Earth:Jiufotang Formation

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Jiufotang Formation
Stratigraphic range: Aptian
~122–118.9 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofJehol Group
Sub-unitsShangheshou & Meileyingzi Beds
UnderliesFuxin & Shahai Formations
OverliesYixian Formation
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 41°12′N 119°24′E / 41.2°N 119.4°E / 41.2; 119.4
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 44°24′N 119°30′E / 44.4°N 119.5°E / 44.4; 119.5
RegionLiaoning
CountryChina
Type section
Named forJiufotang, Pingfangzi, Liaoning
Named byRyuji Endo
Year defined1934[1]
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The Jiufotang Formation (Chinese: 九佛堂组; pinyin: jiǔfótáng zǔ) is an Early Cretaceous geological formation in Chaoyang, Liaoning which has yielded fossils of feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, pterosaurs, and other organisms (see Jehol Biota). It is a member of the Jehol group. The exact age of the Jiufotang has been debated for years, with estimates ranging from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. New uranium-lead dates reveal the formation is deposited in the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous.[2] Fossils of Microraptor and Jeholornis are from the Jiufotang.[3]

Fossil content

Choristoderans

Genus Species County Member Abundance Notes
Philydrosaurus P. proseilus Monjurosuchid
Ikechosaurus I. pijiagouensis Simoedosaurid
Liaoxisaurus L. chaoyangensis Simoedosaurid
Hyphalosaurus H. baitaigouensis[4] Hyphalosaurid

Fish

Genus Species County Member Notes Images
Caeruleum C. miraculum[5] Weichang A lamprey
C. gracilis[6] Weichang A lamprey
Hebeimyzon[7] H. weichangensis Weichang A lamprey
Jinanichthys J. longicephalus An osteoglossomorph
Lycoptera L. davidi An osteoglossomorph
Peipiaosteus P. pani A fish related to sturgeons
Protopsephurus P. liui A paddlefish
Sinamia S. zdanskyi An amiiform

Mammaliamorphs

Several mammaliamorph specimens have been found from the Jiufotang, but only a few have been formally described and named.

Genus Species County Member Material Notes
Cokotherium C. jiufotangensis[8] Partial skeleton A eutherian
Fossiomanus F. sinensis[9] A nearly complete skeleton A tritylodontid cynodont, likely the youngest known non-mammalian synapsid
Liaoconodon L. hui[10] A nearly complete skeleton A eutriconodont
Unnamed mammal Unnamed Partial remains including a foot and fragments of the skull A mammal similar to Eomaia and Sinodelphys from the Yixian Formation. Found as stomach contents of Microraptor zhaoianus.

Ornithischians

Genus Species Locality County Member Material Notes Images

Chuanqilong[11]

C. chaoyangensis[11]

Liaoning A nearly complete skeleton missing only the distal portion of the caudal series.

A basal ankylosaurid, sister taxon to Liaoningosaurus.[11]

Liaoningosaurus paradoxus
Psittacosaurus meileyingensis
Psittacosaurus mongoliensis
Liaoningosaurus[12] L. paradoxus[12] Baicaigou locality Liaoning A nearly complete, articulated skeleton A basal ankylosaurid.

Psittacosaurus

P. meileyingensis

Meileyingzi Bed

"[Four] individuals, [two] complete skulls."[13]

A ceratopsian.

P. mongoliensis

Shangheshou and Meileyingzi Beds

Pterosaurs

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images

Chaoyangopterus

C. zhangi

A chaoyangopterid[14]
Feilongus
Liaoningopterus
Meilifeilong
Nemicolopterus
Nurhachius
Sinopterus and Huaxiadraco
Vesperopterylus

Eoazhdarcho

E. liaoxiensis

A chaoyangopterid[14]

Feilongus

F. youngi

Jianshangou Bed

A boreopterid
Forfexopterus F. jeholensis A ctenochasmatid

Gladocephaloideus

G. jingangshanensis

Jingangshan Bed

A ctenochasmatid
Guidraco

G. venator

A pteranodontoid[15]

Hongshanopterus H. lacustris An istiodactylid
Huaxiadraco H. corollatus Multiple specimens A tapejarid[16]

"Huaxiapterus"

"H." benxiensis

A tapejarid; synonymized with Huaxiadraco in 2023

Ikrandraco

I. avatar

A pteranodontoid[15]

Jidapterus

J. edentus

A chaoyangopterid[14]

Liaoningopterus

L. gui

A pteranodontoid[15]

Liaoxipterus

L. brachyognathus

An istiodactylid[14]

Linlongopterus

L. jennyae

A pteranodontoid[15]

Meilifeilong M. youhao Jianchang A nearly complete skeleton and a partial skull A chaoyangopterid[17]

Nemicolopterus

N. crypticus

A tapejaromorph; previously and still occasionally thought to be a tapejarid. Most likely a juvenile, hence small size.

Nurhachius

N. ignaciobritoi

An istiodactylid[14]
Pangupterus P. liui A pterodactyloid

Shenzhoupterus

S. chaoyangensis

A chaoyangopterid

S. sanyainus A chaoyangopterid[18]

Sinopterus

S. dongi

A tapejarid[14]

S. jii

Previously known as Huxiapterus jii

Vesperopterylus

V. lamadongensis

An anurognathid

Saurischians

Skeletal[19] and dental[20] remains are known, the latter was assigned to an indeterminate titanosauriform.

Enantiornithines

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images

Alethoalaornis

A. agitornis[21]

An enantiornithean

Brevirostruavis
Cuspirostrisornis
Longipteryx
Rapaxavis
Sinornis
Yuanchuavis

Boluochia

B. zhengi

"Partial skull [and] partial postcranium."[22]

A longipterygid

Brevirostruavis B. macrohyoideus "an extremely elongate bony hyoid element (only slightly shorter than the skull), combined with a short cranial rostrum."[23] An enantiornithine

Cathayornis

C. aberransis

An enantiornithine

C. caudatus

Nomen dubium[24]

C. yandica

"Partial skeleton."[22]

An enantiornithean

Cuspirostrisornis

C. houi

A possible avisaurid

Dapingfangornis

D. sentisorhinus

An enantiornithean

Eocathayornis

E. walkeri

"Partial skeleton."[22]

An enantiornithean

Gracilornis

G. jiufotangensis

An enantiornithean

Imparavis[25] I. attenboroughi Jianchang An articulated, nearly complete specimen

Huoshanornis

H. huji

An enantiornithean

Largirostrornis

L. sexdentoris

An enantiornithean

Longchengornis

L. sanyanensis

An enantiornithean

Longipteryx

L. chaoyangensis

A longipterygid

Musivavis M. amabilis "A nearly complete and articulated skeleton preserved in a single slab."[26] An euenantiornithean

Rapaxavis

R. pani

A longipterygid

Shangyang

S. graciles

An enantiornithean

Sinornis

S. santensis

"Partial skull [and] many nearly complete postcranial skeletons."[27]

An enantiornithean

Xiangornis

X. shenmi

An enantiornithean

Yuanchuavis

Y. kompsosoura

An pengornithid

Euornithines

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images

Aberratiodontus

A. wui

Junior synonym of Yanornis martini[28]

Gansus zheni (≈Iteravis huchzermeyeri
Kunpengornis anhuimusei
Shuilingornis angelai
Piscivoravis lii
Yanornis martini
Yixianornis grabaui

Chaoyangia

C. beishanensis

"Partial skeleton."[27]

A basal euornithean

Iteravis

I. huchzermeyeri

Multiple complete, articulated skeletons

A possible gansuid basal euornithean. Some authors consider Gansus zheni, another species named from the same locality, to be a junior synonym.[29][30]

Jianchangornis

J. microdonta

Jianchang

A basal euornithean

Kunpengornis[31] K. anhuimusei Jianchang A nearly complete and articulated skeleton A piscivorous euornithean

Mengciusornis

M. dentatus

A schizoourid

Parahongshanornis[32]

P. chaoyangensis

A hongshanornithid

Piscivoravis

P. lii

An ornithuromorph

Schizooura

S. lii

Jianchang

A schizoourid with long, forked tail feathers

Similiyanornis

S. brevipectus

An ornithuromorph

Shuilingornis[33]

S. angelai

A gansuid

Songlingornis

S. linghensis

An ornithuromorph

Yanornis

Y. martini

An ornithuromorph

Yixianornis

Y. grabaui

A near complete skeleton

An ornithuromorph

Zhongjianornis

Z. yangi

A complete skeleton

A basal euornithean[34]

Non-ornithothoracean theropods

A large theropod tooth representing a distinct taxon from Sinotyrannus is known.[20]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Chongmingia[35] C. zhengi A partial skeleton with preserved soft tissues A jinguofortisid avialan
Confuciusornis sanctus
Jeholornis prima
Microraptor gui
Sinotyrannus kazuoensis
Wulong bohaiensis

Confuciusornis

C. sanctus

A primitive short-tailed avialan (pygostylian). Also present in the Yixian Formation

C. jianchangensis

Liaoning

Cratonavis[36] C. zhui Jianchang A complete skeleton with preserved feathers A jinguofortisid avialan

Dalianraptor

D. cuhe

Nomen dubium, named from a forged artificially assembled specimen.

Jeholornis[3]

J. prima[3]

A jeholornithiform avialan, also present in the Yixian Formation[37]

J. palmapenis[38]

A jeholornithiform avialan

Kompsornis

K. longicaudatus

"Nearly complete specimen".[39]

A jeholornithiform avialan

Microraptor

M. gui

Shangheshou Bed

Extremely common[19]

Could be synonym of Microraptor zhaoianus

M. zhaoianus

Shangheshou Bed[19]

"At least [three] partial semiarticulated postcrania and several skulls."[40] Feathered integument is also preserved.[40]

A dromaeosaurid.

Neimengornis

N. rectusmim

A jeholornithiform avialan

Omnivoropteryx

O. sinousaorum

An omnivoropterygiform avialan

Sapeornis

S. angustis

"Nearly complete skeleton without skull."[41]

An omnivoropterygiform, a primitive short-tailed avialan

S. chaoyangensis

Shenshiornis

Shenshiornis primita[42]

An omnivoropterygiform avialan

Similicaudipteryx

S. yixianensis

An oviraptorosaur

Sinotyrannus[43]

S. kazuoensis[43]

A tyrannosauroid[43]

Wulong[44] W. bohaiensis[44] Chaoyang, Liaoning[44] Complete articulated skeleton (D2933).[44] A dromaeosaurid

Crustaceans

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Eosestheria Eosestheria middendorfii[45] A clam shrimp

Plants

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Czekanowskia C. rigida[46] A member of Czekanowskiales, Dominant
Ginkgo G. digitata[46] A member of Ginkgoales
Elatocladus E. pinnatus[46] Conifer foliage
Pityolepis P. ovatus[46] Conifer cone
Leptostrobus L. sinensis[46] A member of Czekanowksiales, occasionally misspelled "Leptosthrobus"
Baiera B. valida[46] A member of Ginkgoales
B. cf. gracilis[46]
Ginkgoites G. trancata[46] A member of Ginkgoales, dominant
G. trancatus[46]
Podozamites P. sp.[45] Conifer foliage
Sphenopteris S. sp.[45] Seed plant foliage

See also

References

  1. ↑ Endo, R. (1934) (in ja). Geology and mineral resources of Manchuria. Tokyo: Sanseido. 
  2. ↑ Yu, Zhiqiang; Wang, Min; Li, Youjuan; Deng, Chenglong; He, Huaiyu (2021-12-01). "New geochronological constraints for the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Jianchang Basin, NE China, and their implications for the late Jehol Biota" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 583. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110657. ISSN 0031-0182. Bibcode: 2021PPP...58310657Y. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 He, H.Y.; Wang, X.L.; Zhou, Z.H.; Wang, F.; Boven, A.; Shi, G.H.; Zhu, R.X. (2004). "Timing of the Jiufotang Formation (Jehol Group) in Liaoning, northeastern China, and its implications". Geophysical Research Letters 31 (13): 1709. doi:10.1029/2004GL019790. Bibcode: 2004GeoRL..3112605H. 
  4. ↑ Zhang, L.-J.; Ji, S.-A.; Zhang, H.-C. (2024). "Discovery of the choristodere Hyphalosaurus baitaigouensis from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China and its paleobiogeographic significance". Journal of Palaeogeography 13 (3): 547–562. doi:10.1016/j.jop.2024.05.003. Bibcode: 2024JPalG..13..547Z. 
  5. ↑ Huang, Weijia (2023-09-01). "A new species of fossil lamprey (Petromyzontida: Petromyzontiformes) from Hebei, China" (in en). Historical Biology 36 (11): 2255–2267. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2252443. ISSN 0891-2963. 
  6. ↑ Huang, Weijia; Ma, Zhiheng; Fu, Lihong; Guo, Shilong (2024-01-14). "A new species of lamprey from Cretaceous semisaline environment in China" (in en). Historical Biology 37 (2): 384–390. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2303350. ISSN 0891-2963. 
  7. ↑ Guo, Xinyu (September 2022). "河北围场地区发现早白垩世七鳃鳗化石". Journal of Geology 46 (3): 260–265. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3636.2022.03.006. https://qikan.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=7108252978. 
  8. ↑ Wang, Hai-Bing; Hoffmann, Simone; Wang, Dian-Can; Wang, Yuan-Qing (7 February 2022). "A new mammal from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for eutherian evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377 (1847). doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0042. PMID 35125007. 
  9. ↑ Mao, F.; Zhang, C.; Liu, C.; Meng, J. (2021). "Fossoriality and evolutionary development in two Cretaceous mammaliamorphs". Nature 592 (7855): 577–582. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03433-2. PMID 33828300. Bibcode: 2021Natur.592..577M. 
  10. ↑ Meng, J.; Wang, Y.; Li, C. (2011). "Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodont". Nature 472 (7342): 181–185. doi:10.1038/nature09921. PMID 21490668. Bibcode: 2011Natur.472..181M. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Han, F.; Zheng, W.; Hu, D.; Xu, X.; Barrett, P.M. (2014). "A New Basal Ankylosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, China". PLOS ONE 9 (8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104551. PMID 25118986. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9j4551H. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 周, 长付; 刘, 晴; 王, 鑫悦; 张, 洪钢 (2022). "辽西建昌早白垩世九佛堂组甲龙类化石的首次发现". 山东科技大学学报(自然科学版) 41 (3): 1–7. doi:10.16452/j.cnki.sdkjzk.2022.03.001. ISSN 1672-3767. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?doi=10.16452/j.cnki.sdkjzk.2022.03.001. 
  13. ↑ "Table 22.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 479.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Wang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2006). "Pterosaur assemblages of the Jehol Biota and their implication for the Early Cretaceous pterosaur radiation". Geological Journal 41 (3–4): 405–418. doi:10.1002/gj.1046. Bibcode: 2006GeolJ..41..405X. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Rodrigues, Taissa; Jiang, Shunxing; Cheng, Xin; Wang, Xiaolin; Kellner, Alexander W.A. (2015). "A new toothed pteranodontoid (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Jiufotang Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of China and comments on Liaoningopterus gui Wang and Zhou, 2003". Historical Biology 27 (6): 782–795. doi:10.1080/08912963.2015.1033417. Bibcode: 2015HBio...27..782R. 
  16. ↑ Pêgas, R. V.; Zhoi, X.; Jin, X.; Wang, K.; Ma, W. (2023). "A taxonomic revision of the Sinopterus complex (Pterosauria, Tapejaridae) from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota, with the new genus Huaxiadraco". PeerJ 11: e14829. doi:10.7717/peerj.14829. PMID 36788812. 
  17. ↑ Wang, Xiaolin; Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Jiang, Shunxing; Chen, He; Costa, Fabiana R.; Cheng, Xin; Zhang, Xinjun; Nova, Bruno C. Vila et al. (2023-12-21). "A new toothless pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota with comments on the Chaoyangopteridae" (in en). Scientific Reports 13 (1): 22642. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48076-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 38129429. Bibcode: 2023NatSR..1322642W. 
  18. ↑ 姬书安, 张立军; JI Shu'an, ZHANG Lijun (2023-05-22) (in en). A new species of chaoyangopterid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous in western Liaoning, People's Republic of China. doi:10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2023322. ISSN 1000-9515. http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxbe/dzxbe/article/abstract/2023201. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Xu, X.; Norell, M.A. (2006). "Non-Avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China". Geological Journal 41 (3–4): 419–437. doi:10.1002/gj.1044. Bibcode: 2006GeolJ..41..419X. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Yin, Ya-Lei; Li, Yang; Hu, Jin; Zhang, Hong-Gang (20 February 2025). "Dinosaur teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China". PeerJ 13. doi:10.7717/peerj.19013. 
  21. ↑ Li, L., Hu, D.-Y., Duan, Y., Gong, E.-P. and Hou, L.-H. (2007). "Alethoalaornithidae fam. nov., a new family of enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning." Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 46(3): 365-372. (http://www.cqvip.com/qk/90074X/200703/25642898.html) [in Chinese]
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 212.
  23. ↑ Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Min; Stidham, Thomas A.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Clarke, Julia (2021). "Novel evolution of a hyper-elongated tongue in a Cretaceous enantiornithine from China and the evolution of the hyolingual apparatus and feeding in birds" (in en). Journal of Anatomy 240 (4): 627–638. doi:10.1111/joa.13588. ISSN 1469-7580. PMID 34854094. 
  24. ↑ O'Connor, J.; Dyke, G. (2010). "A reassessment of Sinornis santensis and Cathayornis yandica (Aves: Enantiornithes)". Records of the Australian Museum 62: 7–20. doi:10.3853/J.0067-1975.62.2010.1540. 
  25. ↑ Wang, Xiaoli; Clark, Alexander D.; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Zhang, Xiangyu; Wang, Xing; Zheng, Xiaoting; Zhou, Zhonghe (2024-02-27). "First Edentulous Enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Avifauna". Cretaceous Research 159 (in press). doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105867. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2024CrRes.15905867W. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667124000405. 
  26. ↑ Wang, Xuri; Cau, Andrea; Luo, Xiaoling; Kundrát, Martin; Wu, Wensheng; Ju, Shubin; Guo, Zhen; Liu, Yichuan et al. (2022-02-11). "A new bohaiornithid-like bird from the Lower Cretaceous of China fills a gap in enantiornithine disparity" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 96 (4): 961–976. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.12. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2022JPal...96..961W. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 214.
  28. ↑ Cau, A.; Arduini, P. (2008). "Enantiophoenix electrophyla gen. et sp. nov. (Aves, Enantiornithes) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon and its phylogenetic relationships". Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano 149: 293–324. 
  29. ↑ Ju, Shu-bin; Wang, Xu-ri; Liu, Yi-chuan (June 2021). "A reassessment of Iteravis huchzermeyeri and Gansus zheni from the Jehol Biota in western Liaoning". China Geology 3 (1): 1–8. doi:10.31035/cg2020066. ISSN 2589-9430. 
  30. ↑ Wang, Xia; Huang, Jiandong; Hu, Yuanchao; Liu, Xiaoyu; Peteya, Jennifer; Clarke, Julia A. (2018). "The earliest evidence for a supraorbital salt gland in dinosaurs in new Early Cretaceous ornithurines" (in en). Scientific Reports 8 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22412-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 29507398. 
  31. ↑ Huang, Jiandong; Wang, Xuri; Cau, Andrea; Mao, Lei; Liu, Yichuan; Wang, Yang (September 26, 2025). "A new euornithine from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) of China reveals the first radiation of fish-eating birds". Cretaceous Research 179 (in press). doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106244. ISSN 0195-6671. 
  32. ↑ Li, Li; Jing-Qi Wang; Shi-Lin Hou (2011). "A new ornithurine bird (Hongshanornithidae) from the Jiufotang Formation of Chaoyang, Liaoning, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica 49 (2): 195–200. http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201105/P020110530508998177705.pdf. 
  33. ↑ Wang, Xuri; Cau, Andrea; Wang, Yinuo; Kundrát, Martin; Zhang, Guili; Liu, Yichuan; Chiappe, Luis M. (2024-09-24). "A new gansuid bird (Avialae, Euornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Jiufotang Formation of Jianchang, western Liaoning, China". Cretaceous Research 166 (in press). doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106014. ISSN 0195-6671. 
  34. ↑ O'Connor, J. K.; Zhou, Z. (2013). "A redescription of Chaoyangia beishanensis (Aves) and a comprehensive phylogeny of Mesozoic birds". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11 (7): 889–906. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.690455. Bibcode: 2013JSPal..11..889O. 
  35. ↑ Min Wang; Xiaoli Wang; Yan Wang; Zhonghe Zhou (2016). "A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds". Scientific Reports 6. doi:10.1038/srep19700. PMID 26806355. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...619700W. 
  36. ↑ Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Min; Stidham, Thomas A.; Zhou, Zhonghe (2023-01-02). "Decoupling the skull and skeleton in a Cretaceous bird with unique appendicular morphologies" (in en). Nature Ecology & Evolution 7 (1): 20–31. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01921-w. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 36593291. Bibcode: 2023NatEE...7...20L. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01921-w. 
  37. ↑ Li, D.; Sulliven, C.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, Z. (2010). "Basal birds from China: a brief review". Chinese Birds 1 (2): 83–96. doi:10.5122/cbirds.2010.0002. Bibcode: 2010AvRes...1...83L. 
  38. ↑ O'Connor, J.K.; Sun, C.; Xu, X.; Wang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2012). "A new species of Jeholornis with complete caudal integument". Historical Biology 24 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1080/08912963.2011.552720. Bibcode: 2012HBio...24...29O. 
  39. ↑ Xuri Wang; Jiandong Huang; Martin Kundrát; Andrea Cau; Xiaoyu Liu; Yang Wang; Shubin Ju (2020). "A new jeholornithiform exhibits the earliest appearance of the fused sternum and pelvis in the evolution of avialan dinosaurs". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 199. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104401. Bibcode: 2020JAESc.19904401W. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Table 10.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 198.
  41. ↑ "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 216.
  42. ↑ Hu, D.; Li, L.; Hou, L.; Xu, X. (2010). "A new sapeornithid bird from China and its implication for early avian evolution". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 84 (3): 472–482. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00188.x. Bibcode: 2010AcGlS..84..472H. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Ji, Q.; Ji, S.-A.; Zhang, L.-J. (2009). "First large tyrannosauroid theropod from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota in northeastern China". Geological Bulletin of China 28 (10): 1369–1374. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Poust, Ashley W.; Gao, Chunling; Varricchio, David J.; Wu, Jianlin; Zhang, Fengjiao (2020-01-15). "A new microraptorine theropod from the Jehol Biota and growth in early dromaeosaurids" (in en). The Anatomical Record 303 (4): 963–987. doi:10.1002/ar.24343. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 31943887. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Shao, J. D., Tan, Q., Wang, H., Zhang, M., & He, H. Y. (2011). The Mesozoic strata and the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the Daxinganling Region. Geology and Resources, 20(1), 4-11.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.8 Pan, Y. Q., Gao, F. L., Zhang, G. R., Wang, X., & Wu, Z. J. (2015). New discovery of phytolith from Jiufotang formation in Xiaotaizi area, Liaoning Province. Geol Resources, 24, 87-92.

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