Earth:List of biogeographic provinces

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A map of the zoogeographical realms by Alfred Russel Wallace, which practically correspond to the biogeographic provinces developed by Miklos Udvardy.
  Nearctic
  Palearctic
  Ethiopian (Afrotropic)
  Oriental (Indomalaya)
  Australian (Australasia and Oceania)
  Neotropic

This page features a list of biogeographic provinces that were developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975,[1][2] later modified by other authors.[according to whom?] Biogeographic Province is a biotic subdivision of biogeographic realms subdivided into ecoregions, which are classified based on their biomes or habitat types and, on this page, correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany.

The provinces represent the large areas of Earth's surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration.

Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation, though each realm may include a number of different biomes. A tropical moist broadleaf forest in Brazil, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc., but these forests are inhabited by plants with very different evolutionary histories.

Afrotropical Realm

Ecoregions of the Afrotropical realm, color-coded by biome. Dark green: tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. Light brown: tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests. Yellow: tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. Light green: temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. Light blue: flooded grasslands and savannas. Light purple: montane grasslands and shrublands. Brown: Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub. Beige: deserts and xeric shrublands. Magenta: mangroves
  • Tropical humid forests
    • Guinean Rainforest
    • Congo Rainforest
    • Malagasy Rainforest
  • Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
    • West African Woodland/Savanna
    • East African Woodland/Savanna
    • Congo Woodland/Savanna
    • Miombo Woodland/Savanna
    • South African Woodland/Savanna
    • Malagasy Woodland/Savanna
    • Malagasy Thorn Forest
  • Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
    • Cape Sclerophyll
  • Warm deserts and semideserts
    • Western Sahel
    • Eastern Sahel
    • Somalian
    • Namib
    • Kalahari
    • Karroo
  • Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
    • Ethiopian Highlands
    • Guinean Highlands
    • Central African Highlands
    • East African Highlands
    • South African Highlands
  • Mixed island systems
    • Ascension and St. Helena Islands
    • Comores Islands and Aldabra
    • Mascarene Islands
  • Lake systems
    • Lake Rudolph
    • Lake Ukerewe (Victoria)
    • Lake Tanganyika
    • Lake Malawi (Nyassa)

  • Western Guinean lowland forests, a humid forest

  • Central Zambezian miombo woodlands, a tropical savannah

  • The Namib, a warm desert

  • Ethiopian Highlands montane forest

  • Wilderness National Park, an evergreen sclerophyllous woodland

Antarctic Realm

The Antarctic biogeographic realm (New Zealand is included in Udvardy's interpretation, which is known as Neozealandia)
  • Tundra communities and barren Antarctic desert
  • Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands

  • Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, an Antarctic desert

  • Pureora Forest Park, a subtropical rainforest in North Island

  • Remutaka Forest Park, a temperate woodland in South Island

  • Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra, a tundra community

Australasian Realm

Ecoregions of the Australasian realm, color-coded by biome (Udvardy's model excludes the South Pacific islands, such as New Guinea and New Zealand). Dark green: tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. Light brown: tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests. Yellow: tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. Green: temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Light green: temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. Light blue: flooded grasslands and savannas. Light purple: montane grasslands and shrublands. Brown: Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub. Beige: deserts and xeric shrublands. Magenta: mangroves.
  • Tropical humid forests
    • Queensland Coastal
  • Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
    • Tasmanian
  • Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
    • Northern Coastal
  • Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
    • Western Sclerophyll
    • Eastern Sclerophyll
    • Brigalow
  • Warm deserts and semideserts
    • Western Mulga
    • Central Desert
    • Southern Mulga/Saltbush
  • Tropical grasslands and savannas
    • Northern Savanna
    • Northern Grasslands
  • Temperate grasslands
    • Eastern Grasslands and Savannas

  • Daintree rainforest, a tropical humid forest

  • D'Aguilar National Park, a subtropical forest

  • Mount Field National Park, a temperate forest

  • Cumberland Plain Woodland, an evergreen sclerophyllous woodland-savannah

  • Simpson Desert, a warm desert

  • Diamantina National Park, a tropical grassland/savannah

  • Challicum Hills Wind Farm, a temperate grassland

Indomalayan Realm

Ecoregions of the Indomalayan realm, color-coded by biome. Beige: deserts and xeric shrublands. Light brown: tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests. Green: tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. Bright green: tropical and subtropical coniferous forests. light green: temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Dark green: temperate coniferous forests. Light blue: flooded grasslands and savannas. Light purple: montane grasslands and shrublands. Magenta: mangroves.
  • Tropical humid forests
    • Malabar Rainforest
    • Ceylonese Rainforest
    • Bengalian Rainforest
    • Burman Rainforest
    • Indochinese Rainforest
    • South Chinese Rainforest
    • Malayan Rainforest
  • Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
    • Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest
    • Burma Monsoon Forest
    • Thailandian Monsoon Forest
    • Mahanadian
    • Coromandel
    • Ceylonese Monsoon Forest
    • Deccan Thorn Forest
  • Warm deserts and semideserts
  • Mixed island systems
    • Seychelles and Amirantes Islands
    • Laccadives Islands
    • Maldives and Chagos Islands
    • Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands
    • Andaman and Nicobar Islands
    • Sumatra
    • Java
    • Lesser Sunda Islands
    • Celebes
    • Borneo
    • Philippines
    • Taiwan

  • South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, a tropical humid forest

  • Deccan thorn scrub forests, a tropical dry woodland

  • Mount Field National Park, a temperate forest

  • Thar Desert, a hot desert

Nearctic Realm

The Nearctic realm
  • Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
    • Sitkan
    • Oregonian
  • Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands
    • Yukon Taiga
    • Canadian Taiga
  • Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
    • Eastern Forest
    • Austroriparian
  • Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
  • Warm deserts and semideserts
    • Sonoran
    • Chihuahuan
    • Tamaulipan
  • Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
    • Great Basin
  • Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
  • Temperate grasslands
    • Grasslands
  • Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
    • Rocky Mountains
    • Sierra-Cascade
    • Madrean-Cordilleran
  • Lake systems
    • Great Lakes

  • Northern Pacific coastal forests, a temperate evergreen rainforest

  • Eastern Canadian Shield taiga, a temperate needleleaf forest

  • Mount Field National Park, a temperate deciduous rainforest

  • California oak woodland, a sclerophyllous woodland

  • Maricopa, Arizona, a warm desert

  • Tule Valley, a cold semi-desert

  • Richardson Mountains, a tundra community

  • Mount Whitney, a mixed mountain and highland system

Neotropical Realm

The Neotropical realm and its subdivisions
  • Tropical humid forests
  • Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
    • Brazilian Rainforest (Brazilian Deciduous Forest)
    • Brazilian Planalto (Brazilian Araucaria Forest)
    • Valdivian Forest (Chilean Temperate Rain Forest)
    • Chilean Nothofagus
  • Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
    • Everglades
    • Sinaloan
    • Guerreran
    • Yucatecan (Yucatán)
    • Central American (Carib-Pacific)
    • Venezuelan Dry Forest
    • Venezuelan Deciduous Forest
    • Ecuadoran Dry Forest
    • Caatinga
    • Gran Chaco
  • Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
    • Chilean Araucaria Forest
  • Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
    • Chilean Sclerophyll
  • Warm deserts and semideserts
    • Pacific Desert (Peruvian and Atacama Desert)
    • Monte (Argentinian Thorn-scrub)
  • Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
  • Tropical grasslands and savannas
    • Llanos
    • Campos Limpos (Guyana highlands)
    • Babacu
    • Campos Cerrados (Campos)
  • Temperate grasslands
    • Argentinian Pampas (Pampas)
    • Uruguayan Pampas
  • Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
    • Northern Andean
    • Colombian Montane
    • Yungas (Andean cloud forest)
    • Puna
    • Southern Andean
  • Mixed island systems
    • Bahamas-Bermudan
    • Cuban
    • Greater Antillean (Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico)
    • Lesser Antillean
    • Revillagigedo Archipelago
    • Cocos Island
    • Galapagos Islands
    • Fernando de Noronha Island
    • South Trindade Island
  • Lake systems

  • Serra do Mar coastal forests, a humid tropical forest

  • Valdivian temperate forests, a temperate forest

  • Gran Chaco, a tropical dry woodland

  • Chilean Matorral, an evergreen sclerophyllous scrubland

  • Los Cardones National Park, a warm desert

  • Santa Cruz Province, a cold steppe

  • Llanos, a tropical grassland

  • Yungas Road, a montane system

Oceanian Realm

Map of Oceanian realm (Udvardy's version includes New Guinea and Melanesia).

  • Tropical savannah in New Caledonia

  • Arfak Mountains, a montane forest

Palearctic Realm

The Palearctic realm
  • Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
    • Chinese Subtropical Forest
    • Japanese Evergreen Forest (Japanese Subtropical Forest)
  • Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands
    • West Eurasian Taiga
    • East Siberian Taiga
  • Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
    • Icelandic
    • Subarctic Birchwoods
    • Kamchatkan
    • British Isles (British and Irish Forest)
    • Atlantic (West European Forest)
    • Boreonemoral (Baltic Lowland)
    • Middle European Forest (East European Mixed Forest)
    • Pannonian (Danubian Steppe)
    • West Anatolian
    • Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest
    • Oriental Deciduous Forest
  • Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
    • Iberian Highlands
    • Mediterranean Sclerophyll
  • Warm deserts and semideserts
    • Sahara
    • Arabian Desert (Arabia)
    • Anatolian-Iranian Desert (Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe)
  • Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
    • Turanian (Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe)
    • Talka-Makan-Gobi Desert
    • Tibetan
    • Iranian Desert
  • Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
    • Arctic Desert
    • Higharctic Tundra
    • Lowarctic Tundra
  • Temperate grasslands
    • Atlas Steppe (Atlas Highlands)
    • Pontian Steppe (Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe)
    • Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe (Gobi-Manchurian Steppe)
  • Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
    • Scottish Highlands
    • Central European Highlands
    • Balkan Highlands
    • Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (Caucasus and Kurdistan-Iran Highlands)
    • Altai Highlands
    • Pamir-Tian Shan Highlands
    • Hindu Kush Highlands
    • Himalayan Highlands
    • Szechwan Highlands
  • Mixed island systems
    • Macaronesian Islands
    • Ryukyu Islands
  • Lake systems

  • Ashizuri-Uwakai National Park, a temperate rainforest

  • Olyokma Nature Reserve, a temperate needle-leaf forest

  • Sarmatic mixed forests, a temperate broad-leaf forest

  • The Sahara, a warm desert

  • Gobi desert, a cold desert

  • Søraust-Svalbard Nature Reserve, a tundra

  • Mongolian-Manchurian grassland, a temperate grassland

  • Ben Nevis, a montane system

Region coding

The hierarchy of the scheme is (with early replaced terms in parentheses):[1]

  • biogeographic realm (= biogeographic regions and subregions), with 8 categories
    • biogeographic province (= biotic province), with 193 categories, each characterized by a major biome or biome-complex
      • biome, with 14 types: tropical humid forests (1); subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands (2); temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands (3); tropical dry of deciduous forests (including monsoon forests) or woodlands (4); temperate broad-lead forests or woodlands and subpolar deciduous thickets (5); evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands (6); warm deserts and semideserts (7); cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts (8); tundra communities and barren arctic desert (9); tropical grassland and savannas (10); temperate grasslands (11); mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation (12); mixed island systems (13); lake systems (14).

So, for example, the Australian Central Desert province is in the Australasian realm (6), is the 9th biogeographic province in that realm, and its biome falls within "warm deserts and semideserts" (7), so it is coded 6.9.7.

The realms and provinces of the scheme are hence coded as follows:

  • 1.1.2 Sitkan province
  • 1.2.2. Oregonian province
  • 1.3.3 Yukon taiga province
  • 1.4.3 Canadian taiga province
  • 1.5.5. Eastern forest province
  • 1.6.5 Austroriparian province
  • 1.7.6 Californian province
  • 1.8.7 Sonoran province
  • 1.9.7 Chihuahuan province
  • 1.10.7 Tamaulipan province
  • 1.11.8 Great Basin province
  • 1.12.9 Aleutian Islands province
  • 1.13.9 Alaskan tundra province
  • 1.14.9 Canadian tundra province
  • 1.15.9 Arctic Archipelago province
  • 1.16.9 Greenland tundra province
  • 1.17.9 Arctic desert and icecap province
  • 1.18.11 Grasslands province
  • 1.19.12 Rocky Mountains province
  • 1.20.12 Sierra-Cascade province
  • 1.21.12 Madrean-Cordilleran province
  • 1.22.14 Great Lakes province
  • 2.1.2. Chinese Subtropical Forest province
  • 2.2.2 Japanese Evergreen Forest province (= Japanese Subtropical Forest)
  • 2.3.3 West Eurasian Taiga province
  • 2.4.3 East Siberian Taiga province
  • 2.5.5 Icelandian province (= Iceland)
  • 2.6.5 Subarctic Birchwoods province
  • 2.7.5 Kamchatkan province
  • 2.8.5 British Islands province (= British + Irish Forest)
  • 2.9.5 Atlantic province (West European Forest, in part)
  • 2.10.5 Boreonemoral province (Baltic Lowland, in part)
  • 2.11.5 Middle European Forest province (= East European Mixed Forest)
  • 2.12.5 Pannonian province (= Danubian Steppe)
  • 2.13.5 West Anatolian province
  • 2.14.5 Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest province (= Manchurian + Japanese Mixed Forest)
  • 2.15.6 Oriental Deciduous Forest province
  • 2.16.6 Iberian Highlands province
  • 2.17.7 Mediterranean Sclerophyll province
  • 2.18.7 Sahara province
  • 2.19.7 Arabian Desert province (= Arabia)
  • 2.20.8 Anatolian-Iranian Desert province (= Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe)
  • 2.21.8 Turanian province (= Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe)
  • 2.22.8 Takla-Makan-Gobi Desert steppe province
  • 2.23.8 Tibetan province
  • 2.24.9 Iranian Desert province
  • 2.25.9 Arctic Desert province
  • 2.26.9 Higharctic Tundra province (= Eurasian Tundra, in part)
  • 2.27.11 Lowarctic Tundra province (= Eurasian Tundra, in part)
  • 2.28.11 Atlas Steppe province (= Atlas Highlands)
  • 2.29.11 Pontian Steppe province (= Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe)
  • 2.30.11 Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe province (= Gobi + Manchurian Steppe)
  • 2.31.12 Scottish Highlands Highlands province
  • 2.32.12 Central European Highlands province
  • 2.33.12 Balkan Highlands province
  • 2.34.12 Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (= Caucasus + Kurdistan-Iran) province
  • 2.35.12 Altai Highlands province
  • 2.36.12 Pamir-Tian-Shan Highlands province
  • 2.37.12 Hindu Kush Highlands province
  • 2.38.12 Himalayan Highlands province
  • 2.39.12 Szechwan Highlands province
  • 2.40.13 Macaronesian Islands province (= 4 island provinces)
  • 2.41.13 Ryukyu Islands province
  • 2.42.14 Lake Ladoga province
  • 2.43.14 Aral Sea province
  • 2.44.14 Lake Baikal province
  • 3.1.1 Guinean Rain Forest province
  • 3.2.1 Congo Rain Forest province
  • 3.3.1 Malagasy Rain Forest province
  • 3.4.4 West African Woodland/savanna province
  • 3.5.4 East African Woodland/savanna province
  • 3.6.4 Congo Woodland/savanna province
  • 3.7.4 Miombo Woodland/savanna province
  • 3.8.4 South African Woodland/savanna province
  • 3.9.4 Malagasy Woodland/savanna province
  • 3.10.4 Malagasy Thorn Forest province
  • 3.11.6 Cape Sclerophyll province
  • 3.12.7 Western Sahel province
  • 3.13.7 Eastern Sahel province
  • 3.14.7 Somalian province
  • 3.15.7 Namib province
  • 3.16.7 Kalahari province
  • 3.17.7 Karroo province
  • 3.18.12 Ethiopian Highlands province
  • 3.19.12 Guinean Highlands province
  • 3.20.12 Central African Highlands province
  • 3.21.12 East African Highlands province
  • 3.22.12 South African Highlands province
  • 3.23.13 Ascension and St. Helena Islands province
  • 3.24.13 Comores Islands and Aldabra province
  • 3.25.13 Mascarene Islands province
  • 3.26.14 Lake Rudolf province
  • 3.27.14 Lake Ukerewe (Victoria) province
  • 3.28.14 Lake Tanganyika province
  • 3.29.14 Lake Malawi (Nyasa) province
  • 4.1.1 Malabar Rainforest province
  • 4.2.1 Ceylonese Rainforest province
  • 4.3.1 Bengalian Rainforest province
  • 4.4.1 Burman Rainforest province
  • 4.5.1 Indochinese Rainforest province
  • 4.6.1 South Chinese Rainforest province
  • 4.7.1 Malayan Rainforest province
  • 4.8.4 Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest province
  • 4.9.4 Burma Monsoon Forest province
  • 4.10.4 Thailandian Monsoon Forest province
  • 4.11.4 Mahanadian province
  • 4.12.4 Coromandel province
  • 4.13.4 Ceylonese Monsoon Forest province
  • 4.14.4 Deccan Thorn Forest province
  • 4.15.7 Thar Desert province
  • 4.16.12 Seychelles and Amirantes Islands province
  • 4.17.12 Laccadives Islands province
  • 4.18.12 Maldives and Chagos Islands province
  • 4.19.12 Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands province
  • 4.20.12 Andaman and Nicobar Islands province
  • 4.21.12 Sumatra province
  • 4.22.12 Java province
  • 4.23.12 Lesser Sunda Islands province
  • 4.24.12 Celebes province
  • 4.25.12 Borneo province
  • 4.26.12 Philippines province
  • 4.27.12 Taiwan province
  • 5.1.13 Papuan province
  • 5.2.13 Micronesian province
  • 5.3.13 Hawaiian province
  • 5.4.13 Southeastern Polynesian province
  • 5.5.13 Central Polynesian province
  • 5.6.13 New Caledonian province
  • 5.7.13 East-Melanesian province
  • 6.1.1 Queensland Coastal province
  • 6.2.2 Tasmanian province
  • 6.3.4 Northern Coastal province
  • 6.4.6 Western Sclerophyll province
  • 6.5.6 Southern Sclerophyll province
  • 6.6.6 Eastern Sclerophyll province≠
  • 6.7.6 Brigalow province
  • 6.8.7 Western Mulga province
  • 6.9.7 Central Desert province
  • 6.10.7 Southern Mulga/Saltbush province
  • 6.11.10 Northern Savanna province
  • 6.12.10 Northern Grasslands province
  • 6.13.11 Eastern Grasslands and Savannas province
  • 7.1.2 Neozealandia province
  • 7.2.9 Maudlandia province
  • 7.3.9 Marielandia province
  • 7.4.9 Insulantarctica province
  • 8.1.1 Campechean province (= Campeche)
  • 8.2.1 Panamanian province
  • 8.3.1 Colombian Coastal province
  • 8.4.1. Guyanese province
  • 8.5.1 Amazonian province
  • 8.6.1. Madeiran province
  • 8.7.1 Serra do mar province (= Bahian coast)
  • 8.8.2 Brazilian Rain Forest province (= Brazilian Deciduous Forest)
  • 8.9.2 Brazilian Planalto province (= Brazilian Araucaria Forest)
  • 8.10.2 Valdivian Forest province (= Chilean Temperate Rain Forest, in part)
  • 8.11.2 Chilean Nothofagus province (= Chilean Temperate Rain Forest, in part)
  • 8.12.4 Everglades province
  • 8.13.4 Sinaloan province
  • 8.14.4 Guerreran province
  • 8.15.4 Yucatecan province (= Yucatán)
  • 8.16.4 Central American province (= Carib-Pacific)
  • 8.17.4 Venezuelan Dry Forest province
  • 8.18.4 Venezuelan Deciduous Forest province
  • 8.19.4 Ecuadorian Dry Forest province
  • 8.20.4 Caatinga province
  • 8.21.4 Gran Chaco province
  • 8.22.5 Chilean Araucaria Forest province
  • 8.23.6 Chilean Sclerophyll province
  • 8.24.7 Pacific Desert province (= Peruvian + Atacama Desert)
  • 8.25.7 Monte (= Argentinian Thorn-scrub) province
  • 8.26.8 Patagonian province
  • 8.27.10 Llanos province
  • 8.28.10 Campos Limpos province (= Guyana highlands)
  • 8.29.10 Babacu province
  • 8.30.10 Campos Cerrados province (= Campos)
  • 8.31.11 Argentinian Pampas province (= Pampas)
  • 8.32.11 Uruguayan Pampas province
  • 8.33.12 Northern Andean province (= Northern Andes)
  • 8.34.12 Colombian Montane province
  • 8.35.12 Yungas province (= Andean cloud forest)
  • 8.36.12 Puna province
  • 8.37.12 Southern Andean province (= Southern Andes)
  • 8.38.13 Bahamas-Bermudan province (= Bahamas + Bermuda)
  • 8.39.13 Cuban province
  • 8.40.13 Greater Aritillean province (= Jamaica + Hispaniola + Puerto Rico)
  • 8.41.13 Lesser Antillean province (= Lesser Antilles)
  • 8.42.13 Revilla Gigedo Island province
  • 8.43.13 Cocos Island province
  • 8.44.13 Galapagos Islands province
  • 8.45.13 Fernando de Noronja Island province
  • 8.46.13 South Trinidade Island province
  • 8.47.14 Lake Titicaca province

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Udvardy, M. D. F. (1975). A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. IUCN Occasional Paper no. 18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
  2. ↑ Udvardy, Miklos D. F. (1975) World Biogeographical Provinces (Map). The CoEvolution Quarterly, Sausalito, California. link.

Bibliography

  • Dassman, Raymond (1976). "Biogeographical Provinces". CoEvolution Quarterly, Number 11, Fall 1976.



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