Earth:Nemegt Formation

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Short description: Geological formation in Mongolia
Nemegt Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian
~70 Ma
↓
Avimimus excavation.jpg
Nemegt, the type locality of the Nemegt Formation
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsLower, Middle and Upper units
UnderliesAlluvium
OverliesBarun Goyot Formation
ThicknessOver 235 m (771 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryShale, sandstone
OtherMudstone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 43°30′N 101°00′E / 43.5°N 101.0°E / 43.5; 101.0
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 40°48′N 90°12′E / 40.8°N 90.2°E / 40.8; 90.2
RegionBayankhongor Aimag, Omnogov, Ovorkhangai
Country Mongolia
ExtentGobi Desert
Cretaceous-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia.PNG
Cretaceous-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia. Nemegt localities at area A.

The Nemegt Formation (also known as Nemegtskaya Svita) is a geological formation in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The formation consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, and a diverse fauna of dinosaurs, including birds.

Description

The Nemegt Formation is composed of mudstones and sandstones that were deposited by ancient lakes, streams, and flood plains. The Altan Uul locality was described by Michael Novacek as "a canyon carved out of a very rich series of sedimentary rocks" with "steep cliffs and narrow washes". The climate associated with it was wetter than when preceding formations were deposited; there seems to have existed at least some degree of forest cover. Fossilized trunks have been also found. These petrified wood, and the remains of Araucariaceae conifers indicate that the forests of the Nemegt were thickly wooded, with a high canopy formed by tall conifer trees. When examined, the rock facies of this formation suggest the presence of stream and river channels, mudflats, and shallow lakes. Sediments also indicate that there existed a rich habitat, offering diverse food in abundant amounts that could sustain massive Cretaceous dinosaurs.[1][2]

Stratigraphy

Nemegt and Barun Goyot formations intersection

The most recent stratigraphy divides the Nemegt Formation into three informal members. The lower member is dominated by fluvial deposits, while middle and upper members consist of alluvial plain, paludal, lacustrine, and fluvial deposits. The colour of the sediments is usually light grey to tan in colour in comparison to the typically red colour of the underlying Barun Goyot Formation.[3] It overlies and sometimes interfingers with the Barun Goyot Formation. Interfingering has been noted at the stratotype (Red Walls) and Hermiin Tsav.[3] There has been no absolute dating of the Nemegt Formation. Historically the Nemegt has been considered late Campanian to Maastrichtian, based on comparisons of fossils present, but no exact dating has been performed. The age for the underlying Baruungoyot Formation (= Svita) has been suggested as Santonian to Campanian, and Shuvalov (2000) found K-Ar dating of basalts that they referred to the mid and upper Baruungoyot to be 75 to 80 million years old.[4]

Paleobiota of the Nemegt Formation

Stratigraphic positions are based on Eberth (2018) who correlated localities to their approximate position within the formation.[3]Template:Paleobiota-key-compact

Amphibians

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Altanulia A. alifanovi Altan Uul II Middle or Upper "Partial maxilla."[5] A discoglossid. Its classification has been criticized.[6]

Crocodylomorphs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Paralligator[7] P. gradilifrons[7] Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Ulaan Bulag Lower "Partially complete skulls with sparse body elements."[7] A paralligatorid. Nemegt Formation paralligatorids.png

Fish

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Harenaichthys H. lui Altan Uul, Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Ulan Khushu "Partial skull parts, isolated and articulated centra, and articulated caudal fin."[8] An osteoglossomorph. Includes previously reported material.[9][8]
Hiodontidae indet. Indeterminate Ulan Khushu "Partial vertebrae and premaxilla."[9] A mooneye.
Teleostei indet. Indeterminate Not specified. "Vertebral centra found within a specimen of Raptorex."[9] A teleost.
Osteichthyes indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Vertebrae and scales found within a specimen of Deinocheirus''."[10] A bony fish.

Flora

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Araucariaceae indet. Indeterminate Altan Uul II, Nemegt "Petrified wood and trunks."[11][2] An araucarian.
Monilitheca M. minuta Ulaan Bulag "Two isolated megasporophylls and megaspore casts."[12] A sporophyll related to quillworts.
Lemnaceae indet. Indeterminate Tsagan Khushu, Ulaan Bulag "Fruits."[13] Duckweed.
Potamogeton-like indet. Indeterminate Ulaan Bulag "Shoots and leaves."[13] Pondweed.

Invertebrates

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Altanicypris A. bispinifera Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Complete carapace and left valve."[14] An ostracod.
A. multispina Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Nine carapaces and some detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
A. szczechurae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Candona C. altanulaensis Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
cf. C. fabaeformis Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Candoniella C. altanica Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
C. mordvilkoi Altan Uul IV Lower "Three adult carapaces."[15] An ostracod.
Cyclocypris C. transitoria Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Seven adult carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Cypria C. elata Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav "Several carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
Cypridopsis? C. bugintsavicus Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Ten adult carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Several complete carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Cypris? C. ectypa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Ulan Bulag "Complete carapaces and some detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Cypridea cf. C. punctilataeformis Nemegt "One adult carapace."[15] An ostracod.
C. barsboldi Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
C. cavernosa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
C. rostrata Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav "Caparaces."[15] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Five juvenile carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Gobiella G. prima Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Khandia K. stankevitchae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
Leiria Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Several detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Complete carapace."[14] An ostracod.
Limnocythere sp. Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Juvenile carapace."[14] An ostracod.
Lycopterocypris? cf. L. profunda Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple complete carapaces and left valve."[14] An ostracod.
Mongolianella M. palmosa? Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Several adult carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Mongolocypris M. distributa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple specimens with complete carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
Nemegtia N. biformata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple complete carapaces and several detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
N. obliquecostae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
N. reticulata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Tsagan Khushu "Several carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Paracypridea? P. mongolica Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Rhinocypris sp. Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Scabriculocypris S. ingenicus? Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Naran Bulag, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
S. rasilis? Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Timiriasevia cf. T. miaogouensis Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Seven valves."[14] An ostracod.
cf. T. opinabilis Altan Uul IV Lower "Adult carapace."[15] An ostracod.
T. minuscula Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
T. naranbulakensis Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Four carapaces and one right valve."[14] An ostracod.
Ziziphocypris Z. costata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Fourteen carapaces."[14] An ostracod.

Mammals

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Buginbaatar[16] B. transaltaiensis[16] Bügiin Tsav Middle or Upper "Fragmentary skull."[16] A multituberculate.
"Gurlin Tsav skull" Indeterminate Middle or Partial skull A mysterious metatherian, possibly a sparassodont.

Pterosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Unnamed azhdarchid Indeterminate Guriliin Tsav Middle or Upper "Fragmentary cervical vertebrae."[17] A giant azhdarchid. Mongol Giant.png

Turtles

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Gobiapalone G. breviplastra Alak Shand Khuduk, Altan Uul I, Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II, Nemegt, Ulan Khushu "Shell and body elements from multiple specimens."[18] A trionychid.
Gravemys G. barsboldi Bamba Khuduk, Hermiin Tsav, Ingeni Khobur, Tsagan Khushu "Partial to complete shells."[19][20] A lindholmemydid.

Nanhsiungchelyidae indet.

Indeterminate Hermiin Tsav II Lower "Shell fragment."[21] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Indeterminate Khuren Tsav "Damaged shell."[21] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Partial plastron."[21] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Mongolemys M. elegans Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Tsagan Khushu "Skull, shell and body elements from multiple specimens."[22][23] A lindholmemydid. Mongolemys elegans.JPG
Mongolochelys M. efremovi Altan Uul II, Altan Uul III, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Skull, shell and body elements from multiple specimens."[24][25] A sichuanchelyid.
Nemegtemys N. conflata Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Partial plastron elements."[18] A trionychid.

"Trionyx"

"T". gilbentuensis Gilbentu "Fragmentary shell."[18] A trionychid.
"T". gobiensis Altan Uul III, Bamba Khuduk, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Fragmentary shell and carapace fragments."[18] A trionychid.
Trionychidae indet. Indeterminate Bamba Khuduk, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Ingeni Khobur "Shell and body remains."[18] A trionychid. Originally identified as Amyda menneri.[18]

Dinosaurs

Ankylosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
"Dyoplosaurus"[26] "D". giganteus[26] Nemegt Lower A series of caudal vertebrae, metatarsals, phalanges, osteoderms, and an undescribed partial tail club.[27] An ankylosaurid now regarded as nomen dubium. Tarchia gigantea tail club.jpg
Saichania[28] S. chulsanensis[28] Altan Uul IV Lower Partial vertebrae, tail club, and osteoderms.[29] An ankylosaurid also present in the Barun Goyot Formation. Saichania.jpg
Tarchia[28] T. teresae[29] Altan Uul IV, Hermiin Tsav I Lower A skull, mandibles, vertebrae, tail club, and other undescribed postcranial material.[29] An ankylosaurid. Tarchia gigantea skull front 4.JPG
T. tumanovae[30] Hermiin Tsav Lower[3] "Partial skeleton with complete skull."[30] An ankylosaurid. Tarchia tumanovae holotype skeletal.png
Tetrapodosaurus-like indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Shar Tsav "Footprint casts."[31] Ankylosaurid tracks.
Ankylosauridae indet. Indeterminate Altan Uul II-III-IV, Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav I, Khuree Tsav, Nemegt A partial dentary, caudal vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, metatarsals, phalanges, pedal phalanx, humeri, partial pelvis, tail clubs, cervical half-rings, osteoderms, skin impressions, and undescribed of juveniles and partial skeletons.[27] Cranial and postcranial material representing numerous individuals of different ages. Ankylosaurine tails.jpg

Alvarezsaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Mononykus[32] M. olecranus[32] Bügiin Tsav Middle or Upper "Fragmentary skull, vertebrae, limbs and fragmented pelvis."[33] An alvarezsaurid. Mononykus Restoration.png
Mononykus cf. Indeterminate Altan Uul III "Caudal vertebrae and left hindlimb."[34] An alvarezsaurid.
Nemegtonykus[34] N. citus[34] Altan Uul III "Partially complete skeleton from two specimens lacking the skull."[34] An alvarezsaurid.

Birds

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Brodavis[35] B. mongoliensis[35] Bügiin Tsav "Nearly complete left tarsometatarsus."[35] A hesperornithine.
Gurilynia[36] G. nessovi[36] Guriliin Tsav Middle or Upper "Left coracoid and partial humerii."[36] An enantiornithine.
Judinornis[37] J. nogontsavensis[37] Nogon Tsav "Dorsal vertebra."[37] A hesperornithine.
Laevisoolithus[38] L. sochavai "Whole egg with partly broken pole"[38] Laid by a bird or small theropod.[38]
Subtiliolithus[38] S. microtuberculatus[38] "Eggshell fragments"[38]
Teviornis[39] T. gobiensis[39] Guriliin Tsav Middle or Upper "Partial forelimbs."[39] An anseriform.
Unnamed ornithurans Indeterminate Tsagan Khushu "A humerus and two tibiotarsi."[40] Ornithuran remains.

Dromaeosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
A. mongoliensis[41] Bügiin Tsav Middle or Upper "Partial skull and fragmentary postcrania from two specimens."[42] A dromaeosaurid. Adasaurus Restoration.jpg

Dromaeosauridae indet.

Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav Middle or Upper "Cervical vertebra."[43] A dromaeosaurid.
Indeterminate Hermiin Tsav Lower "Dorsal vertebra."[44] A dromaeosaurid.
Indeterminate Khaichin I "Three teeth."[45] A dromaeosaurid.
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Dorsal vertebra and other elements."[44][46] A dromaeosaurid.
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Footprints with poor claw marks."[47] Two-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to either Adasaurus or Zanabazar.

Hadrosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Amblydactylus-like indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II, Guriliin Tsav, Yagaan Khovil "Footprint casts."[31] Three-toed hadrosaurs tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.
Barsboldia[48] B. sicinskii[48] Nemegt Lower[3] "Partial vertebrae, pelvis, and ribs."[48][49] A hadrosaurid. Barsboldia sicinskii (2).jpg
Hadropodus Indeterminate Nemegt "Numerous footprints."[50] Hadrosaurid tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.
Saurolophus[51] S. angustirostris[52] Presence in most localities[53] "Multiple specimens, including articulated skulls, postcranial skeletons and mass death assemblage."[54][55][56][57] A saurolophine hadrosaurid which was the most common hadrosaur in the area.[58] Saurolophus angustirostris.png
Unnamed ichnotaxon Indeterminate Nemegt "Numerous footprint casts with trackways."[59] Hand and feet hadrosaur tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.

Ornithomimosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Anserimimus[60] A. planinychus[60] Bügiin Tsav Middle or Upper[3] "Partial skeleton lacking the skull."[60][61] An ornithomimid. Anserimimus LM.png
Deinocheirus[62] D. mirificus[62] Altan Uul III-IV, Bügiin Tsav
  • Lower
  • Middle or Upper[3]
 "Complete skull with virtually complete postcranial remains from three specimens."[10] A giant deinocheirid. Hypothetical Deinocheirus.jpg
Gallimimus[63] G. bullatus[63] Presence in most localities[64] "Multiple specimens with nearly complete skull and postcranial elements."[64][65] An ornithomimid. Gallimimus Steveoc86.jpg
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Nine trackways including an articulated Gallimimus foot."[47] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to ornithomimids.
Unnamed ornithomimid[66] Indeterminate Tsagan Khushu "Partial vertebral column with fore and hindlimbs."[66][64] An ornithomimid.

Oviraptorosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Avimimus[67] A. portentosus[67] Shar Tsav "Skull roof with fragmentary body elements."[68] An avimimid. Also present in the Djadokhta Formation. Avimimus mmartyniuk wiki.png
A. nemegtensis[68] Nemegt Lower[3] "Fragmented skull with partial skeleton."[68] An avimimid. Avimimus nemegtensis skeletal.png
Conchoraptor C. gracilis Guriliin Tsav Middle or Upper "Skull and a flock of articulated individuals."[69] An oviraptorid. Also present in the Barun Goyot Formation. Conchoraptor Restoration.png
Elmisaurus[70] E. rarus[70] Altan Uul II, Nemegt
  • Lower
  • Middle or Upper
 "Fragmentary skull and partially skeletons from several specimens."[68][71] A caenagnathid. Elmisaurus.jpg
Elongatoolithidae indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Three eggs containing embryonic remains."[72] Oviraptorid eggs.
Gobiraptor[73] G. minutus[73] Altan Uul III "Partial crania with complete lower jaws and fragmented postcrania."[73] An oviraptorid.
Indeterminate Indeterminate Hermiin Tsav, Shar Tsav, Yagaan Khovil "Footprint casts."[31] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Avimimus.
Nemegtomaia[74] N. barsboldi[74] Nemegt Lower "Multiple specimens including a nesting specimen and eggs."[75] An oviraptorid also present in the Barun Goyot Formation. Nesting Nemegtomaia.jpg
Nomingia[76] N. gobiensis[76] Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt
  • Lower
  • Middle or Upper
 "Vertebral series with partial hindlimbs and a referred pygostyle."[68] A caenagnathid. May be synonymous with Elmisaurus.[71] Nomingia gobiensis.png
Oksoko[77] O. avarsan Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav Middle or Upper "Multiple associated skeletons."[77] An oviraptorid. Oksoko skeletal.jpg
Rinchenia[78] R. mongoliensis[78] Altan Uul II Middle or Upper "Skull with nearly complete skeleton."[68] An oviraptorid. Rinchenia Restoration.png

Pachycephalosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Homalocephale[79] H. calathocercos[79] Nemegt Lower[3] "Partial skull and skeleton including hindlimbs."[79] A pachycephalosaurid. Homalocephale NT small.jpg
Prenocephale[79] P. prenes[79] Guriliin Tsav, Nemegt
  • Lower[3]
  • Middle or Upper
 "Complete skull and partial postcranium of several specimens."[79][80] A pachycephalosaurid. Prenocephale bickering.jpg
P. sp.[80] Tsagan Khushu, Nemegt Lower[3] "complete left squamosal"; large skull
Indeterminate Bugiin Tsav Middle or Upper[3] "incomplete frontoparietal dome and fragments of associated braincase bones"[80]

Sauropods

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Brontopodus Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Large footprint and several four-toed tracks."[81][50] Sauropod tracks. Attributed to Opisthocoelicaudia.
Brontopodus-like indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Yagaan Khovil "Footprint casts."[31] Sauropod tracks.
Nemegtosaurus[82] N. mongoliensis[82] Nemegt Lower "Skulls and body remains from several specimens."[83][84][85] A titanosaur. Nemegtosaurus3.jpg
Opisthocoelicaudia[86] O. skarzynskii[86] Altan Uul IV Lower "Nearly complete skeleton without the skull and cervical series."[84] A titanosaur. Opisthocoelicaudia.jpg
Undescribed sauropods Indeterminate Altan Uul I-II-II-IV, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Khamaryn Khural, Khuree Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Tsagan Khushu, Ulan Khushu "Several fragmentary remains."[84] Sauropod remains that may represent already named taxa.
Unnamed ichnotaxon Indeterminate Nemegt "Footprint casts with skin impressions."[59] Four-toed sauropod tracks. Attributed to Opisthocoelicaudia.

Therizinosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Therizinosaurus[87] T. cheloniformis[87] Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt Lower[3] "Fore and hindlimb elements from multiple specimens."[88][89] A giant therizinosaurid. Therizinosaurus Restoration.png
Undescribed therizinosaurids Indeterminate Altan Uul, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Ulan Khushu "Partial remains."[90] Therizinosaurid remains.

Troodontids

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Borogovia[91] B. gracilicrus[91] Altan Uul IV Lower "Partial hindlimbs."[91] A troodontid.
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Footprints with poor claw marks."[47] Two-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to either Adasaurus or Zanabazar.
Tochisaurus[92] T. nemegtensis[92] Nemegt Lower "Left metatarsus."[92] A troodontid.
Zanabazar[93] Z. junior[94] Bügiin Tsav Middle or Upper "Skull with fragmentary postcranial skeleton."[93] A troodontid originally identified as "Saurornithoides junior". Zanabazar.jpg

Tyrannosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Alioramus[95] A. remotus[95] Nogon Tsav "Partially preserved skull with very sparse postcranial remains."[95] An alioramin. Alioramus Life Restoration.jpg
A. altai[96] Tsagan Khushu "Nearly complete skull with partial postcrania."[96] An alioramin. Alioramus altai.jpg
Bagaraatan[97] B. ostromi[97] Nemegt Lower[3] "Fragmentary lower jaw, hindlimb and caudal vertebrae."[97] A tyrannosauroid.
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II "Footprint casts."[31] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Tarbosaurus.

Raptorex[98]

R. kriegsteni[98]

"Nearly complete skeleton including the skull."[98] A controversial genus of tyrannosaurid that could be a juvenile Tarbosaurus.[99] Raptorex NT.jpg
Tarbosaurus[100] T. bataar[101] Presence in most localities[2] "Nearly complete skeletons from multiple specimens."[100][101][2] A large tyrannosaurid which was the most common large carnivore in the area.[102] Tarbosaurus Restoration.png
Unnamed ichnotaxon Indeterminate Nemegt "Footprint casts with skin impressions."[59] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Tarbosaurus.
Tyrannosauripodidae indet. Indeterminate Nemegt "Five tracks."[50] Three-toed tyrannosaurid tracks. Attributed to either Alioramus or Tarbosaurus.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Novacek, M. (1996). Dinosaurs of the Flaming Cliffs. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc. New York, New York. ISBN:978-0-385-47775-8
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Owocki, K.; Kremer, B.; Cotte, M.; Bocherens, H. (2020). "Diet preferences and climate inferred from oxygen and carbon isotopes of tooth enamel of Tarbosaurus bataar (Nemegt Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 537: 109190. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.05.012. Bibcode: 2020PPP...53709190O. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Eberth, David A. (1 April 2018). "Stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental evolution of the dinosaur-rich Baruungoyot-Nemegt succession (Upper Cretaceous), Nemegt Basin, southern Mongolia" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 29–50. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.018. Bibcode: 2018PPP...494...29E. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018217305771. 
  4. ↑ Shuvalov, V.F. (2000). "The Cretaceous stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography of Mongolia". in Benton, Michael J.; Shishkin, Mikhail A.; Unwin, D.M. et al.. The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–278. ISBN 0-521-55476-4. https://archive.org/details/agedinosaursruss00bent. 
  5. ↑ Gubin, Y. M. (1993). "Cretaceous anurans of Mongolia" (in ru). Paleontological Journal: 51−56. 
  6. ↑ Sanchíz, B. (1998). "Salientia Part 4". Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie. Munich. pp. 1−275. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Turner, A. H. (2015). "A Review of Shamosuchus and Paralligator (Crocodyliformes, Neosuchia) from the Cretaceous of Asia". PLOS ONE 10 (2): e0118116. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118116. PMID 25714338. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1018116T. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kim, S.-H.; Lee, Y.-N.; Park, J.-Y.; Lee, S.; Winkler, D. A.; Jacobs, L. L.; Barsbold, R. (2022). "A new species of Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: Paleobiological and paleobiogeographic implications". Cretaceous Research 135: 105214. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105214. Bibcode: 2022CrRes.13505214K. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Newbrey, M. G.; Brinkman, D. B.; Winkler, D. A.; Freedman, E. A.; Neuman, A. G.; Fowler, D. W.; Woodward, H. N. (2013). "Teleost centrum and jaw elements from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian) of Mongolia and a re-identification of the fish centrum found with the theropod Raptorex kreigsteini". Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 291−303. ISBN 978-3-89937-159-8. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lee, Y.-N.; Barsbold, R.; Currie, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Lee, H.-J.; Godefroit, P.; Escuillié, F.; Tsogtbaatar, C. (2014). "Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus". Nature 515 (7526): 257−260. doi:10.1038/nature13874. PMID 25337880. Bibcode: 2014Natur.515..257L. https://www.academia.edu/11176967. 
  11. ↑ Gradziński, R. (1970). "Sedimentation of Dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert". Paleontologia Polonica 21: 147−229. http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1969-21_147-232_35-42.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Krassilovl, V. A.; Makulbekovl, N. M. (1996). "Isoetalean megasporophylls with megaspores from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 94 (3–4): 231–238. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00020-6. Bibcode: 1996RPaPa..94..231K. https://paleobotany.ru/pdf/Krassilov,%20Makulbekov%201996%20-%20Isoetalean%20megasporophylls%20with%20megaspores.pdf. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Krassilovl, V. A.; Makulbekovl, N. M. (1995). "Maastrichtian aquatic plants from Mongolia". Paleontological Journal 29 (2A): 119–140. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00020-6. Bibcode: 1996RPaPa..94..231K. https://paleobotany.ru/pdf/Krassilov,%20Makulbekov%201995%20-%20Maastrichtian%20aquatic%20plants%20from%20Mongolia.pdf. 
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.25 14.26 14.27 14.28 14.29 14.30 14.31 14.32 Szczechura, J. (1978). "Fresh-water ostracodes from the Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Mongolia". Paleontologia Polonica 38: 65−121. http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1978_38_65-121_16-37.pdf. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Szczechura, J.; Blaszyk, J. (1970). "Fresh-water Ostracoda from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert". Paleontologia Polonica 21: 107−120. http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1969-21_107-120_28-29.pdf. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Sochava, A. V. (1969). "The first multituberculate from the Uppermost Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia)". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 14 (3): 355−367. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app14/app14-355.pdf. 
  17. ↑ Tsuihiji, T.; Andres, B.; O'connor, P. M.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Mainbayar, B. (2017). "Gigantic pterosaurian remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (5): e1361431. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1361431. Bibcode: 2017JVPal..37E1431T. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320219078. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Danilov, I. G.; Hirayama, R.; Sukhanov, V. B.; Suzuki, S.; Watabe, M.; Vitek, N. S. (2014). "Cretaceous soft-shelled turtles (Trionychidae) of Mongolia: new diversity, records and a revision". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (7): 799−832. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.847870. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265389928. 
  19. ↑ Sukhanov, V. B.; Narmandakh, P. (1983). "The new genus of the Late Cretaceous turtles of Mongolia" (in ru). Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition 24: 44−66. 
  20. ↑ Danilov, I. G. (2003). "Gravemys Sukhanov and Narmandakh, 1983 (Testudinoidea: Lindholmemydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia: new data". PaleoBios 23 (3): 9−19. http://www.zin.ru/Labs/herplab/doc/Danilov_2003.pdf. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Danilov, I. G.; Syromyatnikova, E. (2008). "New materials on turtles of the family Nanhsiungchelyidae from the Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and Mongolia, with a review of the nanhsiungchelyid record in Asia". Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 312 (1–2): 3–25. doi:10.31610/trudyzin/2008.312.1-2.3. http://www.zin.ru/journals/trudyzin/doc/vol_312_1_2/tz_312_1_2_danilov.pdf. 
  22. ↑ Khosatzky, L. I.; Młynarski, M. (1971). "Chelonians from the upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Paleontologica Polonica 25: 131−144. http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1971_25_131_144_22_24.pdf. 
  23. ↑ Cadena, E. A.; Ksepka, D. T.; Norell, M. A. (2013). "New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny". American Museum Novitates (3766): 1−27. doi:10.1206/3766.2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235482403. 
  24. ↑ Khosatzky, L. I. (1997). "Big turtle of the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Russian Journal of Herpetology 4 (2): 148–154. doi:10.30906/1026-2296-1997-4-2-148-154. 
  25. ↑ Suzuki, S.; Tsogtbaatar, C. (2010). "A catalog of Mongolochelys collected by the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 3: 119–131. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268409947. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Maleev, E. A. (1956). "Armored dinosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia, Family Ankylosauridae" (in ru). Trudy Palaeontologicheskoi Instytuta, Akademiia Nauk SSSR 62: 51–91.  Translated paper
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D. (2014). "The ankylosaurid dinosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot and Nemegt formations of Mongolia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 172 (3): 631–652. doi:10.1111/zoj.12185. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Maryańska, T. (1977). "Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia". Palaeontologia Polonica 37: 85–151. http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1977-37_85-151_19-36.pdf. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Penkalski, P.; Tumanova, T. (2017). "The cranial morphology and taxonomic status of Tarchia (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Cretaceous Research 70: 117−127. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.10.004. Bibcode: 2017CrRes..70..117P. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "A new ankylosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia and implications for paleoecology of armoured dinosaurs". Scientific Reports 11 (1): Article number 22928. 2021. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02273-4. PMID 34824329. Bibcode: 2021NatSR..1122928P. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 Ishigaki, S.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Saneyoshi, M. (2009). "Dinosaur footprints from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Geological Quarterly 53 (9): 449–460. https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/view/7533/6183. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Perle, A.; Norell, M. A.; Chiappe, L. M.; Clark, J. M. (1993). "Correction: Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia". Scientific Reports 363 (188): 188. doi:10.1038/363188a0. 
  33. ↑ Perle, A.; Chiappe, L. M.; Rinchen, B.; Clark, J. M.; Norell, M. A. (1994). "Skeletal morphology of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda, Avialae) from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (3105): 1−29. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Lee, S.; Park, J.-Y.; Lee, Y.-N.; Kim, S.-H.; Lü, J.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2019). "A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". Scientific Reports 9 (1): 15493. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52021-y. PMID 31664171. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...915493L. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Martin, L. D.; Kurochkin, E. N.; Tokaryk, T. T. (2012). "A new evolutionary lineage of diving birds from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia". Palaeoworld 21 (1): 59−63. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.02.005. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Kurochkin, E. N. (1999). "A new large enantiornithid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Materials on the History of Fauna of Eurasia. 277. Saint Petersburg: Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. pp. 132−127. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Nessov, L.; Borkin, L. J. (1983). "New records of bird bones from Cretaceous of Mongolia and Middle Asia". Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR 116: 108–110. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 K. E. Mikhailov. 1991. Classification of fossil eggshells of amniotic vertebrates. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 36(2):193-238
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  40. ↑ Clarke, J. A.; Norell, M. A. (2004). "New avialan remains and a review of the known avifauna from the late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (3447): 1−12. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2004)447<0001:NARAAR>2.0.CO;2. https://zenodo.org/record/4735079. 
  41. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named barsbold1983
  42. ↑ Turner, A. H.; Makovicky, P. J.; Norell, M. A. (2012). "A Review of Dromaeosaurid Systematics and Paravian Phylogeny". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 371 (371): 19−22. doi:10.1206/748.1. https://zenodo.org/record/5399588. 
  43. ↑ Watabe, M.; Suzuki, S.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Tsubamoto, T; Saneyoshi, M. (2010). "Report of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition in 2006". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 3: 11−18. https://www.academia.edu/2451418. 
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  45. ↑ Badamkhatan, Z. (2008). "Dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Mongolian locality of Khaichin I". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (supp. 003): 47A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459. 
  46. ↑ Currie, P. J.; Longrich, N. R.; Ryan, M.; Eberth, D.; Demchig, B. (2008). "A bonebed of Avimimus sp. (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation, Gobi Desert: Insights into social behavior and development in a maniraptoran theropod". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (supp. 003): 67A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Lee, H.-J.; Lee, Y.-N.; Adams, T. L.; Currie, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Jacobs, L. L.; Koppelhus, E. B. (2018). "Theropod trackways associated with a Gallimimus foot skeleton from the Nemegt Formation, Mongolia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 160−167. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.020. Bibcode: 2018PPP...494..160L. 
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  49. ↑ Prieto-Márquez, A. (2011). "A reapprisal of Barsboldia sicinskii (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Journal of Paleontology 85 (3): 468–477. doi:10.1666/10-106.1. Bibcode: 2011JPal...85..468P. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259887595. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Nakajima, J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Chinzorig, T.; Tanaka, T.; Takasaki, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Fiorillo, A. R. (2018). "Dinosaur tracks at the Nemegt locality: Paleobiological and paleoenvironmental implications". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 147−159. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.026. Bibcode: 2018PPP...494..147N. 
  51. ↑ Brown, B. (1912). "A crested dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 31 (14): 131–136. 
  52. ↑ Rozhdestvensky, A. K. (1952). "Новый представитель утконосых динозавров из верхнемеловых отложений Монголии" (in ru). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 86 (2): 405–408. 
  53. ↑ Fanti, F.; Bell, P. R.; Currie, P. J.; Tsogtbataar, K. (2020). "The Nemegt Basin — One of the best field laboratories for interpreting Late Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 1−4. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.07.014. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318444365. 
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  55. ↑ Bell, P. R. (2012). "Standardized Terminology and Potential Taxonomic Utility for Hadrosaurid Skin Impressions: A Case Study for Saurolophus from Canada and Mongolia". PLOS ONE 7 (2): e31295. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031295. PMID 22319623. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...731295B. 
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  83. ↑ Wilson, J. A. (2005). "Redescription of the Mongolian sauropod Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis Nowinski (Dinosauria: Saurischia) and comments on Late Cretaceous sauropod diversity". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3 (3): 283−318. doi:10.1017/S1477201905001628. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231914267. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 Currie, P. J.; Wilson, J. A.; Fanti, F.; Mainabayar, B.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2017). "Rediscovery of the type localities of the Late Cretaceous Mongolian sauropods Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis and Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii: Stratigraphic and taxonomic implications". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 5−13. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.035. Bibcode: 2018PPP...494....5C. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331166476. 
  85. ↑ Averianov, A.; Lopatin, A. (2019). "A possible new specimen of the Late Cretaceous Mongolian sauropod Nemegtosaurus and sauropod diversity in the Nemegt Formation". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64 (2): 313−321. doi:10.4202/app.00596.2019. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Borsuk-Białynicka, M. M. (1977). "A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Palaeontologia Polonica 37 (5): 5–64. http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1977-37_5-64_1-14.pdf. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Maleev, E. A. (1954). "Noviy cherepachoobrazhniy yashcher v Mongolii". Priroda (3): 106−108.  Translated paper
  88. ↑ Barsbold, R. (1976). "Новые данные о теризинозавре (Therizinosauridae, Theropoda)" (in ru). Paleontology and Biostratigraphy of Mongolia. The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition, Transactions. Moscow: Nauka Press. pp. 76−92. https://drive.google.com/file/d/12k0N7-W9TygasxA3Qcpd_z5l-UQbiSi3/view?usp=sharing. 
  89. ↑ Zanno, L. E. (2010). "A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8 (4): 503−543. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.488045. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229289268. 
  90. ↑ Lee, Y.-N.; Barsbold, R.; Currie, P. J. (2008). "A short report of Korea-Mongolia International Dinosaur Project (1st and 2nd year)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (supp. 003): 104A–105A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Osmólska, H. (1987). "Borogovia gracilicrus gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32: 133−150. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app32/app32-133.pdf. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 Kurzanov, S. M.; Osmólska, H. (1991). "Tochisaurus nemegtensis gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 36: 69–76. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app36/app36-069.pdf. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Norell, M. A.; Makovicky, P. J.; Bever, G. S.; Balanoff, A. M.; Clark, J. M.; Barsbold, R.; Rowe, T. (2009). "A review of the Mongolian Cretaceous dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae, Theropoda)". American Museum Novitates (3654): 1−63. doi:10.1206/648.1. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/itempdf/280747. 
  94. ↑ Barsbold, R. (1974). "Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from Central Asia and North America". Palaeontologica Polonica 30: 5−22. http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1974_30_5-22_1-4.pdf. 
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 Kurzanov, S. M. (1976). "A new carnosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Nogon-Tsav, Mongolia" (in ru). The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition Transactions 3: 93−104. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Brusatte, S. L.; Carr, T. D.; Erickson, G. M.; Bever, G. S.; Norell, M. A. (2009). "A long snouted, multihorned tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". PNAS 106 (41): 17261−17266. doi:10.1073/pnas.0906911106. PMID 19805035. 
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  102. ↑ "Dinosaurs - Tarbosaurus bataar". 1 William Street Sydney NSW 2010 Australia: New South Wales Government. October 29, 2020. https://australian.museum/learn/dinosaurs/fact-sheets/tarbosaurus-bataar/. 



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