Earth:Hydrometeorology
Hydrometeorology is a branch of meteorology and hydrology that studies the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere. Hydrologists often use data provided by meteorologists.[1] As an example, a meteorologist might forecast 2–3 inches (51–76 mm) of rain in a specific area, and a hydrologist might then forecast what the specific impact of that rain would be on the local terrain.[2]
UNESCO has several programs and activities in place that deal with the study of natural hazards of hydrometeorological origin and the mitigation of their effects.[3] Among these hazards are the results of natural processes and atmospheric, hydrological, or oceanographic phenomena such as floods, tropical cyclones, drought, and desertification. Many countries have established an operational hydrometeorological capability to assist with forecasting, warning, and informing the public of these developing hazards.
Hydrometeorological forecasting
One of the more significant aspects of hydrometeorology involves predictions about and attempts to mitigate the effects of high precipitation events.[4] There are three primary ways to model meteorological phenomena in weather forecasting, including nowcasting, numerical weather prediction, and statistical techniques.[2] Nowcasting is good for predicting events a few hours out, utilizing observations and live radar data to combine them with numerical weather prediction models.[2] The primary technique used to forecast weather, numerical weather prediction uses mathematical models to account for the atmosphere, ocean, and many other variables when producing forecasts.[2] These forecasts are generally used to predict events days or weeks out.[2] Finally, statistical techniques use regressions and other statistical methods to create long-term projections that go out weeks and months at a time.[2] These models allow scientists to visualize how a multitude of different variables interact with one another, and they illustrate one grand picture of how the Earth's climate interacts with itself.[5]
Risk assessment
A major component of hydrometeorology is mitigating the risk associated with flooding and other hydrological threats. First, there has to be knowledge of the possible hydrological threats that are expected within a specific region.[2] After analyzing the possible threats, warning systems are put in place to quickly alert people and communicate to them the identity and magnitude of the threat.[2] Many nations have their own specific regional hydrometeorological centers that communicate threats to the public. Finally, there must be proper response protocols in place to protect the public during a dangerous event.[2]
Operational hydrometeorology in practice
Countries with a current operational hydrometeorological service include, among others:
- Australia (Bureau of Meteorology)
- Brazil (National Center for Natural Disaster Monitoring and Alerts)[6]
- Canada (Environment Canada)
- England and Wales (Flood Forecasting Centre)[7]
- France[8]
- Germany[9]
- India[10]
- Scotland (Flood Forecasting Service)[11]
- Serbia (Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia)[12]
- Russia (Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia)
- United States (Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, known as the Weather Prediction Center since 2013)
References
- ↑ Peck, Eugene L. (1978). "Hydrometeorology". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 59 (5): 609–612. doi:10.1175/1520-0477-59.5.609. Bibcode: 1978BAMS...59..609P.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Sene, Kevin (2015). Hydrometeorology: Forecasting and Applications. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. pp. 1. ISBN 978-3-319-23546-2.
- ↑ "Hydro-meteorological hazards | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". Unesco.org. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/special-themes/disaster-risk-reduction/natural-hazards/hydro-meteorological-hazards/.
- ↑ Dale, Murray; Davies, Paul; Harrison, Tim (2012). "Review of recent advances in UK operational hydrometeorology". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 165 (2): 55–64. doi:10.1680/wama.2012.165.2.55.
- ↑ Betts, Alan (2004). "Understanding Hydrometeorology Using Global Models". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85 (11): 1673–1688. doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1673. Bibcode: 2004BAMS...85.1673B.
- ↑ "Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais (Cemaden)". labhidro-IGEO-UFRJ. http://www.cemaden.gov.br/.
- ↑ "Flood Forecasting Centre". Ffc-environment-agency.metoffice.gov.uk. 2011-09-22. http://www.ffc-environment-agency.metoffice.gov.uk.
- ↑ "Information nationale". Vigicrues. http://www.vigicrues.gouv.fr.
- ↑ "Hydrometeorology and water management". Deutscher Wetterdienst. https://www.dwd.de/EN/specialusers/water_management/water_management_node.html.
- ↑ "Hydro-Meteorology". Imd.gov.in. http://www.imd.gov.in/section/hydro/static/welcome.htm.
- ↑ "Flood Forecasting Service". Sepa.org.uk. http://www.sepa.org.uk/flooding/flood_forecasting_service.aspx.
- ↑ "Republic Hydrometeorological service of Serbia Kneza Višeslava 66 Beograd". Hidmet.gov.rs. 2014-05-18. http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/index_eng.php.
External links
 |  |
