Earth:List of Iranian dynasties and countries

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The following is an incomplete list of historical dynasties which were at some time Iranian or the country they ruled were Iranian-speaking and of modern countries with significant Iranian populations or with an official Iranian language. The Iranians consist of Pashtuns, Persians, Medes, Scythians, Kurds, Bactrians, Tajiks, Baloch, Parthians, Sogdians, Sarmatians, Alans, Ossetians, along with others.

Current states

Independent states

  • Afghanistan
    •  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (de facto)
    •  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (de jure)
  • Tajikistan Tajikistan

Federal subjects of Russia

  • North Ossetia–Alania

Autonomous regions

  • China Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in China
  • Kurdistan Region Kurdistan Region in Iraq
  • Tajikistan Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in Tajikistan

Historical confederation of tribes and Iranian dynasties

  • Alans
  • Sogdians
  • Scythians
  • Xionites
  • Dahae
  • Parthians
  • Sarmatians
  • Saka
  • Medes
  • Daylamites
  • The Pahlavas
  • Massagetaeans
  • Khwarezmians
  • Roxolani
  • Siraces
  • Iazyges

Direct Iranian dynasties

  • Scythian kingdoms
  • Median dynasty (ca. 678 BCE–549 BCE) of Median origin
  • Orontid dynasty (570–200 BC) of Iranian origin[1][2][3][4][5]
  • Pharnacid dynasty (c. 550–320 BC) of Persian origin
  • Achaemenid dynasty (550–330 BC) of Persian origin
  • Ariarathid dynasty (331 BC–96 BC) of Iranian origin[6]
  • Atropatene (320s BC–3rd century AD) of Iranian origin
  • Parthian Empire ("Arsacid dynasty of Parthia"; 247 BC–224 AD) of Parthian origin
    • Arsacid dynasty of Armenia (52–428) of Parthian origin
    • Arsacid dynasty of Iberia (c. 189–284) of Parthian origin
    • Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania (1st century–510) of Parthian origin
  • Indo-Scythians (200 BCE–400 AD) of Scythian origin
  • Shule Kingdom (200 BC–790 AD) of Iranian origin
  • Artaxiad dynasty (190 BC–12 AD) of Iranian origin
  • Indo-Parthian Kingdom (12 BC–before 100 AD?) of Parthian origin
  • Kingdom of Khotan (56–1006) of Sakan origin
  • Sasanian dynasty (224–651) of Persian origin
  • House of Kayus (226-380) of Iranian origin
  • Chosroid dynasty (284–807) of Iranian origin
  • Afrighids (305–995) of Khwarezmian origin
  • Kingdom of the Alans (409–426) of Alan origin
  • Mihranids (330–821) of Parthian origin
  • Dabuyid dynasty (642–760) of Iranian origin
  • Masmughans of Damavand (650–760) of Parthian origin
  • Bavand dynasty (651–1349) of Parthian origin
  • Paduspanids (665–1598) of Iranian origin
  • Bukhar Khudahs (before 681–890s) of Sogdian origin
  • Principality of Ushrusana (?–892/3) of Sogdian origin
  • Qarinvand dynasty (7th-century–11th-century) of Parthian origin
  • Rustamid dynasty (767–909) of Persian origin[7]
  • Sadakiyans (770–828) of Kurdish origin
  • Justanids (791–974) of Iranian origin
  • Samanids (819–999) of Iranian origin[8]
  • Tahirid dynasty (821–873) of Persian origin[9]
  • Banijurids (848–908) of Iranian origin[10]
  • Saffarid dynasty (861–1003) of Persian origin[11]
  • Ghurid dynasty (before 879–1219) of Iranian origin
  • Qarmatians (899–1077) of Iranian origin
  • Alania (late 9th century–1238/1239) of Alan origin
  • Sajid dynasty (889/890–929) of Sogdian origin
  • Farighunids (9th century-1010) of Persian origin
  • Sallarid dynasty (919–1062) of Daylamite origin[12]
  • Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090) of Gilaki origin
  • Banu Ilyas (932–968) of Sogdian origin[13]
  • Buyid dynasty (934–1062) of Daylamite origin[14]
  • Hasanwayhids (950–1121) of Kurdish origin[15]
  • Shaddadids (951–1199) of Kurdish origin[16]
  • Rawadids (955–1116) Originally of Arab origin, but later Kurdicized.[17]
  • Marwanids (983/990–1085) of Kurdish origin
  • Annazids (990–1116) of Kurdish origin[18]
  • Ma'munids (995–1017) of Iranian origin[19]
  • Kakuyids (1008–1141) of Daylamite origin[20]
  • Nasrid dynasty (Sistan) (1029–1225) of Iranian origin
  • Principality of Eğil (1049–1864) of Kurdish origin[21]
  • Hazaraspids (1115–1424) of Kurdish origin[22]
  • Atabegs of Yazd (1141–1319) of Persian origin[23]
  • Khorshidi dynasty (1184–1597) of Kurdish origin
  • Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1260/1341) of Kurdish origin[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
  • Principality of Bitlis (1182–1847) of Kurdish origin
  • Emirate of Hasankeyf (1232–1524) of Kurdish origin[33][34]
  • Kurt Dynasty (1244–1381) of Tajik origin
  • Pervâneoğlu (1261-1326) of Persian origin
  • Zirqanids (1335-1835) of Kurdish origin
  • Afrasiab dynasty (1349–1504) of Iranian origin[35]
  • Sur Empire (1538-1556) of Pashtuns origin
  • Khalji dynasty (1290-1320) of Pashtuns origin
  • Marashis (1359–1596) of Mazandarani origin
  • Lodi dynasty (1451–1526) of Pashtun origin
  • Mirani dynasty (1476–1787) of Baloch origin
  • Emirate of Palu (1495–1850) of Kurdish origin
  • Malwa Sultanate (1392-1562) of Pashtuns origin
  • Safavid dynasty (1501-1736) It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin,[36] but later on they began to speak Turkic and became Turkified.[37] However, they still ruled as an Iranian empire.[38][39][40][41] and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region.[42] what is certain, that the Safavids were of native Iranian stock and spoke the Azerbaijani language.[43] Encyclopædia Iranica, described the Safavids as follows ; "As Persians of Kurdish ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the Safavids...".[44] (described them as Persians of Kurdish origin.)
  • Emirate of Bradost (1510–1609) of Kurdish origin[45]
  • Karrani dynasty of Pashtuns origin
  • Soran Emirate (1514–1836) of Kurdish origin
  • Sur Empire (1540–1556) of Pashtun origin
  • Ardalan (14th century–1865/1868) of Kurdish origin[46]
  • Baban (1649–1850) of Kurdish origin[47]
  • Karrani Dynasty (1564–1576) of Pashtun origin
  • Bengal Sultanate of Pashtuns origin
  • Hotaki dynasty (1709–1738) of Pashtun origin
  • Nawab of Awadh (1732–1856) of Persian origin
  • Talysh Khanate (1747–1826) of Talysh origin
  • Sarab Khanate (1747–?) of Kurdish origin[48]
  • Durrani Empire (1747–1862) of Pashtun origin
  • Zand dynasty (1750–1794) of Iranian origin
  • Talpur dynasty (1783–1843) of Baloch origin
  • Emirate of Herat (1793–1863) of Pashtun origin
  • Barakzai dynasty (1826–1973) of Pashtun origin
  • Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979) of paternally Mazandarani origin

Sinicized Iranian dynasties

Turkified Iranian dynasties

  • Khoy Khanate (1210-1799) The Khanate was ruled by the Donboli, a Turkified Kurdish tribe.[51]
  • Tabriz Khanate (1757–1799) Was a Caucasian Khanate from centered around Tabriz and led by members of the Turkified Kurdish Donboli tribe.[52]

Hellenized Iranian dynasties

  • Mithridatic dynasty (281 BC – 62 AD) The Mithridatic dynasty was a dynasty of Persian origin,[53][54] that ruled the Hellenistic kingdom[55] of Pontus.

Former and defunct Iranian governments

  • Kurdish state (1918-1919) (1918-1921)
  • Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1921)
  • Autonomous Government of Khorasan (1921)
  • Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921–1924/1925)
  • South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast (1922–1990)
  • Kurdistansky Uyezd (1923–1929)
  • Republic of Ararat (1927–1931)
  • Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929–1991)
  • Kurdistan okrug (1930)
  • North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1992)
  • Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947)
  • Baluchistan States Union (1952-1955)
  • Republic of Laçin (1992)
  • Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic (1993)
  • Islamic Emirate of Byara (2001-2003)
  • Islamic Emirate of Kunar (1991)
  • Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan (1996)

See also

Further reading

  • Kamrava, Mehran (2022). A Dynastic History of Iran: From the Qajars to the Pahlavis. Cambridge University Press.

References

  1. ↑ Allsen, Thomas T. (2011). The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN:978-0812201079. p. 37.; "The Orontid dynasty of Armenia (ca. 401-200), whose ruling house was of Achaemenid origin, originally administered the territory as satraps and later as independent kings."
  2. ↑ Sartre, Maurice (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. Harvard University Press. ISBN:978-0674016835. p. 23; "The Commagene kings claimed to be descended from the Orontids, a powerful Iranian family that had ruled the area during the Achaemenid period. They were related to the Achaemenids who had built a kingdom (...)".
  3. ↑ Babaie, Sussan.; Grigor, Talinn. Persian Kingship and Architecture: Strategies of Power in Iran from the Achaemenids to the Pahlavis. (2015). I.B.Tauris. ISBN:978-1848857513. p. 80.; "Iranian culture deeply influenced Armenia, and Iranian dynasties ruled Armenia during several important periods, including the Orontids (c. sixth century – c. early second century BCE) and Arsacids (54–428 CE)."
  4. ↑ TIGRAN II. Garsoian, N. (2005). Encyclopaedia Iranica. quote = "Tigran (Tigranes) II was the most distinguished member of the so-called Artašēsid/Artaxiad dynasty, which has now been identified as a branch of the earlier Eruandid [Orontid] dynasty of Iranian origin attested as ruling in Armenia from at least the 5th century B.C.E."
  5. ↑ Cyril Toumanoff (Georgetown University Press, 1963; Studies in Christian Caucasian History, part III. The Orontids of Armenia. ). p. 278; "The eponym's praeonemen Orontes is as Iranian as the dynasty itself, derived from the Avestan auraund/aurvant ('mighty,' 'hero') and related to the Pehlevi arvand."
  6. ↑ McGing 2012, p. 151; Weiskopf 1990, pp. 780–786; Shahbazi 1986, pp. 410–411; Boyce & Grenet 1991, pp. 266–267, 281; Mørkholm 1991, p. 96.
  7. ↑ Bosworth, C.E., ed. (1995). Encyclopedia of Islam (New ed.). Leiden [u.a.]: Brill [u.a.] p. 638. ISBN:90-04-09834-8.
  8. ↑ Richard Nelson Frye, William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, eds., The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN:978-0-521-20093-6, p. 160, p. 374.
  9. ↑ Frye, R. N.; Fisher, William Bayne; Frye, Richard Nelson; Avery, Peter; Gershevitch, Ilya; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Jackson, Peter (26 June 1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN:978-0-521-20093-6.
  10. ↑ Bosworth, C.E. (2004). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. p. 205. ISBN:978-0-7486-2137-8. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  11. ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, By Richard Nelson Frye, William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN:978-0-521-20093-6; p. 121.
  12. ↑ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996. pg 148
  13. ↑ Bosworth, C. E. "ĀL-E ELYĀS". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  14. ↑ Busse 1975, pp. 251–252; Bürgel & Mottahedeh 1988, pp. 265–269; Nagel 1990, pp. 578–586; Bosworth 1996, pp. 154–155; Kennedy 2004, p. 211; Karsh 2007, pp. 60; Cahen 1960, pp. 1350–1357; Felix & Madelung 1995, pp. 342–347.
  15. ↑ Gunter 2010, p. 117.
  16. ↑ Peacock 2011.
  17. ↑ Peacock 2017.
  18. ↑ Aḥmad, K. M. (1985). "ʿANNAZIDS". Iranica Online. II.
  19. ↑ Bosworth 1984b, pp. 762–764.
  20. ↑ Herzig & Stewart 2014, p. 65; Potts 2014, p. 180; Bosworth 1994, pp. 773–774.
  21. ↑ Han, Şeref (Çev. İbrahim Sunkur) (2016). Şerefname. Van: Sîtav. p. 204. ISBN:978-605-66520-1-1.
  22. ↑ C. E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, (Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 205, ISBN:0-231-10714-5.
  23. ↑ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996. Excerpt 1 pp 209: "The Atabegs of Yazd" (1141-1297)" Excerpt 2: "From the names of the earlier members at least, it seems they were ethnically Persian, but, like the Hazaraspids, they adopted the Turkish title of Atabeg"
  24. ↑ Findlay, Ronald; O'Rourke, Kevin H. (2009-08-10). Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium. Princeton University Press. ISBN:978-1-4008-3188-3.
  25. ↑ Black, Antony (2011-07-31). History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN:978-0-7486-4756-9.
  26. ↑ (2002). Atlas of World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN:978-0-19-521921-0.
  27. ↑ Castellino, Joshua; Cavanaugh, Kathleen A. (25 April 2013). Minority Rights in the Middle East. OUP Oxford. ISBN:978-0-19-166887-6.
  28. ↑ McClary, Richard P. (2017-07-28). Rum Seljuq Architecture, 1170-1220: The Patronage of Sultans. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN:978-1-4744-1748-8.
  29. ↑ Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2002). The Oxford History of the Crusades. Oxford University Press. ISBN:978-0-19-280312-2.
  30. ↑ Ruggles, D. Fairchild (17 April 2020). Tree of Pearls: The Extraordinary Architectural Patronage of the 13th-Century Egyptian Slave-Queen Shajar al-Durr. Oxford University Press. ISBN:978-0-19-087321-9.
  31. ↑ Chase, Kenneth; Chase, Kenneth Warren (7 July 2003). Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN:978-0-521-82274-9.
  32. ↑ Ruthven, Lecturer in Comparative Religion Malise; Ruthven, Malise; Nanji, Azim (2004). Historical Atlas of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN:978-0-674-01385-8.
  33. ↑ Eppel 2018, p. 38.
  34. ↑ Maisel 2018, p. 131.
  35. ↑ Bosworth 1984, pp. 742–743.
  36. ↑ Matthee, Rudi. (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900. Princeton University Press. p. 18; "The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background (...)". Savory, Roger. (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1. p. 8. "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams." Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi. (2009). "Ṣafavid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.) The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)". Stuart Cary Welch, A King's Book of Kings: The Shah-nameh of Shah Tahmasp, p11 ; "Although the Safavids spoke Turkish, they were probably of Kurdish origin...". John R. Perry, New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society, ed. Colin P. Mitchell, p86 ; "The Safavid dynasty, in all likelihood of Kurdish origin....". Algar, Hamid. (2006). "IRAN ix. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiʿism in Iran Since the Safavids" Encyclopedia Iranica Vol. XIII, Fasc. 5, pp. 456-474 "The Safavids originated as a hereditary lineage of Sufi shaikhs centered on Ardabil, Shafeʿite in school and probably Kurdish in origin."
  37. ↑ Safavid Iran at Encyclopædia Iranica, "The origins of the Safavids are clouded in obscurity. They may have been of Kurdish origin (see R. Savory, Iran Under the Safavids, 1980, p. 2; R. Matthee, "Safavid Dynasty" at iranica.com), but for all practical purposes they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified."
  38. ↑ Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.
  39. ↑ Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.
  40. ↑ Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).
  41. ↑ Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.
  42. ↑ Roger Savory, Iran under the Safavids (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980), p. 3.
  43. ↑ Savory, R. M. (1977), Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M. (eds.), "Safavid Persia", The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume undefined: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War, The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 394–429, ISBN:978-0-521-29135-4.
  44. ↑ SAFAVID DYNASTY - Encyclopaedia Iranica, Rudi Matthee (2008)
  45. ↑ Dehqan & Genç 2019.
  46. ↑ Oberling, P. "BANĪ ARDALĀN". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
  47. ↑ Behn 1988.
  48. ↑ Tapper 2010.
  49. ↑ Benn, Charles (2002). China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford University Press. p. 9. ISBN:978-0-19-517665-0.
  50. ↑ Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James (2009). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 84. ISBN:978-0-547-00539-3.
  51. ↑ Oberling 1995.
  52. ↑ Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich (1973). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 25. 272.
  53. ↑ The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, by B. C. McGing, p. 11
  54. ↑ Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minor Since the Days of Troy, by John Freely, p. 69–70
  55. ↑ McGing, Brian (2004). "Pontus". Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition. Retrieved 2019-11-14.




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