Earth:Central Pangean Mountains
The Central Pangean Mountains were an extensive northeast–southwest trending mountain range in the central portion of the supercontinent Pangaea during the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic periods. They were formed as a result of collision between the large landmasses of Euramerica (also known as Laurussia) and Gondwana during the formation of Pangaea. At its greatest elevation during the early part of the Permian period, it was comparable to the present Himalayas. Remnants of this massive mountain range include the Appalachian Mountains and Ouachita Mountains of North America as well as the Bohemian Massif and Massif Central in Europe.
A number of mountain building periods were involved in the formation of the Central Pangean Mountains, including the Acadian, Caledonian, Alleghenian, Mauritanide and Variscan orogenies.
The eastern portions of the range are also called the Variscan Mountains.[1]
Formation and decline
The Central Pangean Mountains were formed during the collision of Euramerica and northern Gondwana as part of the Variscan and Alleghanian orogenies, which began during the Carboniferous approximately 340 million years ago, and complete by the beginning of the Permian around 295 million years ago, when the range was at its maximum elevation. During the Permian, the mountain range was subjected to intense physical and mechanical weathering, reducing the peaks to around half their original size by the Late Permian (Lopingian) and creating numerous deep intermontane valleys. By the Middle Triassic, the Central Pangean mountains had been substantially reduced in size, and by the earliest Jurassic around 200 million years ago the Pangean range in Western Europe had been reduced to a few upland areas surrounded by deep marine basins.[2]
Climate
Climate modeling suggests that the Central Pangean Mountains contributed to the deposition of vast quantities of coal in the late Carboniferous. The mountains created an area of year-round heavy precipitation, with no dry season typical of a monsoon climate. This is necessary for the preservation of peat in coal swamps.[3] During the early-mid Permian, the Central Pangean Mountains lay directly beneath the equatorial rainy belt.[2] Data from the loess deposits of the Salagou Formation in France, dating to the Permian, indicates that the upland areas of the Central Pangean Mountains were likely glaciated, despite being located at the equator.[1] Due to their immense size and orientation nearly parallel to the equator, during the Late Permian the Central Pangean Mountains created a rain shadow to the north of the range, blocking the monsoonal rains from the Southern Hemisphere, and contributed to the formation of the immense Zechstein salt deposits in Europe.[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pfeifer, Lily S.; Soreghan, Gerilyn S.; Pochat, Stéphane; Van Den Driessche, Jean (2021-01-01). "Loess in eastern equatorial Pangea archives a dusty atmosphere and possible upland glaciation" (in en). GSA Bulletin 133 (1–2): 379–392. doi:10.1130/B35590.1. ISSN 0016-7606. Bibcode: 2021GSAB..133..379P.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Scotese, C.R.; Schettino, A. (2017), "Late Permian-Early Jurassic Paleogeography of Western Tethys and the World" (in en), Permo-Triassic Salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins (Elsevier): pp. 57–95, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809417-4.00004-5, ISBN 978-0-12-809417-4, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128094174000045, retrieved 2021-03-15
- ↑ Otto-Bliesner, Bette L. (15 September 1993). "Tropical mountains and coal formation: A climate model study of the Westphalian (306 MA)". Geophysical Research Letters 20 (18): 1947–1950. doi:10.1029/93GL02235. Bibcode: 1993GeoRL..20.1947O.
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