Biology:Longipteryx
Longipteryx is a genus of prehistoric bird which lived during the Early Cretaceous (Aptian stage, 120.3 million years ago). It contains a single species, Longipteryx chaoyangensis. Its remains have been recovered from the Jiufotang Formation at Chaoyang in Liaoning Province, China. Apart from the holotype IVPP V 12325 - a fine and nearly complete skeleton — another entire skeleton (IPPV V 12552), some isolated bones (a humerus and furcula, specimens IPPV V 12553, and an ulna, IPPV V 12554) and many other specimens are known to date.[1][2]
The name Longipteryx means "one with long feathers", from Latin longus, "long" + Ancient Greek pteryx (πτέρυξ), "wing", "feather" or "pinion". The specific name chaoyangensis is from the Latin for "from Chaoyang".
Description
The holotype of Longipteryx had an estimated wingspan of 46.3 cm (1.52 ft) and body mass of 193 g (6.8 oz).[3] It had a long snout — longer than the rest of the head — with a few hooked teeth at the tip, and, as the name implies, proportionally long and strong wings. Although it was basal to the extent that it had two long separate fingers with claws and a stubby thumb, the flight apparatus was generally quite well developed, and unlike most other birds of its time it possessed uncinate processes which strengthened the ribcage. Its claws and toes were long and strong while the leg was quite short. Altogether, the ability to fly and to perch was quite sophisticated for its age, to the detriment of terrestrial locomotion: the humerus was 1.56 times the length of the femur.[1][4]
The holotype retains many feather impressions, though poorly preserved; remiges do not seem to have been preserved, and what feathers remain are apparently only body feathers, wing coverts and down.[1] The end of the tail is destroyed in the holotype;[1] no rectrices are preserved and while the pygostyle is complete in other skeletons, only halos of short feathers are preserved.[5] While the related Shanweiniao and some other enantiornithines preserve two, four, or eight long display feathers on the tail, the absence of such feathers in any known specimen of Longipteryx probably indicates that they were absent in this species.[5]
Longipteryx was frugivorous, indicated by the discovery of complete gymnosperm seeds and a lack of gastroliths within two specimens, STM8–86 and STM8–112.[2] Initially, it was interpreted as a piscivore or an insectivore.[1][6][7] The authors of the 2024 study who reported direct evidence of frugivory in Longipteryx suggested that researchers should be cautious when predicting the diets in extinct taxa based on "untested morphological proxies".[2]
Classification
The affiliations of Longipteryx are not resolved. While it has been sometimes included in the Enantiornithes[1][8] and groups specifically with Euenantiornithes in some cladistic analyses,[9][self-published source?] it might be basal to or in Enantiornithes, being somewhat reminiscent of the equally puzzling Protopteryx.[10][self-published source?] Its plesiomorphies are comprehensive, as can be expected from its old age, but the autapomorphies appear quite "modern", especially compared to other early Enantiornithes.[1]
A distinct order (Longipterygiformes) and family (Longipterygidae) has been proposed for it.[1] Given that neither its exact relationships nor any close relatives are presently known, not much can be said about the phylogenetic position of L. chaoyangensis. On the other hand, Longirostravis hani, described a few years after Longipteryx, appears to be phylogenetically closer to the present taxon than other Mesozoic birds and indeed they might constitute a clade of early specialized Euenantiornithes.[9] If this is correct, they might well be considered as an order, in which case Longirostravisiformes and Longirostravisidae would become junior synonyms of Longipterygiformes and Longipterygidae, respectively.[citation needed]
In the 50% majority rule tree of the phylogenetic analysis published in their 2025 description of the longipterygid Chromeornis, O'Connor and colleagues recovered it as the sister taxon to Longipteryx, together forming the clade Longipteryginae, which is sister to the Longirostravinae. These results are displayed in the cladogram below:[11]
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe; Hou, Lianhai; Gu, Gang (June 2001). "Early diversification of birds: Evidence from a new opposite bird". Chinese Science Bulletin 46 (11): 945–949. doi:10.1007/bf02900473. Bibcode: 2001ChSBu..46..945Z.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 O’Connor, J.; Clark, A.; Herrera, F.; Yang, X.; Wang, X.; Zheng, X.; Hu, H.; Zhou, Z. (2024). "Direct evidence of frugivory in the Mesozoic bird Longipteryx contradicts morphological proxies for diet". Current Biology 34 (19): 4559–4566.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.08.012. PMID 39260360. Bibcode: 2024CBio...34.4559O.
- ↑ Francisco J. Serrano; Paul Palmqvist; Luis M. Chiappe; José L. Sanz (2017). "Inferring flight parameters of Mesozoic avians through multivariate analyses of forelimb elements in their living relatives". Paleobiology 43 (1): 144–169. doi:10.1017/pab.2016.35. Bibcode: 2017Pbio...43..144S.
- ↑ Lamanna, Matthew C.; You, Hai-Lu; Harris, Jerald D.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Ji, Shu-An; Lü, Jun-Chang; Ji, Qiang (2006). "A partial skeleton of an enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of northwestern China". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (3): 423–434. https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app51-423.html.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 O'Connor, J.K.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F. (2011). "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9 (1): 51–63. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.512614. Bibcode: 2011JSPal...9...51O.
- ↑ Zhou, Ya-Chun; Sullivan, Corwin; Zhou, Zhong-He; Zhang, Fu-Cheng (January 2021). "Evolution of tooth crown shape in Mesozoic birds, and its adaptive significance with respect to diet". Palaeoworld 30 (4): 724–736. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.12.008.
- ↑ Miller, Case Vincent; Pittman, Michael; Wang, Xiaoli; Zheng, Xiaoting; Bright, Jen A. (2022). "Diet of Mesozoic toothed birds (Longipterygidae) inferred from quantitative analysis of extant avian diet proxies". BMC Biology 20 (1): 101. doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01294-3. PMID 35550084.
- ↑ Enpu, Gong; Lianhai, Hou; Lixia, Wang (February 2004). "Enantiornithine Bird with Diapsidian Skull and Its Dental Development in the Early Cretaceous in Liaoning, China". Acta Geologica Sinica 78 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00668.x. Bibcode: 2004AcGlS..78....1G.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mortimer, Michael. "Phylogeny of taxa". The Theropod Database. http://archosaur.us/theropoddatabase/Phylogeny%20of%20Taxa.html.
- ↑ Mortimer, Michael (21 February 2004). "Tyrannosauroids and dromaeosaurs". Dinosaur Mailing List (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 29 July 2004.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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Further reading
- Clarke, Julia A.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Zhang, Fucheng (March 2006). "Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui". Journal of Anatomy 208 (3): 287–308. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x. PMID 16533313.
External links
- "朝阳长翼鸟" (in Chinese). http://www.shanghai-fossil.com.cn/products/display.asp?ClassID=3&ProductsID=291.
Template:Enantiornithes Wikidata ☰ Q1869545 entry
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