Earth:Nemegt Formation

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Nemegt Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian
Possibly also late Campanian
Nemegt, the type locality of the Nemegt Formation
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsLower, Middle and Upper units
UnderliesAlluvium
OverliesBarun Goyot Formation
ThicknessOver 235 m (771 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryShale, sandstone
OtherMudstone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 43°30′N 101°00′E / 43.5°N 101.0°E / 43.5; 101.0
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 40°48′N 90°12′E / 40.8°N 90.2°E / 40.8; 90.2
RegionBayankhongor Aimag, Omnogov, Ovorkhangai
CountryMongolia
ExtentGobi Desert

Cretaceous-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia. Nemegt localities at area A.

The Nemegt Formation (also known as Nemegtskaya Svita) is a geological formation in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The formation consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, and a diverse fauna of dinosaurs, including birds.

Description

The Nemegt Formation is composed of mudstones and sandstones that were deposited by ancient lakes, streams, and flood plains. The Altan Uul locality was described by Michael Novacek as "a canyon carved out of a very rich series of sedimentary rocks" with "steep cliffs and narrow washes". The climate associated with it was wetter than when preceding formations were deposited; there seems to have existed at least some degree of forest cover as indicated by petrified fossil trunks. When examined, the rock facies of the upper section consist of braided meanders, and oxbow lakes. Alteration of sediment grades indicates frequent hydrodynamic condition changes (seasonal rain). Siltstone pellets indicate desiccation at the channel margins in river low-stand periods. Bank erosion features would form through river channel migration. Generally rivers consisted of low flow regimes with sporadic upper flow regimes indicated by exotic pebbles. The lower sections of the formation may represent Lacustrine or Palustrine deposition; perhaps the vestiges of an endorheic lake?[1] A study of oxygen-18 isotopes from Theropod teeth show seasonal patterns similar to present day continental climates. Mean annual temperatures are estimated to be around 7.6 °C (45.7 °F) with seasonal precipitation patterns compared to meteorological data from Shijiazhuang, China; suggesting a monsoonal, cold semi-arid climate.[2] Sand dunes probably existed at various points.[3] The Nemegt environment was dominated by araucarian conifers,[2] but it also supported a diverse array of other plants, including ginkgos and a wide variety of angiosperms—ranging from plane trees (sycamores) to duckweeds.[4] The groundcover included quillwort like plants as well as sedges (members of the group Cyperaceae).[4] Grass is also known from the formation, and as in the Laramie Formation of North America,[5] reed grasses (primarily Phragmites) were present.[6] The area also supported Bald Cypress.[6] The area probably resembled the modern day Okavango Delta in Botswana.[7]

Stratigraphy

Nemegt and Barun Goyot formations intersection

The most recent stratigraphy divides the Nemegt Formation into three informal members. The lower member is dominated by fluvial deposits, while middle and upper members consist of alluvial plain, paludal, lacustrine, and fluvial deposits. The colour of the sediments is usually light grey to tan in colour in comparison to the typically red colour of the underlying Barun Goyot Formation.[8] It overlies and sometimes interfingers with the Barun Goyot Formation. Interfingering has been noted at the stratotype (Red Walls) and Hermiin Tsav.[8] There has been no absolute dating of the Nemegt Formation. Historically the Nemegt has been considered late Campanian to Maastrichtian, based on comparisons of fossils present, but no exact dating has been performed. U-Pb dating from teeth of Tarbosaurus may support a deposition of the middle–upper Nemegt Formation at 66.7 ± 2.5 Ma, during the Maastrichtian age. Together with other faunal composition evidence, this suggests that the Nemegt deposition may have begun in the late Campanian to early Maastrichtian age.[9]

While it has been generally assumed that the Djadokhta, Baruungoyot, and Nemegt formations were layered in succession, some geological analysis suggested interfingering rather than superposition of these features. Thus these formations could represent different parts of a single interconnected ecosystem, with the Djadokhta reflecting arid dune habitats dominated by small animals, the Baruungoyot representing transitional semi-arid zones, and the Nemegt capturing wetter river plains that supported large dinosaurs.[10]

Paleobiota of the Nemegt Formation

Stratigraphic positions are based on Eberth (2018) who correlated localities to their approximate position within the formation.[8]Template:Paleobiota-key-compact

Amphibians

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Altanulia A. alifanovi Altan Uul II Middle or Upper "Partial maxilla."[11] A discoglossid. Its classification has been criticized.[12]

Crocodylomorphs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Paralligator[13] P. gradilifrons[13] Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Ulaan Bulag Lower "Partially complete skulls with sparse body elements."[13] A paralligatorid. 150px

Fish

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Harenaichthys H. lui Altan Uul, Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Ulan Khushu "Partial skull parts, isolated and articulated centra, and articulated caudal fin."[14] An osteoglossomorph. Includes previously reported material.[15][14]
Osteichthyes indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Vertebrae and scales found within a specimen of Deinocheirus''."[16] A bony fish.

Flora

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Araucariaceae[2] Indeterminate Altan Ula II "Petrified wood and trunks" Araucarian conifer, probably the dominant flora of the formation.[2] frameless
Arundo A. sp. Nogon Tsav "Leaf impressions."[6] Cane Grass. frameless
Carpinus C. altanensis Atlan Uul "Fruits."[6] A Hornbeam birch
frameless
Cyperaceae indet. Indeterminate Ulaan Bulag "Scattered stem and leaf impressions."[17] A grass-like monocot. frameless
Ginkgo G. altanensis Altan Uul "Leaf impressions."[6] Ginkgophyte. frameless
G. sp. Altan Uul "Leaf impressions."[4] Ginkgophyte.
Lemna L. chushuensis Tsagan Khushu "Fruit."[6] Duckweed. frameless
Lemnaceae indet. Indeterminate Tsagan Khushu, Ulaan Bulag "Fruits."[18] Duckweed.
Monilitheca M. minuta Ulaan Bulag "Two isolated megasporophylls and megaspore casts."[17] A sporophyll related to quillworts.
Nelumbo N. nogontzavensis Nogon Tsav "Leaf and fruit impressions."[6] Water Lotus. frameless
N. sp. Atlan Uul "Leaf impressions."[4] Water Lotus.
Nilssonia N. sp. Atlan Uul "Leaf impressions."[6] Leaves assigned to Cycadophyta or their own order, Nilssoniales. frameless
Nyssoidea N. mongolica Bugiin Tsav Middle or Upper "Fruits." A Nyssaceae related to Tupelos. Also found in the Bayanshiree Formation.[19]
Phragmites P. sp. Atlan Uul, Nogon Tsav "Leaf and stem impressions."[6] Reed Grass. frameless
Platanus P. sp. Altan Uul "Leaf impressions."[4] Sycamore. frameless
Potamogeton-like Indeterminate Ulaan Bulag "Shoots, leaves, and fruits."[18] Pondweed. frameless
Silicified Wood Indeterminate Altan Uul II, Nemegt "Petrified wood and trunks."[20] Indeterminate fossil trees.
Taxodium T. sp. Paleocne border locality, likely Tsagan Khushu "Leaf impressions."[6] Cypress. frameless
Trochodendroides T. sp. Altan Uul, and Paleocne border locality, likely Tsagan Khushu "Leaf impressions."[4] A Katsura relative. frameless
Quereuxia Q. sp. Atlan Uul[4], Nogon Tsav"[6] "Leaf impressions."[4] A Water caltrop look-alike.
Zingiberopsis Z. sp. Nogon Tsav "Leaf impressions."[6] Ginger relative.


Invertebrates

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Altanicypris A. bispinifera Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Complete carapace and left valve."[21] An ostracod.
A. multispina Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Nine carapaces and some detached valves."[21] An ostracod.
A. szczechurae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and detached valves."[21] An ostracod.
Candona C. altanulaensis Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[21] An ostracod.
cf. C. fabaeformis Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces and detached valves."[21] An ostracod.
Candoniella C. altanica Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[21] An ostracod.
C. mordvilkoi Altan Uul IV Lower "Three adult carapaces."[22] An ostracod.
Cyclocypris C. transitoria Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Seven adult carapaces."[21] An ostracod.
Cypria C. elata Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav "Several carapaces and valves."[21] An ostracod.
Cypridopsis? C. bugintsavicus Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Ten adult carapaces."[21] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Several complete carapaces."[21] An ostracod.
Cypris? C. ectypa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Ulan Bulag "Complete carapaces and some detached valves."[21] An ostracod.
Cypridea cf. C. punctilataeformis Nemegt "One adult carapace."[22] An ostracod.
C. barsboldi Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[21] An ostracod.
C. cavernosa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[21] An ostracod.
C. rostrata Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav "Caparaces."[22] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Five juvenile carapaces."[21] An ostracod.
Gobiella G. prima Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces and detached valves."[21] An ostracod.
Khandia K. stankevitchae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and valves."[21] An ostracod.
Leiria Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Several detached valves."[21] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Complete carapace."[21] An ostracod.
Limnocythere sp. Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Juvenile carapace."[21] An ostracod.
Lycopterocypris? cf. L. profunda Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple complete carapaces and left valve."[21] An ostracod.
Mongolianella M. palmosa? Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Several adult carapaces."[21] An ostracod.
Mongolocypris M. distributa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple specimens with complete carapaces and valves."[21] An ostracod.
Nemegtia N. biformata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple complete carapaces and several detached valves."[21] An ostracod.
N. obliquecostae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and valves."[21] An ostracod.
N. reticulata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Tsagan Khushu "Several carapaces and detached valves."[21] An ostracod.
Paracypridea? P. mongolica Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and detached valves."[21] An ostracod.
Rhinocypris sp. Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces."[21] An ostracod.
Scabriculocypris S. ingenicus? Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Naran Bulag, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple carapaces and valves."[21] An ostracod.
S. rasilis? Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces and detached valves."[21] An ostracod.
Timiriasevia cf. T. miaogouensis Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Seven valves."[21] An ostracod.
cf. T. opinabilis Altan Uul IV Lower "Adult carapace."[22] An ostracod.
T. minuscula Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[21] An ostracod.
T. naranbulakensis Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Four carapaces and one right valve."[21] An ostracod.
Ziziphocypris Z. costata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Fourteen carapaces."[21] An ostracod.

Mammals

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Buginbaatar[23] B. transaltaiensis[23] Bügiin Tsav Middle or Upper "Fragmentary skull."[23] A multituberculate.
"Gurlin Tsav skull" Indeterminate Middle or Partial skull A mysterious metatherian, possibly a sparassodont.

Pterosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Unnamed azhdarchid Indeterminate Guriliin Tsav Middle or Upper "Fragmentary cervical vertebrae."[24] A giant azhdarchid. 150px

Turtles

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Gobiapalone G. breviplastra Alak Shand Khuduk, Altan Uul I, Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II, Nemegt, Ulan Khushu "Shell and body elements from multiple specimens."[25] A trionychid.
Gravemys G. barsboldi Bamba Khuduk, Hermiin Tsav, Ingeni Khobur, Tsagan Khushu "Partial to complete shells."[26][27] A lindholmemydid.

Nanhsiungchelyidae indet.

Indeterminate Hermiin Tsav II Lower "Shell fragment."[28] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Indeterminate Khuren Tsav "Damaged shell."[28] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Partial plastron."[28] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Mongolemys M. elegans Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Tsagan Khushu "Skull, shell and body elements from multiple specimens."[29][30] A lindholmemydid. 150px
Mongolochelys M. efremovi Altan Uul II, Altan Uul III, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Skull, shell and body elements from multiple specimens."[31][32] A sichuanchelyid.
Nemegtemys N. conflata Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Partial plastron elements."[25] A trionychid.

"Trionyx"

"T". gilbentuensis Gilbentu "Fragmentary shell."[25] A trionychid.
"T". gobiensis Altan Uul III, Bamba Khuduk, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Fragmentary shell and carapace fragments."[25] A trionychid.
Trionychidae indet. Indeterminate Bamba Khuduk, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Ingeni Khobur "Shell and body remains."[25] A trionychid. Originally identified as Amyda menneri.[25]

Dinosaurs

Ornithischians

Ankylosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
"Dyoplosaurus"[33] "D". giganteus[33] Nemegt Lower A series of caudal vertebrae, metatarsals, phalanges, osteoderms, and an undescribed partial tail club.[34] An ankylosaurid now regarded as nomen dubium. 200px
Saichania[35] S. chulsanensis[35] Altan Uul IV Lower Partial vertebrae, tail club, and osteoderms.[36] An ankylosaurid also present in the Barun Goyot Formation. 200px
Tarchia[35] T. teresae[36] Altan Uul IV, Hermiin Tsav I Lower A skull, mandibles, vertebrae, tail club, and other undescribed postcranial material.[36] An ankylosaurid. 200px
T. tumanovae[37] Hermiin Tsav Lower[8] "Partial skeleton with complete skull."[37] An ankylosaurid. 200px
Tetrapodosaurus-like indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Shar Tsav "Footprint casts."[38] Ankylosaurid tracks.
Ankylosauridae indet. Indeterminate Altan Uul II-III-IV, Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav I, Khuree Tsav, Nemegt A partial dentary, caudal vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, metatarsals, phalanges, pedal phalanx, humeri, partial pelvis, tail clubs, cervical half-rings, osteoderms, skin impressions, and undescribed juveniles and partial skeletons.[34] Cranial and postcranial material representing numerous individuals of different ages. 200px
Hadrosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Amblydactylus-like indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II, Guriliin Tsav, Yagaan Khovil "Footprint casts."[38] Three-toed hadrosaurs tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.
Barsboldia[39] B. sicinskii[39] Nemegt Lower[8] "Partial vertebrae, pelvis, and ribs."[39][40] A hadrosaurid. 150px
Hadropodus Indeterminate Nemegt "Numerous footprints."[41] Hadrosaurid tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.
Saurolophus[42] S. angustirostris[43] Presence in most localities[44] "Multiple specimens, including articulated skulls, postcranial skeletons and mass death assemblage."[45][46][47][48] A saurolophine hadrosaurid which was the most common hadrosaur in the area.[49] 150px
Unnamed ichnotaxon Indeterminate Nemegt "Numerous footprint casts with trackways."[50] Hand and feet hadrosaur tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.
Pachycephalosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Homalocephale[51] H. calathocercos[51] Nemegt Lower[8] "Partial skull and skeleton including hindlimbs."[51] A pachycephalosaurid. 150px
Prenocephale[51] P. prenes[51] Guriliin Tsav, Nemegt "Complete skull and partial postcranium of several specimens."[51][53] A pachycephalosaurid. 150px
P. sp.[53] Tsagan Khushu, Nemegt Lower[8] "complete left squamosal"; large skull
Indeterminate Bugiin Tsav Middle[52] "incomplete frontoparietal dome and fragments of associated braincase bones"[53]

Sauropods

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Brontopodus Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Large footprint and several four-toed tracks."[54][41] Sauropod tracks. Attributed to Opisthocoelicaudia.
Brontopodus-like indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Yagaan Khovil "Footprint casts."[38] Sauropod tracks.
Nemegtosaurus[55] N. mongoliensis[55] Nemegt Lower "Skulls and body remains from several specimens."[56][57][58] A titanosaur. 150px
Opisthocoelicaudia[59] O. skarzynskii[59] Altan Uul IV Lower "Nearly complete skeleton without the skull and cervical series."[57] A titanosaur. 150px
Undescribed sauropods Indeterminate Altan Uul I-II-II-IV, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Khamaryn Khural, Khuree Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Tsagan Khushu, Ulan Khushu "Several fragmentary remains."[57] Sauropod remains that may represent already named taxa.
Unnamed ichnotaxon Indeterminate Nemegt "Footprint casts with skin impressions."[50] Four-toed sauropod tracks. Attributed to Opisthocoelicaudia.

Theropods

Alvarezsaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Mononykus[60] M. olecranus[60] Bügiin Tsav Middle[52] "Fragmentary skull, vertebrae, limbs and fragmented pelvis."[61] An alvarezsaurid. 150px
Indeterminate Altan Uul III "Caudal vertebrae and left hindlimb."[62]
Nemegtonykus[62] N. citus[62] Altan Uul III "Partially complete skeleton from two specimens lacking the skull."[62] An alvarezsaurid.
Birds
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Brodavis[63] B. mongoliensis[63] Bügiin Tsav "Nearly complete left tarsometatarsus."[63] A hesperornithine.
Gurilynia[64] G. nessovi[64] Guriliin Tsav Middle[52] "Left coracoid and partial humerii."[64] An enantiornithine.
Judinornis[65] J. nogontsavensis[65] Nogon Tsav "Dorsal vertebra."[65] A hesperornithine.
Laevisoolithus[66] L. sochavai "Whole egg with partly broken pole"[66] Laid by a bird or small theropod.[66]
Subtiliolithus[66] S. microtuberculatus[66] "Eggshell fragments"[66]
Teviornis[67] T. gobiensis[67] Guriliin Tsav Middle[52] "Partial forelimbs."[67] A presbyornithid anseriform.
Unnamed ornithurans Indeterminate Tsagan Khushu "A humerus and two tibiotarsi."[68] Ornithuran remains.
Dromaeosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
A. mongoliensis[69] Bügiin Tsav Middle[52] "Partial skull and fragmentary postcrania from two specimens."[70] A dromaeosaurid. 150px

Dromaeosauridae indet.

Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav Middle[52] "Cervical vertebra."[71] A dromaeosaurid.
Indeterminate Hermiin Tsav Lower "Dorsal vertebra."[72]
Indeterminate Khaichin I "Three teeth."[73]
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Dorsal vertebra and other elements."[72][74]
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Footprints with poor claw marks."[75] Two-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to either Adasaurus or Zanabazar.
Velociraptor?[76] V. sp thumb
Ornithomimosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Anserimimus[77] A. planinychus[77] Bügiin Tsav Middle or Upper[8] "Partial skeleton lacking the skull."[77][78] An ornithomimid. 150px
Deinocheirus[79] D. mirificus[79] Altan Uul III-IV, Bügiin Tsav "Complete skull with virtually complete postcranial remains from three specimens."[16] A giant deinocheirid. 150px
Gallimimus[80] G. bullatus[80] Presence in most localities[81] "Multiple specimens with nearly complete skull and postcranial elements."[81][82] An ornithomimid. 150px
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Nine trackways including an articulated Gallimimus foot."[75] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to ornithomimids.
Unnamed ornithomimid[83] Indeterminate Tsagan Khushu "Partial vertebral column with fore and hindlimbs."[83][81] An ornithomimid.
Oviraptorosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Avimimus[84] A. portentosus[84] Shar Tsav "Skull roof with fragmentary body elements."[85] An avimimid. Also present in the Djadokhta Formation. 150px
A. nemegtensis[85] Nemegt Lower[8] "Fragmented skull with partial skeleton."[85] An avimimid. 150px
Conchoraptor C. gracilis Guriliin Tsav Middle[52] "Skull and a flock of articulated individuals."[86] An oviraptorid. Also present in the Barun Goyot Formation. 150px
Elmisaurus[87] E. rarus[87] Altan Uul II, Nemegt
  • Lower
  • Middle or Upper
 "Fragmentary skull and partially skeletons from several specimens."[85][88] A caenagnathid. 150px
Elongatoolithidae indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Three eggs containing embryonic remains."[89] Oviraptorid eggs.
Gobiraptor[90] G. minutus[90] Altan Uul III "Partial crania with complete lower jaws and fragmented postcrania."[90] An oviraptorid.
Indeterminate Indeterminate Hermiin Tsav, Shar Tsav, Yagaan Khovil "Footprint casts."[38] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Avimimus.
Nemegtomaia[91] N. barsboldi[91] Nemegt Lower "Multiple specimens including a nesting specimen and eggs."[92] An oviraptorid also present in the Barun Goyot Formation. 150px
Nomingia[93] N. gobiensis[93] Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Vertebral series with partial hindlimbs and a referred pygostyle."[85] A caenagnathid. May be synonymous with Elmisaurus.[88] 150px
Oksoko[94] O. avarsan Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav Middle[52] "Multiple associated skeletons."[94] An oviraptorid. 150px
Rinchenia[95] R. mongoliensis[95] Altan Uul II Middle or Upper "Skull with nearly complete skeleton."[85] An oviraptorid. 150px
Therizinosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Therizinosaurus[96] T. cheloniformis[96] Altan Uul, Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt Lower & Middle[8] "Fore and hindlimb elements from multiple specimens."[97][98] A giant therizinosaurid. 150px
Undescribed therizinosaurids Indeterminate Altan Uul, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Ulan Khushu "Partial remains."[99] Therizinosaurid remains.
Troodontids
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Borogovia[100] B. gracilicrus[100] Altan Uul IV Lower "Partial hindlimbs."[100] A troodontid.
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Footprints with poor claw marks."[75] Two-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to either Adasaurus or Zanabazar.
Tochisaurus[101] T. nemegtensis[101] Nemegt Lower "Left metatarsus."[101] A troodontid.
Zanabazar[102] Z. junior[103] Bügiin Tsav Middle[52] "Skull with fragmentary postcranial skeleton."[102] A troodontid originally identified as "Saurornithoides junior". 150px
Tyrannosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Alioramus[104] A. remotus[104] Nogon Tsav "Partially preserved skull with very sparse postcranial remains."[104] An alioramin. 150px
A. altai[105] Tsagan Khushu "Nearly complete skull with partial postcrania."[105] An alioramin. 150px
Bagaraatan[106] B. ostromi[106] Nemegt Lower[8] "Fragmentary lower jaw, hindlimb and caudal vertebrae."[106] A tyrannosauroid.
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II "Footprint casts."[38] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Tarbosaurus.

Raptorex[107]

R. kriegsteni[107]

"Nearly complete skeleton including the skull."[107] A controversial genus of tyrannosaurid that could be a juvenile Tarbosaurus.[108] 150px
Tarbosaurus[109] T. bataar[110] Presence in most localities[2] "Nearly complete skeletons from multiple specimens."[109][110][2] A large tyrannosaurid which was the most common large carnivore in the area.[111] 150px
Unnamed ichnotaxon Indeterminate Nemegt "Footprint casts with skin impressions."[50] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Tarbosaurus.
Tyrannosauripodidae indet. Indeterminate Nemegt "Five tracks."[41] Three-toed tyrannosaurid tracks. Attributed to either Alioramus or Tarbosaurus.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Sedimentation-of-dinosaur-bearing-upper-Cretaceous-Ryszard/07fc3795ebaf32c4ea13afebd8d160825887d4a0. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Owocki, K.; Kremer, B.; Cotte, M.; Bocherens, H. (2020). "Diet preferences and climate inferred from oxygen and carbon isotopes of tooth enamel of Tarbosaurus bataar (Nemegt Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 537. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.05.012. Bibcode: 2020PPP...53709190O. 
  3. ↑ David A. Eberth, Demchig Badamgarav, Philip J. Currie (2009). "THE BARUUNGOYOT-NEMEGT TRANSITION (UPPER CRETACEOUS) AT THE NEMEGT TYPE AREA, NEMEGT BASIN, SOUTH CENTRAL MONGOLIA". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. https://artscimedia.case.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/108/2017/05/17210929/Eberth-et-al-2009.pdf. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Khand, Yo.; Badamgarav, D.; Ariunchimeg, Ya.; Barsbold, R. (2000-01-01), Okada, Hakuyu; Mateer, Nlall J., eds., "Cretaceous system in Mongolia and its depositional environments", Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Cretaceous Environments of Asia (Elsevier) 17: pp. 49–79, doi:10.1016/S0920-5446(00)80024-2, ISBN 978-0-444-50276-6, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920544600800242, retrieved 2025-06-29 
  5. ↑ Chambers, Randolph M.; Meyerson, Laura A.; Saltonstall, Kristin (1999-09-01). "Expansion of Phragmites australis into tidal wetlands of North America". Aquatic Botany 64 (3): 261–273. doi:10.1016/S0304-3770(99)00055-8. ISSN 0304-3770. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304377099000558. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Makulbekov, M. N. (2002). "Позднемеловые флоры Южной Монголии и их стратиграфическое положение.". Collection of Memories, Vsevolod Andreevich Vakhrameev.: 173-174. http://ginras.ru/library/pdf/2002_vakhrameev90_volume.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Holtz, Thomas R. (November 2014). "Mystery of the horrible hands solved" (in en). Nature 515 (7526): 203–205. doi:10.1038/nature13930. ISSN 1476-4687. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13930. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 Eberth, David A. (1 April 2018). "Stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental evolution of the dinosaur-rich Baruungoyot-Nemegt succession (Upper Cretaceous), Nemegt Basin, southern Mongolia" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 29–50. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.018. Bibcode: 2018PPP...494...29E. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018217305771. 
  9. ↑ Tanabe, Myu; Aoki, Kazumasa; Chiba, Kentaro; Saneyoshi, Mototaka; Kodaira, Shota; Nishido, Hirotsugu; Mainbayar, Buuvei; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav et al. (2023). "Apatite U–Pb dating of dinosaur teeth from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia: Contribution to depositional age constraints" (in en). Island Arc 32 (1). doi:10.1111/iar.12488. ISSN 1440-1738. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/iar.12488. 
  10. ↑ Jerzykiewicz, Tomasz; Currie, Philip J.; Fanti, Federico; Lefeld, Jerzy (September 2021). "Lithobiotopes of the Nemegt Gobi Basin1". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 58 (9): 829–851. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0148. ISSN 0008-4077. https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjes-2020-0148. 
  11. ↑ Gubin, Y. M. (1993). "Cretaceous anurans of Mongolia" (in ru). Paleontological Journal: 51−56. 
  12. ↑ Sanchíz, B. (1998). "Salientia Part 4". Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie. Munich. pp. 1−275. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Turner, A. H. (2015). "A Review of Shamosuchus and Paralligator (Crocodyliformes, Neosuchia) from the Cretaceous of Asia". PLOS ONE 10 (2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118116. PMID 25714338. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1018116T. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Kim, S.-H.; Lee, Y.-N.; Park, J.-Y.; Lee, S.; Winkler, D. A.; Jacobs, L. L.; Barsbold, R. (2022). "A new species of Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: Paleobiological and paleobiogeographic implications". Cretaceous Research 135. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105214. Bibcode: 2022CrRes.13505214K. 
  15. ↑ Newbrey, M. G.; Brinkman, D. B.; Winkler, D. A.; Freedman, E. A.; Neuman, A. G.; Fowler, D. W.; Woodward, H. N. (2013). "Teleost centrum and jaw elements from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian) of Mongolia and a re-identification of the fish centrum found with the theropod Raptorex kreigsteini". Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 291−303. ISBN 978-3-89937-159-8. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lee, Y.-N.; Barsbold, R.; Currie, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Lee, H.-J.; Godefroit, P.; Escuillié, F.; Tsogtbaatar, C. (2014). "Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus". Nature 515 (7526): 257−260. doi:10.1038/nature13874. PMID 25337880. Bibcode: 2014Natur.515..257L. https://www.academia.edu/11176967. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Krassilovl, V. A.; Makulbekovl, N. M. (1996). "Isoetalean megasporophylls with megaspores from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 94 (3–4): 231–238. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00020-6. Bibcode: 1996RPaPa..94..231K. https://paleobotany.ru/pdf/Krassilov,%20Makulbekov%201996%20-%20Isoetalean%20megasporophylls%20with%20megaspores.pdf. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Krassilovl, V. A.; Makulbekovl, N. M. (1995). "Maastrichtian aquatic plants from Mongolia". Paleontological Journal 29 (2A): 119–140. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00020-6. Bibcode: 1996RPaPa..94..231K. https://paleobotany.ru/pdf/Krassilov,%20Makulbekov%201995%20-%20Maastrichtian%20aquatic%20plants%20from%20Mongolia.pdf. 
  19. ↑ КРАСИЛОВ, В. А.; МАРТИНСОН, Г. Г. (1982). "ПЛОДЫ ИЗ ВЕРХНЕМЕЛОВЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ МОНГОЛИИ". ПАЛЕОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИ Й ЖУРНА Л. https://paleobotany.ru/pdf/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%201982%20-%20%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B%20%D0%B8%D0%B7%20%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8.pdf. 
  20. ↑ Gradziński, R. (1970). "Sedimentation of Dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert". Paleontologia Polonica 21: 147−229. http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1969-21_147-232_35-42.pdf. 
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 21.15 21.16 21.17 21.18 21.19 21.20 21.21 21.22 21.23 21.24 21.25 21.26 21.27 21.28 21.29 21.30 21.31 21.32 Szczechura, J. (1978). "Fresh-water ostracodes from the Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Mongolia". Paleontologia Polonica 38: 65−121. http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1978_38_65-121_16-37.pdf. Retrieved 2020-09-13. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Szczechura, J.; Blaszyk, J. (1970). "Fresh-water Ostracoda from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert". Paleontologia Polonica 21: 107−120. http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1969-21_107-120_28-29.pdf. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Sochava, A. V. (1969). "The first multituberculate from the Uppermost Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia)". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 14 (3): 355−367. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app14/app14-355.pdf. 
  24. ↑ Tsuihiji, T.; Andres, B.; O'connor, P. M.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Mainbayar, B. (2017). "Gigantic pterosaurian remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (5). doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1361431. Bibcode: 2017JVPal..37E1431T. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320219078. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 Danilov, I. G.; Hirayama, R.; Sukhanov, V. B.; Suzuki, S.; Watabe, M.; Vitek, N. S. (2014). "Cretaceous soft-shelled turtles (Trionychidae) of Mongolia: new diversity, records and a revision". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (7): 799−832. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.847870. Bibcode: 2014JSPal..12..799D. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265389928. 
  26. ↑ Sukhanov, V. B.; Narmandakh, P. (1983). "The new genus of the Late Cretaceous turtles of Mongolia" (in ru). Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition 24: 44−66. 
  27. ↑ Danilov, I. G. (2003). "Gravemys Sukhanov and Narmandakh, 1983 (Testudinoidea: Lindholmemydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia: new data". PaleoBios 23 (3): 9−19. http://www.zin.ru/Labs/herplab/doc/Danilov_2003.pdf. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Danilov, I. G.; Syromyatnikova, E. (2008). "New materials on turtles of the family Nanhsiungchelyidae from the Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and Mongolia, with a review of the nanhsiungchelyid record in Asia". Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 312 (1–2): 3–25. doi:10.31610/trudyzin/2008.312.1-2.3. http://www.zin.ru/journals/trudyzin/doc/vol_312_1_2/tz_312_1_2_danilov.pdf. 
  29. ↑ Khosatzky, L. I.; Młynarski, M. (1971). "Chelonians from the upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Paleontologica Polonica 25: 131−144. http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1971_25_131_144_22_24.pdf. 
  30. ↑ Cadena, E. A.; Ksepka, D. T.; Norell, M. A. (2013). "New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny". American Museum Novitates (3766): 1−27. doi:10.1206/3766.2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235482403. 
  31. ↑ Khosatzky, L. I. (1997). "Big turtle of the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Russian Journal of Herpetology 4 (2): 148–154. doi:10.30906/1026-2296-1997-4-2-148-154. 
  32. ↑ Suzuki, S.; Tsogtbaatar, C. (2010). "A catalog of Mongolochelys collected by the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 3: 119–131. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268409947. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Maleev, E. A. (1956). "Armored dinosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia, Family Ankylosauridae" (in ru). Trudy Palaeontologicheskoi Instytuta, Akademiia Nauk SSSR 62: 51–91.  Translated paper
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  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Maryańska, T. (1977). "Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia". Palaeontologia Polonica 37: 85–151. http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1977-37_85-151_19-36.pdf. Retrieved 2020-09-13. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Penkalski, P.; Tumanova, T. (2017). "The cranial morphology and taxonomic status of Tarchia (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Cretaceous Research 70: 117−127. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.10.004. Bibcode: 2017CrRes..70..117P. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "A new ankylosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia and implications for paleoecology of armoured dinosaurs". Scientific Reports 11 (1). 2021. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02273-4. PMID 34824329. Bibcode: 2021NatSR..1122928P. 
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  69. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named barsbold1983
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  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Currie, P. J. (2001). "Nomadic Expeditions, Inc., report of fieldwork in Mongolia, September 2000". Alberta Palaeontological Society, Fifth Annual Symposium, Abstract Volume. Calgary: Mount Royal College. pp. 12−–16. 
  73. ↑ Badamkhatan, Z. (2008). "Dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Mongolian locality of Khaichin I". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (supp. 003): 47A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459. https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/391143. 
  74. ↑ Currie, P. J.; Longrich, N. R.; Ryan, M.; Eberth, D.; Demchig, B. (2008). "A bonebed of Avimimus sp. (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation, Gobi Desert: Insights into social behavior and development in a maniraptoran theropod". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (supp. 003): 67A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459. https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/391143. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Lee, H.-J.; Lee, Y.-N.; Adams, T. L.; Currie, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Jacobs, L. L.; Koppelhus, E. B. (2018). "Theropod trackways associated with a Gallimimus foot skeleton from the Nemegt Formation, Mongolia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 160−167. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.020. Bibcode: 2018PPP...494..160L. 
  76. ↑ Currie, Philip J., ed (2004). Feathered dragons: studies on the transition from dinosaurs to birds. Life of the past. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34373-4. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Barsbold, R. (1998). "A new Late Cretaceous ornithomimid from the Mongolian People's Republic". Paleontological Journal 22: 124−127. 
  78. ↑ Bronowicz, R. (2005). Upper Cretaceous dinosaur Anserimimus planinychus (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae) from Mongolia (MS thesis). University of Warsawy.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Osmólska, H.; Roniewicz, E. (1970). "Deinocheiridae, a new family of theropod dinosaurs". Palaeontologica Polonica (21): 5−19. http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1969-21_5-22_1-5.pdf. Retrieved 2020-09-13. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Osmólska, H.; Roniewicz, E.; Barsbold, R. (1972). "A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen., n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Palaeontologia Polonica 27: 103−143. http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1972-27_103-143_29-53.pdf. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Chinzorig, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Takasaki, R.; Tanaka, T.; Iijima, M.; Barsbold, R. (2018). "Ornithomimosaurs from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: manus morphological variation and diversity". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 91–100. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.031. Bibcode: 2018PPP...494...91C. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320819494. 
  82. ↑ Lee, H.-J.; Lee, Y.-N.; Adams, T. L.; Currie, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Jacobs, L. L.; Koppelhus, E. B. (2018). "Theropod trackways associated with a Gallimimus foot skeleton from the Nemegt Formation, Mongolia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 160–167. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.020. Bibcode: 2018PPP...494..160L. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Bronowicz, R. (2011). "New material of a derived ornithomimosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (3): 477−488. doi:10.4202/app.2009.1123. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Kurzanov, S. M. (1981). "An unusual theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Transactions of the Joint Soviet Mongolian Paleontological Expedition 15: 39−–49. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 85.5 Funston, G. F.; Mendonca, S. E.; Currie, P. J.; Barsbold, R.; Barsbold, R. (2018). "Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 101−120. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.023. Bibcode: 2018PPP...494..101F. 
  86. ↑ Funston, G. F. (2019). "Chapter 4 – Oviraptoridae" (PDF). Anatomy, systematics, and evolution of Oviraptorosauria (Dinosauria, Theropoda) (PhD thesis). University of Alberta. p. 419.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Osmólska, H. (2000). "Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins". Palaeontologica Polonica 42: 79–95. http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1981-42_79-95_20-21.pdf. Retrieved 2020-09-13. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Funston, G. F.; Currie, P. J.; Tsogtbaatar, C.; Khishigjav, T. (2021). "A partial oviraptorosaur skeleton suggests low caenagnathid diversity in the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". PLOS ONE 16 (7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254564. PMID 34252154. Bibcode: 2021PLoSO..1654564F. 
  89. ↑ Weishampel, D. B.; Fastovsky, D. E.; Watabe, M.; Varricchio, D.; Jackson, F.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Barsbold, R. (2008). "New oviraptorid embryos from Bugin Tsav, Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Mongolia, with insights into their habitat and growth". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (4): 1110–1119. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1110. Bibcode: 2008JVPal..28.1110W. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/geo_facpubs/86. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 Lee, S.; Lee, Y. N.; Chinsamy, A.; Lü, J.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2019). "A new baby oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". PLOS ONE 14 (2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210867. PMID 30726228. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1410867L. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Lü, J.; Tomida, Y.; Azuma, Y.; Dong, Z.; Lee, Y.-N. (2005). "Nemegtomaia gen. nov., a replacement name for the oviraptorosaurian dinosaur Nemegtia Lü et al. 2004, a preoccupied name". Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, Series C 31: 51. 
  92. ↑ Fanti, F.; Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D.; Lalueza-Fox, C. (2012). "New specimens of Nemegtomaia from the Baruungoyot and Nemegt Formations (Late Cretaceous) of Mongolia". PLOS ONE 7 (2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031330. PMID 22347465. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...731330F. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Barsbold, R.; Osmólska, H.; Watabe, M.; Currie, P. J.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2000). "New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) From Mongolia: The First Dinosaur With A Pygostyle". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45 (2): 97–106. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app45/app45-097.pdf. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Gregory F. Funston; Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig; Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar; Yoshitsugu Kobayashi; Corwin Sullivan; Philip J. Currie (2020). "A new two-fingered dinosaur sheds light on the radiation of Oviraptorosauria". Royal Society Open Science 7 (10). doi:10.1098/rsos.201184. PMID 33204472. Bibcode: 2020RSOS....701184F. 
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Barsbold, R. (1997). "Oviraptorosauria". Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Oxford, UK: Academic Press. pp. 505–508. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Maleev, E. A. (1954). "Noviy cherepachoobrazhniy yashcher v Mongolii". Priroda (3): 106−108.  Translated paper
  97. ↑ Barsbold, R. (1976). "Новые данные о теризинозавре (Therizinosauridae, Theropoda)" (in ru). Paleontology and Biostratigraphy of Mongolia. The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition, Transactions. Moscow: Nauka Press. pp. 76−92. https://drive.google.com/file/d/12k0N7-W9TygasxA3Qcpd_z5l-UQbiSi3/view?usp=sharing. 
  98. ↑ Zanno, L. E. (2010). "A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8 (4): 503−543. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.488045. Bibcode: 2010JSPal...8..503Z. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229289268. 
  99. ↑ Lee, Y.-N.; Barsbold, R.; Currie, P. J. (2008). "A short report of Korea-Mongolia International Dinosaur Project (1st and 2nd year)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (supp. 003): 104A–105A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459. https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/391143. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Osmólska, H. (1987). "Borogovia gracilicrus gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32: 133−150. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app32/app32-133.pdf. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Kurzanov, S. M.; Osmólska, H. (1991). "Tochisaurus nemegtensis gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 36: 69–76. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app36/app36-069.pdf. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Norell, M. A.; Makovicky, P. J.; Bever, G. S.; Balanoff, A. M.; Clark, J. M.; Barsbold, R.; Rowe, T. (2009). "A review of the Mongolian Cretaceous dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae, Theropoda)". American Museum Novitates (3654): 1−63. doi:10.1206/648.1. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/itempdf/280747. 
  103. ↑ Barsbold, R. (1974). "Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from Central Asia and North America". Palaeontologica Polonica 30: 5−22. http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1974_30_5-22_1-4.pdf. 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Kurzanov, S. M. (1976). "A new carnosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Nogon-Tsav, Mongolia" (in ru). The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition Transactions 3: 93−104. 
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Brusatte, S. L.; Carr, T. D.; Erickson, G. M.; Bever, G. S.; Norell, M. A. (2009). "A long snouted, multihorned tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". PNAS 106 (41): 17261−17266. doi:10.1073/pnas.0906911106. PMID 19805035. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 Osmolska, H. (1996). "An unusual theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 41 (1): 1−38. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app41/app41-001.pdf. 
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  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 Maleev, E. A. (1955). "New carnivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 104 (5): 779−783.  Translated paper
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  111. ↑ "Dinosaurs - Tarbosaurus bataar". 1 William Street Sydney NSW 2010 Australia: New South Wales Government. October 29, 2020. https://australian.museum/learn/dinosaurs/fact-sheets/tarbosaurus-bataar/. 



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