Earth:Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy

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Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) is a US government program supporting research into geothermal energy.[1] The FORGE site is near Milford, Utah, funded for up to $140 million. As of 2023, numerous test wells had been drilled, and flux measurements had been conducted, but energy production had not commenced.[2]

History

In February 2014, the Department of Energy (DOE) announced the intent to establish "a dedicated subsurface laboratory"[1] to investigate and develop enhanced geothermal systems.[3] In June 2018 DOE funded a location outside of Milford, Utah for up to $140 million.[4]

Site

The site is located along the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range Province transition zone. It is primarily composed of intrusive Oligocene through Miocene batholith emplaced into Precambrian metamorphic (Gneiss) and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks.[5][6] The site is west of the Mineral Mountains and about two km east of the north–south trending Opal Mond Fault (OMF), perpendicular to the east–west trending Negro Mag Fault (NMF).[5][7] FORGE is dominated by a fault-fracture mesh system with OMF as one of its most active features.[6][8] Fault structures vary from steeply dipping faults west of the Mineral Mountains to more gently steeping faults to the east.[6][5]

The reservoir is located approximately between 1,525 and 2,896 meters (~5,000-10,000 ft) depth in which temperature ranges from 175 to 225 °C.[9] The rock is aged from 8 Ma to 25.4 Ma.[10][11][12] Roosevelt Hot Springs (RHS) to the east is a hydrothermal area with temperatures ranging from about 100°C at the surface to over 250 °C at a depth of roughly 4000 meters (13,123.4 ft).[8] These temperatures indicate the presence of cooling magma in the shallow crust.[8]

Research

More than 80 shallow gradient wells (<500 m depth) and 20 deeps wells (>500 m depth) were drilled.[13][14] Analyses from the shallow well data reported that the encountered granitic rocks were not producing fluids, but were hot.[13] A lack of fluid production indicated these rocks are impermeable and that the site is a classic example of a hot dry rock energy system.[9] The thermal grounds cover most of the northern Milford valley.[13][14] The highest temperature wells (greater than 80 °C) are located east of the OMF above the RHS hydrothermal system.[14] Near-surface profiles (less than 80 m depth) of temperature gradient are similar in central, southern and western sectors at roughly 70 °C per km and do not exceed 270 °C, even at higher temperature wells to the west.[14]

The primary well descends vertically 6,000 feet (1.8 km), then continues 5,000 feet (1.5 kilometers) at a 65 degree angle. The well employed a diamond-tipped bit, cutting drilling costs by 20 percent.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Geothermal Technologies Office (February 21, 2014). "DOE Announces Notice of Intent for EGS Observatory". Department of Energy. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/news_detail.html?news_id=21286. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Barber, Gregory. "A Vast Untapped Green Energy Source Is Hiding Beneath Your Feet" (in en-US). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/story/a-vast-untapped-green-energy-source-is-hiding-beneath-your-feet/. Retrieved 2023-08-10. 
  3. ↑ "Energy Department Announces $29 Million Investment in Enhanced Geothermal Systems Efforts". Washington, DC: Department of Energy. Aug 31, 2016. https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-29-million-investment-enhanced-geothermal-systems-efforts. 
  4. ↑ "Department of Energy Selects University of Utah Site for $140 Million Geothermal Research and Development". https://www.energy.gov/articles/department-energy-selects-university-utah-site-140-million-geothermal-research-and. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Knudsen, Tyler; Kleber, Emily; Hiscock, Adam; Kirby, Stefan M. (2019). "Quaternary Geology of the Utah FORGE Site and Vicinity, Millard and Beaver Counties, Utah" (in en-US). Geothermal Characteristics of the Roosevelt Hot Springs System and Adjacent FORGE EGS Site, Milford, Utah. doi:10.34191/mp-169-b. https://ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/misc_pubs/mp-169/mp-169-b.pdf. Retrieved 2021-11-08. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Kirby M., Stefan (2019). "Revised Mapping of Bedrock Geology Adjoining the Utah FORGE Site" (in en-US). Geothermal Characteristics of the Roosevelt Hot Springs System and Adjacent FORGE EGS Site, Milford, Utah. pp. 12–19. doi:10.34191/MP-169-A. https://ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/misc_pubs/mp-169/mp-169-a.pdf. Retrieved 2021-11-08. 
  7. ↑ Rahilly, Kristen; Simmons, Stuart; Fischer, Tobias P. (2019). "Carbon Dioxide Flux and Carbon and Helium Isotopic Composition of Soil Gases Across the FORGE Site and Opal Mound Fault, Utah" (in en-US). Geothermal Characteristics of the Roosevelt Hot Springs System and Adjacent FORGE EGS Site, Milford, Utah. doi:10.34191/mp-169-i. https://indd.adobe.com/view/96b5e14d-49a0-4247-8314-6aed7e34b953. Retrieved 2021-11-08. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Moore, Joseph; McLennan, John; Pankow, Kristine; Simmons, Stuart; Podgorney, Robert; Wannamaker, Philip; Jones, Clay; Rickard, William et al. (February 10–12, 2020). "The Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE): A Laboratory for Characterizing, Creating and Sustaining Enhanced Geothermal Systems". Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California: 1–10. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/GeoConf/papers/SGW/2020/Moore.pdf. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Moore, Joseph; McLennan, John; Allis, Rick; Pankow, Kristine; Simmons, Stuart; Podgorney, Robert; Wannamaker, Philip; Bartley, John et al.. "The Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE): An International Laboratory for Enhanced Geothermal System Technology Development". Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2019/Moore.pdf. 
  10. ↑ NIELSON, DENNIS L.; EVANS, STANLEY H., JR.; SIBBETT, BRUCE S. (1986-06-01). "Magmatic, structural, and hydrothermal evolution of the Mineral Mountains intrusive complex, Utah". GSA Bulletin 97 (6): 765–777. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<765:MSAHEO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. Bibcode: 1986GSAB...97..765N. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)972.0.CO;2. 
  11. ↑ Coleman, Drew S.; Walker, J. Douglas (1992). "Evidence for the generation of juvenile granitic crust during continental extension, Mineral Mountains Batholith, Utah" (in en). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 97 (B7): 11011–11024. doi:10.1029/92JB00653. ISSN 2156-2202. Bibcode: 1992JGR....9711011C. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/92JB00653. 
  12. ↑ Aleinikoff, J. N.; Nielson, D. L.; Hedge, C. E.; Evans, S. H. (1986). "Geochronology of Precambrian and Tertiary rocks in the Mineral Mountains, south-central Utah". US Geological Survey Bulletin 1622: 1–12. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Allis, Rick; Moore, Joe; Davatzes, Nick; Gwynn, Mark; Hardwick, Christian; Kirby, Stefan; McLennan, John; Pankow, Kris et al. (February 22–24, 2016). "EGS Concept Testing and Development at the Milford, Utah FORGE Site". Standford University in Standford CA, 41st Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering SGP-TR-209: 13. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2016/Allis.pdf. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Allis, Rick (2018). "Thermal Characteristics of the FORGE site, Milford, Utah". Geothermal Resources Council Transactions 42-15. https://publications.mygeoenergynow.org/grc/1033913.pdf. 



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