Earth:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
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The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification.[1][2][3][4][5] Created by a team of 48 scientists, the FLII, in its measurement of 300m pixels of forest across the globe, finds that ~17.4 million km2 of forest has high landscape-level integrity (with a score from 9.6–10), compared to ~14.6 million with medium integrity (6–9.6) and ~12.2 million km2 with low integrity (0–6).
The FLII finds that most remaining high-integrity forest landscapes are found in Canada , Russia , Rocky Mountains, Alaska, the Amazon, the Guianas, southern Chile, Central Africa, and New Guinea. Low integrity forests, on the other hand, are found in Western and Central Europe, the American Southeast, South-East Asia west of New Guinea, the Andes, much of China and India , the Albertine Rift, West Africa, Mesoamerica, and the Atlantic Forests of Brazil .
The results are meant to help decision-makers at all levels achieve their commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).[1]
Forest Integrity
An ecosystem is considered to have integrity when its structure, composition, and ecological processes are within their natural range.[6]
Country rankings
172 countries have been ranked: [7]
Country | Mean FLII | Low integrity (km2) | Medium integrity (km2) | High integrity (km2) | Total forest area (km2) | Map |
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10 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 68 | |
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9.8 | 1 | 72 | 495 | 569 | |
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9.58 | 4,162 | 40,817 | 147,413 | 192,391 | |
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9.45 | 5,083 | 59,389 | 146,218 | 210,691 | |
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9.39 | 6,796 | 25,031 | 107,954 | 139,781 | |
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9.36 | 520 | 11,915 | 27,407 | 39,841 | |
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9.28 | 30,161 | 139,350 | 379,097 | 548,608 | |
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9.13 | 13 | 187 | 372 | 572 | |
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9.07 | 11,780 | 118,348 | 120,852 | 250,979 | |
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9.02 | 739,484 | 2,245,281 | 5,137,079 | 8,121,843 | |
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8.99 | 480,206 | 1,027,386 | 2,968,268 | 4,475,860 | |
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8.89 | 24,512 | 124,215 | 158,184 | 306,911 | |
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8.86 | 329 | 2,819 | 2,761 | 5,909 | |
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8.86 | 85,793 | 190,547 | 509,720 | 786,061 | |
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8.85 | 90 | 1,475 | 977 | 2,542 | |
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8.85 | 1,620 | 16,769 | 10,140 | 28,529 | |
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8.84 | 37,294 | 183,415 | 216,355 | 437,064 | |
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8.82 | 734 | 5,322 | 4,448 | 10,504 | |
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8.78 | 64,650 | 170,792 | 351,112 | 586,554 | |
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8.65 | 34 | 137 | 130 | 301 | |
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8.47 | 78,745 | 280,532 | 272,007 | 631,284 | |
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8.43 | 5 | 13 | 17 | 36 | |
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8.35 | 105,487 | 284,054 | 315,895 | 705,436 | |
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8.35 | 1,753 | 10,802 | 3,594 | 16,148 | |
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8.26 | 150,737 | 272,442 | 428,320 | 851,499 | |
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8.23 | 6,068 | 18,926 | 15,294 | 40,288 | |
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8.09 | 45 | 333 | 9 | 387 | |
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8.02 | 8,374 | 40,156 | 8,410 | 56,939 | |
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8 | 66,191 | 181,336 | 119,263 | 366,789 | |
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7.99 | 3,982 | 17,595 | 5,007 | 26,585 | |
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7.79 | 6,982 | 17,803 | 9,784 | 34,570 | |
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7.71 | 1,102 | 2,842 | 1,498 | 5,442 | |
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7.69 | 284 | 1,149 | 82 | 1,515 | |
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7.67 | 3,361 | 12,930 | 2,162 | 18,453 | |
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7.66 | 48,822 | 77,585 | 73,492 | 199,900 | |
Template:Country data DRC | 7.56 | 533,118 | 935,508 | 727,983 | 2,196,608 | |
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7.55 | 8 | 35 | 0 | 43 | |
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7.52 | 1,374,902 | 1,354,961 | 2,338,101 | 5,067,963 | |
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7.5 | 96,969 | 164,376 | 110,822 | 372,167 | |
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7.42 | 2,034 | 7,090 | 459 | 9,583 | |
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7.42 | 2,090 | 7,859 | 1,139 | 11,088 | |
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7.4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5 | |
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7.37 | 56,849 | 41,971 | 93,537 | 192,357 | |
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7.35 | 741 | 1,935 | 399 | 3,075 | |
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7.23 | 13,785 | 41,992 | 3,760 | 59,538 | |
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7.22 | 117,672 | 239,624 | 103,852 | 461,148 | |
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7.21 | 98,249 | 189,966 | 72,557 | 360,772 | |
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7.19 | 6,871 | 15,310 | 3,149 | 25,329 | |
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7.18 | 129,745 | 220,188 | 96,924 | 446,857 | |
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7.16 | 52,652 | 84,430 | 44,397 | 181,479 | |
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7.16 | 451 | 996 | 140 | 1,586 | |
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7.16 | 347 | 1,384 | 46 | 1,777 | |
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7.14 | 533,800 | 974,431 | 301,051 | 1,809,282 | |
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7.13 | 123,997 | 159,712 | 122,812 | 406,521 | |
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7.12 | 34,503 | 44,155 | 35,334 | 113,992 | |
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7.11 | 847 | 2,456 | 162 | 3,465 | |
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7.11 | 1,783 | 7,008 | 47 | 8,838 | |
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7.09 | 117,992 | 254,792 | 54,428 | 427,211 | |
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7.06 | 388 | 1,026 | 18 | 1,432 | |
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6.98 | 39,343 | 67,383 | 16,627 | 123,352 | |
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6.95 | 91 | 221 | 0 | 312 | |
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6.93 | 150,665 | 189,362 | 115,379 | 455,406 | |
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6.82 | 193,908 | 280,445 | 121,842 | 596,195 | |
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6.77 | 2,426 | 5,256 | 122 | 7,805 | |
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6.77 | 214 | 227 | 199 | 640 | |
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6.74 | 2,260 | 4,076 | 451 | 6,787 | |
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6.65 | 1,328,079 | 1,144,693 | 658,645 | 3,131,417 | |
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6.64 | 31 | 140 | 0 | 171 | |
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6.62 | 1,478 | 2,176 | 418 | 4,072 | |
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6.6 | 14,548 | 27,833 | 1,078 | 43,459 | |
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6.6 | 535,370 | 509,018 | 431,973 | 1,476,361 | |
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6.55 | 4,820 | 7,189 | 1,534 | 13,543 | |
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6.41 | 2,949 | 4,778 | 82 | 7,809 | |
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6.39 | 78,538 | 102,626 | 29,877 | 211,041 | |
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6.39 | 43,043 | 68,243 | 3,516 | 114,801 | |
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6.38 | 8,786 | 14,547 | 1,453 | 24,786 | |
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6.37 | 27 | 38 | 0 | 65 | |
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6.37 | 25,420 | 21,310 | 14,605 | 61,336 | |
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6.31 | 30,143 | 31,939 | 16,349 | 78,431 | |
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6.31 | 5 | 33 | 0 | 37 | |
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6.31 | 9,450 | 14,417 | 1,644 | 25,511 | |
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6.2 | 64,621 | 65,355 | 24,307 | 154,283 | |
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6.18 | 5,261 | 6,016 | 1,910 | 13,187 | |
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6.17 | 235 | 316 | 0 | 551 | |
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6.15 | 7,004 | 7,957 | 2,744 | 17,705 | |
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6.09 | 18,884 | 26,325 | 847 | 46,057 | |
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6.02 | 25,060 | 32,009 | 888 | 57,956 | |
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6 | 86,276 | 89,326 | 33,612 | 209,214 | |
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5.99 | 13,387 | 17,031 | 574 | 30,993 | |
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5.95 | 38,395 | 48,394 | 607 | 87,395 | |
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5.91 | 91,820 | 100,831 | 8,393 | 201,044 | |
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5.88 | 5,064 | 4,522 | 1,076 | 10,662 | |
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5.86 | 4,724 | 3,698 | 1,769 | 10,191 | |
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5.83 | 20,.541 | 22,390 | 1,613 | 44,544 | |
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5.8 | 135,783 | 133,480 | 16,005 | 285,268 | |
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5.74 | 12,514 | 12,167 | 2,396 | 27,078 | |
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5.7 | 9,274 | 8,702 | 855 | 18,831 | |
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5.59 | 92,986 | 80,564 | 19,252 | 192,801 | |
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5.46 | 1,894 | 1,681 | 3 | 3,577 | |
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5.46 | 567 | 478 | 0 | 1,045 | |
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5.45 | 10,013 | 7,251 | 1,947 | 19,211 | |
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5.4 | 22,605 | 18,460 | 1,632 | 42,697 | |
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5.35 | 174,415 | 109,779 | 23,494 | 307,687 | |
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5.35 | 82,551 | 75,353 | 9,588 | 167,492 | |
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5.29 | 17,513 | 14,112 | 516 | 32,141 | |
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5.22 | 7,418 | 6,044 | 81 | 13,543 | |
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5.19 | 2,628 | 1,775 | 47 | 4,450 | |
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5.14 | 1,354 | 987 | 0 | 2,340 | |
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5.08 | 144,310 | 83,572 | 9,294 | 237,176 | |
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5.01 | 5,362 | 3,249 | 158 | 8,770 | |
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5.01 | 130,825 | 91,957 | 21,499 | 244,281 | |
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4.94 | 45,489 | 34,968 | 3,196 | 83,653 | |
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4.92 | 15,732 | 10,522 | 379 | 26,633 | |
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4.9 | 81,702 | 54,877 | 2,895 | 139,475 | |
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4.85 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 17 | |
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4.79 | 51,975 | 31,162 | 11,025 | 94,163 | |
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4.72 | 114 | 92 | 0 | 206 | |
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4.65 | 27,164 | 12,838 | 4,164 | 44,167 | |
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4.63 | 120,340 | 66,584 | 11,922 | 198,846 | |
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4.56 | 181 | 85 | 0 | 266 | |
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4.55 | 95 | 50 | 0 | 145 | |
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4.53 | 57,519 | 28,901 | 2,160 | 88,580 | |
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4.52 | 161,987 | 49,496 | 74,121 | 285,604 | |
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4.5 | 6,882 | 3,841 | 46 | 10,769 | |
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4.5 | 59 | 42 | 0 | 101 | |
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4.48 | 57,899 | 23,802 | 3,692 | 85,392 | |
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4.45 | 170 | 49 | 0 | 219 | |
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4.36 | 77,303 | 36,381 | 7,507 | 121,190 | |
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4.34 | 17,615 | 8,165 | 0 | 25,781 | |
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4.23 | 82,770 | 46,013 | 133 | 128,916 | |
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4.22 | 221 | 86 | 0 | 308 | |
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4.21 | 5,054 | 2,501 | 14 | 7,569 | |
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4.2 | 28,427 | 13,558 | 4,702 | 46,686 | |
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4.19 | 19,890 | 9,364 | 518 | 29,772 | |
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4.14 | 170 | 85 | 0 | 255 | |
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4.05 | 8,837 | 2,947 | 0 | 11,784 | |
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4.01 | 7,116 | 2,831 | 12 | 9,959 | |
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3.85 | 58,572 | 18,764 | 5,592 | 82,928 | |
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3.85 | 5,665 | 2,170 | 619 | 8,454 | |
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3.78 | 11,065 | 3,791 | 0 | 14,856 | |
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3.76 | 541 | 115 | 0 | 656 | |
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3.65 | 79,403 | 26,858 | 25 | 106,286 | |
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3.64 | 158,010 | 41,005 | 7,288 | 206,303 | |
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3.64 | 841 | 282 | 0 | 1,123 | |
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3.63 | 77,870 | 20,847 | 91 | 98,808 | |
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3.63 | 65,356 | 17,646 | 4,858 | 87,860 | |
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3.61 | 11,793 | 3,998 | 0 | 15,791 | |
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3.59 | 104 | 9 | 0 | 113 | |
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3.55 | 36,666 | 12,422 | 21 | 49,109 | |
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3.53 | 13,636 | 4,412 | 10 | 18,058 | |
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3.3 | 89,540 | 20,183 | 176 | 109,900 | |
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3.05 | 24,473 | 4,832 | 52 | 29,358 | |
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2.79 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 12 | |
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2.76 | 52,512 | 11,858 | 640 | 65,010 | |
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2.28 | 122,168 | 11,307 | 0 | 133,475 | |
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2.25 | 18,729 | 2,047 | 0 | 20,776 | |
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2.24 | 101,886 | 7,103 | 0 | 108,989 | |
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2.2 | 3,113 | 202 | 0 | 3,315 | |
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2.09 | 38,164 | 2,137 | 0 | 40,301 | |
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1.71 | 32,161 | 1,611 | 0 | 33,772 | |
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1.65 | 29,149 | 2,917 | 35 | 32,101 | |
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1.62 | 24,554 | 930 | 0 | 25,484 | |
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1.36 | 8,803 | 297 | 0 | 9,099 | |
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1.12 | 1,170 | 0 | 0 | 1,170 | |
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1.11 | 170 | 2 | 0 | 172 | |
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1.06 | 531 | 2 | 0 | 533 | |
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0.92 | 5,283 | 96 | 0 | 5,378 | |
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0.82 | 25,966 | 553 | 0 | 26,519 | |
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0.6 | 5,250 | 72 | 0 | 5,322 | |
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0.56 | 4,772 | 218 | 69 | 5,059 | |
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0.5 | 5,756 | 31 | 0 | 5,787 | |
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0.01 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Countries with high mean FLII (8-10)
Countries with medium mean FLII (5-7.99)
Countries with low mean FLII (0-4.99)
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Background
The index was authored by a global team of forest conservation experts, including:[1]
Institution | Author(s) |
---|---|
Wildlife Conservation Society, The Bronx | H.S. Grantham; A. Duncan; T. D. Evans; K. R. Jones; J. Walston; J. G. Robinson; M. Callow; T. Clements; H. M. Costa; A. DeGemmis; P. R. Elsen; P. Franco; S. Jupiter; A. Kang; S. Lieberman; M. Linkie; M. Mendez; C. Samper; J. Silverman; T. Stevens; E. Stokes; T. Tear; R. Tizard; S. Wang; J. E. M. Watson |
University of Queensland, Brisbane | H. L. Beyer; S. Maxwell; H. Possingham; J. E. M. Watson |
Carleton University, Ottawa | R. Schuster |
Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Toronto | J. C. Ray |
United Nations Development Program, Manhattan | J. Ervin |
World Resources Institute, Washington, DC | E. Goldman; R. Taylor |
Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff | S. Goetz; P. Jantz |
Montana State University, Bozeman | A. Hansen |
Rainforest Foundation Norway, Oslo | E. Hofsvang |
Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas | P. Langhammer; R. Mittermeier |
Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona | P. Langhammer |
James Cook University, Cairns | W. F. Laurance; N. J. Murray |
University of Oxford, Oxford | Y. Malhi |
The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia | H. Possingham |
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California | S. Saatchi |
World Wide Fund for Nature Germany, Berlin | A. Shapiro |
International Institute of Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro | B. Strassburg |
University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia | O. Venter |
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria | P. Visconti |
See also
- Intact forest landscape
- List of countries by forest area
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C. et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature Communications 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 33293507. Bibcode: 2020NatCo..11.5978G.
- ↑ Elcacho, Joaquim (2020-12-14). "Descubre con este mapa dónde están los mejores bosques de tu país y del mundo" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia (Barcelona). https://www.lavanguardia.com/natural/fauna-flora/20201214/6119278/descubre-mapa-donde-mejores-bosques-pais-mundo.html.
- ↑ "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". University of Oxford. 2020-12-10. https://www.naturebasedsolutionsinitiative.org/news/anthropogenic-modification-of-forests-means-only-40-of-remaining-forests-have-high-ecosystem-integrity/.
- ↑ Попова, Марина (2020-12-09). "Прямое влияние человека обошло стороной 40 процентов современных лесов" (in Russian). https://nplus1.ru/news/2020/12/09/ecosystem-integrity.
- ↑ "New Forest Landscape Integrity Index Reveals that Only 40 Percent of World's Forests Have High Integrity". Wildlife Conservation Society. 2020-12-08. https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/15605/New-Forest-Landscape-Integrity-Index-Reveals-that-Only-40-Percent-of-Worlds-Forests-Have-High-Integrity.aspx.
- ↑ Parrish, Jeffrey D.; Braun, David P.; Unnasch, Robert S. (2003). "Are We Conserving What We Say We Are? Measuring Ecological Integrity within Protected Areas". BioScience 53 (9): 851. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0851:AWCWWS2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0006-3568.
- ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C. et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 33293507.
External links
![]() | Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest Landscape Integrity Index.
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