khoi; Mainbayar, Buuvei; Currie, Philip J (2025-07-01). "Remarkable soft tissue anatomy recorded in titanosaur (Sauropoda) tracks from the latest Cretaceous of Mongolia" (in en). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (3). doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf053. ISSN 0024-4082. https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/204/3/zlaf053/8205517. 
  4. ↑ "Lithobiotopes of the Nemegt Gobi Basin | Request PDF" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349202085_Lithobiotopes_of_the_Nemegt_Gobi_Basin. 
  5. ↑ Carpenter, K., Hayashi, S., Kobayashi, Y., Maryańska, T., Barsbold, R., Sato, K., and Obata, I., 2011, "Saichania chulsanensis (Ornithischia, Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia", Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 294(1-3): 1-61
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D. (2014). "The ankylosaurid dinosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot and Nemegt formations of Mongolia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 172 (3): 631−652. doi:10.1111/zoj.12185. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Penkalski, P.; Tumanova, T. (2017). "The cranial morphology and taxonomic status of Tarchia (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Cretaceous Research 70: 117−127. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.10.004. Bibcode: 2017CrRes..70..117P. 
  8. ↑ Park, J.-Y.; Lee, Y. N.; Currie, P. J.; Ryan, M. J.; Bell, P.; Sissons, R.; Koppelhus, E. B.; Barsbold, R. et al. (2021). "A new ankylosaurid skeleton from the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot Formation of Mongolia: its implications for ankylosaurid postcranial evolution". Scientific Reports 11 (4101): 4101. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83568-4. PMID 33737515. 
  9. ↑ Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H. (1975). "Protoceratopsidae (Dinosauria) of Asia". Palaeontologia Polonica 33: 134−143. http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1975-33_133-181_36-50.pdf. Retrieved 2021-05-27. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Czepiński, Ł. (2019). "Ontogeny and variation of a protoceratopsid dinosaur Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert". Historical Biology 32 (10): 1394–1421. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1593404. http://dinosaurmailinglist.cmnh.org/2019Apr/pdfzmfpMk1aO4.pdf. Retrieved 2021-05-27. 
  11. ↑ Kim, B.; Yun, H.; Lee, Y.-N. (2019). "The postcranial skeleton of Bagaceratops (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia) from the Baruungoyot Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in Hermiin Tsav of southwestern Gobi, Mongolia". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea 55 (2): 179−190. doi:10.14770/jgsk.2019.55.2.179. http://www.jgsk.or.kr/_common/do.php?a=current&b=21&bidx=1526&aidx=19356#JGSK_2019_v55n2_179_B19. 
  12. ↑ Kurzanov, S. M. (1990). "A new Late Cretaceous protoceratopsid genus from Mongolia". Paleontological Journal 24: 85−91. 
  13. ↑ Tereschhenko, V. S. (2008). "Adaptive Features of Protoceratopsids (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia)". Paleontological Journal 42 (3): 50−64. doi:10.1134/S003103010803009X. Bibcode: 2008PalJ...42..273T. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226432157. 
  14. ↑ Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H. (1974). "Pachycephalosauria, a new suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs". Palaeontologica Polonica (30): 45−102. http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1974_30_45-102_22-31.pdf. 
  15. ↑ Sullivan, R. M. (2006). "A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin (35): 347–365. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240625747. 
  16. ↑ K. Mikhailov, K. Sabath, and S. Kurzanov. (1994). Eggs and nests from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. In K. Carpenter, K. F. Hirsch, and J. R. Horner (eds.), Dinosaur Eggs and Babies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 88-115.
  17. ↑ Kurzanov, S. and Bannikov, A. (1983). "A new sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2: 90–96.
  18. ↑ Jerzykiewicz, Tomasz; Currie, Philip J.; Fanti, Federico; Lefeld, Jerzy (2021-02-10). "Lithobiotopes of the Nemegt Gobi Basin" (in en). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 58 (9): 829–851. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0148. ISSN 0008-4077. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/106213/1/cjes-2020-0148.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Alifanov, V. R.; Barsbold, R. (2009). Ceratonykus oculatus gen. et sp. nov., a new dinosaur (? Theropoda, Alvarezsauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal 43 (1): 94−106.
  20. ↑ Alifanov, V. R.; Saveliev, S. V. (2011). Brain structure and neurobiology of alvarezsaurians (Dinosauria), exemplified by Ceratonykus oculatus (Parvicursoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal. 45 (2), 183−190.
  21. ↑ Kubo, Kohta; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Chinzorig, Tsogtbaatar; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav (2023-11-15). "A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur (Theropoda, Alvarezsauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot Formation of Mongolia provides insights for bird-like sleeping behavior in non-avian dinosaurs" (in en). PLOS ONE 18 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293801. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 37967055. Bibcode: 2023PLoSO..1893801K. 
  22. ↑ Averianov, Alexander O.; Lopatin, Alexey V. (2021-11-18). "The second taxon of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Khulsan locality in Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Historical Biology 34 (11): 2125–2136. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2000976. ISSN 0891-2963. 
  23. ↑ Alexander O. Averianov; Alexey V. Lopatin (19 February 2022). "A new alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Cretaceous Research 134. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105168. Bibcode: 2022CrRes.13505168A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667122000325. Retrieved 19 February 2022. 
  24. ↑ Karhu, A. A.; Rautian, A. S. (1996). A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal. 30, 583−592.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 Varricchio, D.J.; Barta, D.E. (2015). "Revisiting Sabath's "Larger Avian Eggs" from the Gobi Cretaceous". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60 (1): 11–25. https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app000852014.html. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Kurochkin, E. N.; Chatterjee, S.; Mikhailov, K. E. (2013). An embryonic enantiornithine bird and associated eggs from the cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontol. J. 47, 1252–1269.
  27. ↑ Elzanowski, A. (1977). Skulls of Gobipteryx (Aves) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Results of the Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions - Part VII. Palaeontologica Polonica. 37, 153-165.
  28. ↑ Elzanowski, A. (1995). Cretaceous birds and avian phylogeny. Cour. Forschungsinst. Senckenb. 181, 37-53.
  29. ↑ Kurochkin, E. N. (2004). The truth about Gobipteryx. Sixth International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Abstracts. 33-34.
  30. ↑ Bell, A.K., Chiappe, L.M., Suzuki, S., Watabe, M. (2008). "Phylogenetic and morphometric analysis of a new ornithuromorph from the Barun Goyot Formation, Southern Mongolia." Abstracts of the 7th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution.1.
  31. ↑ Bell, A.K., Chiappe, L.M., Erickson, G.M., Suzuki, S., Watabe, M., Barsbold, R. and Tsogtbaatar, K. (2010). "Description and ecologic analysis of Hollanda luceria, a Late Cretaceous bird from the Gobi Desert (Mongolia)." Cretaceous Research, 31(1): 16-26. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.09.001
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Mikhailov, K. E. (1994). "Theropod and protoceratopsian dinosaur eggs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia and Kazakhstan". Paleontological Journal 28 (2): 101−120. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285873142. 
  33. ↑ Cau, A.; Madzia, D. (2018). "Redescription and affinities of Hulsanpes perlei (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". PeerJ 6. doi:10.7717/peerj.4868. PMID 29868277. 
  34. ↑ Napoli, J. G.; Ruebenstahl, A. A.; Bhullar, B.-A. S.; Turner, A. H.; Norell, M. A. (2021). "A New Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from Khulsan, Central Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (3982): 1–47. doi:10.1206/3982.1. ISSN 0003-0082. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/7286/3982.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  35. ↑ Lee, Sungjin; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Currie, Philip J.; Sissons, Robin; Park, Jin-Young; Kim, Su-Hwan; Barsbold, Rinchen; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav (2022-12-01). "A non-avian dinosaur with a streamlined body exhibits potential adaptations for swimming" (in en). Communications Biology 5 (1): 1185. doi:10.1038/s42003-022-04119-9. ISSN 2399-3642. PMID 36456823. 
  36. ↑ Turner, A. H.; Montanari, S.; Norell, M. A. (2021). "A New Dromaeosaurid from the Late Cretaceous Khulsan Locality of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (3965): 1−48. doi:10.1206/3965.1. ISSN 0003-0082. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/7251/N3965.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  37. ↑ Weishampel, D. B.; Barrett, P. M.; Coria, R. A.; Loeuff, J. L.; Xing, X.; Xijin, Z.; Sahni, A.; Gomani, E. M. P. (2004). "Dinosaur Distribution". The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 596−598. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234025996. 
  38. ↑ Longrich, N. R.; Currie, P. J.; Dong, Z. (2010). "A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia". Palaeontology 53 (5): 945−960. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00968.x. Bibcode: 2010Palgy..53..945L. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Lee, S.; Lee, Y.-N.; Park, J.-Y.; Kim, S.-H.; Badamkhatan, Z.; Idersaikhan, D.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2024). "The first troodontid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot Formation of Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: e2364746. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2364746. 
  40. ↑ Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H.; Wolsan, M. (2002). "Avialan status for Oviraptorosauria". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47 (1): 97−116. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app47/app47-097.pdf. 
  41. ↑ Kundrat, M. (2007). Avian-like attributes of a virtual brain model of the oviraptorid theropod Conchoraptor gracilis. Naturwissenschaften. 94: 499−504.
  42. ↑ Kundrat, M.; Janacek, J. (2007). Cranial pneumatization and auditory perceptions of the oviraptorid dinosaur Conchoraptor gracilis (Theropoda, Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Naturwissenschaften. 94(9): 769−778.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Funston, G. F.; Mendonca, S. E.; Currie, P. J.; Barsbold, R.; Barsbold, R. (2018). "Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 101−120. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.023. Bibcode: 2018PPP...494..101F. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Funston, G. F. (2019). "Chapter 4 – Oviraptoridae" (PDF). Anatomy, systematics, and evolution of Oviraptorosauria (Dinosauria, Theropoda) (PhD thesis). University of Alberta.
  45. ↑ Persons, W. S.; Currie, P. J.; Norell, M. A. (2014). "Oviraptorosaur tail forms and functions". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0093. 
  46. ↑ Fanti, F.; Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D.; Lalueza-Fox, C. (2012). "New specimens of Nemegtomaia from the Baruungoyot and Nemegt Formations (Late Cretaceous) of Mongolia". PLOS ONE 7 (2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031330. PMID 22347465. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...731330F. 



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