Earth:Mandagery Sandstone

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Mandagery Sandstone
Stratigraphic range: Late Devonian
Cast of the slab found in 1956, that preserves 114 fish individuals, which died when their freshwater pond dried up. Most of the individuals in the slab are the placoderms Remigolepis walkeri and Bothriolepis yeungae. One sarcopterygian individual is present, Canowindra grossi, the largest fish in the slab. Two small and inconspicuous juvenile Groenlandaspis are also preserved.[1]
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofNangar Subgroup, Hervey Group
UnderliesBumberry Formation, Pipe Formation
OverliesKadina Formation, Hunter Siltstone Formation, Bendick Formation
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, Siltstone
Location
LocationCanowindra, New South Wales
RegionNew South Wales
CountryAustralia

The Mandagery Sandstone is a Late Devonian geological formation in New South Wales, Australia. It is one of several famed Australian lagerstätten, with thousands of exceptional fish fossils found at a site near the town of Canowindra.

A sandstone block containing 114 fish was discovered in 1955 about 10 km west of Canowindra, on the road to Gooloogong. The Canowindra site was rediscovered by paleontologist Alex Ritchie in 1993, and over 3000 fish fossils have been catalogued and stored at the Australian Museum in Sydney[2] and the local Age of Fishes Museum in Canowindra. Antiarch placoderms make up the majority of specimens recovered; Bothriolepis and Remigolepis are the most abundant fossils, followed by the arthrodire Groenlandaspis. About 20 sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) fossils have also been found, including new taxa such as Canowindra, Mandageria,[2] Cabonnichthys,[3] Soederberghia[4] and Gooloogongia.[5] Fossils are preserved as natural moulds in the hard sandstone, filled by a mixture of sandstone, clay, and rare fragments of remaining bone. The detail of preservation is high, with individual armor plates, scales, and the internal structures of major bones all visible in latex casts produced from the moulds.[2][6][4]

The Mandagery Sandstone is part of the Hervey Group, a cluster of deformed Paleozoic sediments located near the center of the Lachlan Fold Belt in New South Wales.[7] It is mostly fine-grained red orthoquartzite sandstone, arranged into a number of short sequences. Towards the top of each sequence, the red sandstone is supplanted by thin beds of white sandstone and red siltstone. Cross-bedding and mudcracks indicate that the sandstone was deposited close to the shore.[8] U-Pb dating has estimated that the Canowindra locality is from the Late Famennian (363 ± 3 Ma).[9]

Fossil Content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Gnathostomata

Genus Species Clade Images
Bothriolepis B. yeungae[10][11] Antiarchi,
Bothriolepididae
Cabonnichthys C. burnsi[3][11] Rhipidistia,
Tristichopteridae
Skull restoration of Cabonnichthys.
Canowindra C. grossi[11][12] Tetrapodomorpha,
Canowindridae
A specimen of Canowindra surrounded by placoderms.
Gooloogongia G. loomesi[11][13] Rhizodontiformes
incertae sedis
A restoration of Gooloogongia.
Groenlandaspis G. sp.[11] Arthrodira,
Groenlandaspididae
Mandageria M. fairfaxi[2][11] Tetrapodomorpha,
Tristichopteridae
The skull of Mandageria.
Remigolepis R. walkeri[11][14] Antiarchi,
Remigolepidae
A diagram of Remigolepis walkeri.
Soederberghia S. simpsoni[11][15] Dipnoi,
Rhynchodipteridae

Arthropoda

Genus Species Clade Images
Kasibelinurus K. amicorum[16] Xiphosura,
Kasibelinuridae
The holotype of Kasibelinurus amicorum.

Tracheophytes

Genus Species Clade Images

Archaeopteris

A. macilenta[11]

Archaeopteridales,
Archaeopteridaceae

Reconstruction of A. macilenta.

Leptophloeum

L. australe[11]

Lycopodiophyta,
incertae sedis

Leptophloeum fossil.

Brachiopoda

Genus Species Clades Images
Apsilingula A. parkesensis[11] Lingulida,
Lingulidae
Lingula L. gregaria[11] Lingulida,
Lingulidae
Lingula anatina shell.

References

  1. ↑ Gennatas, Lou-Andrea (2022-03-28). Geochronology and provenance of the Late Devonian Canowindra fish bed, Lachlan Orogen (thesis thesis). Macquarie University. doi:10.25949/19432913.v1.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Johanson, Zerina; Ahlberg, Per Erik (1997). "A new tristichopterid (Osteolepiformes: Sarcopterygii) from the Mandagery Sandstone (Late Devonian, Famennian) near Canowindra, NSW, Australia" (in en). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 88 (1): 39–68. doi:10.1017/S0263593300002303. ISSN 0263-5933. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263593300002303/type/journal_article. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ahlberg, Per E.; Johanson, Zerina (1997-12-15). "Second tristichopterid (Sarcopterygii, Osteolepiformes) from the Upper Devonian of Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia, and phylogeny of the Tristichopteridae" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 (4): 653–673. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011015. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 1997JVPal..17..653A. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1997.10011015. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ahlberg, Per E.; Johanson, Zerina; Daeschler, Edward B. (2001-03-26). "The late Devonian lungfish Soederberghia (Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi) from Australia and North America, and its biogeographical implications" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0001:TLDLSS2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282001%29021%5B0001%3ATLDLSS%5D2.0.CO%3B2. 
  5. ↑ Johanson, Zerina; Ahlberg, Per E. (1998). "A complete primitive rhizodont from Australia" (in en). Nature 394 (6693): 569–573. doi:10.1038/29058. ISSN 1476-4687. Bibcode: 1998Natur.394..569J. https://www.nature.com/articles/29058. 
  6. ↑ Johanson, Zerina (1997). "New Remigolepis (Placodermi; Antiarchi) from Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia" (in en). Geological Magazine 134 (6): 813–846. doi:10.1017/S0016756897007838. ISSN 0016-7568. Bibcode: 1997GeoM..134..813J. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0016756897007838/type/journal_article. 
  7. ↑ Conolly, J. R. (1965). The stratigraphy of the Hervey Group in central New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 98, 37–83.
  8. ↑ Conolly, J. R. (1965). "Petrology and origin of the Hervey group, upper devonian, Central New South Wales" (in en). Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 12 (1): 123–166. doi:10.1080/00167616508728589. ISSN 0016-7614. Bibcode: 1965AuJES..12..123C. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00167616508728589. 
  9. ↑ Gennatas, Lou-Andrea (2022). "Geochronology and provenance of the Late Devonian Canowindra fish bed, Lachlan Orogen". Macquarie University M.R. Thesis. doi:10.25949/19432913.V1. https://figshare.mq.edu.au/articles/thesis/Geochronology_and_provenance_of_the_Late_Devonian_Canowindra_fish_bed_Lachlan_Orogen/19432913/1. 
  10. ↑ Johanson, Zerina (1998-11-25). "The Upper Devonian fish Bothriolepis (Placodermi: Antiarchi) from near Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia" (in en). Records of the Australian Museum 50 (3): 315–348. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.50.1998.1289. ISSN 0067-1975. https://journals.australian.museum/johanson-1998-rec-aust-mus-503-315348/. 
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 Retallack, Gregory J. (2024-03-01). "Late Devonian fossils of New South Wales and early tetrapod habitats". Lethaia 57 (1): 1–19. doi:10.18261/let.57.1.5. ISSN 0024-1164. https://www.scup.com/doi/10.18261/let.57.1.5. 
  12. ↑ Thomson, Keith Stewart (1973-01-01). "Observations on a new rhipidistian fish from the Upper Devonian of Australia" (in en). Palaeontographica Abteilung A: 209–220. https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/pala/detail/A143/70812/Observations_on_a_new_rhipidistian_fish_from_the_U. 
  13. ↑ Johanson, Zerina; Ahlberg, Per E. (1998-08-01). "A complete primitive rhizodont from Australia" (in en). Nature 394 (6693): 569–573. doi:10.1038/29058. ISSN 1476-4687. https://www.nature.com/articles/29058. 
  14. ↑ Johanson, Zerina (1997-11-01). "New Remigolepis (Placodermi; Antiarchi) from Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia" (in en). Geological Magazine 134 (6): 813–846. doi:10.1017/S0016756897007838. ISSN 1469-5081. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/new-remigolepis-placodermi-antiarchi-from-canowindra-new-south-wales-australia/F6BB8C18D6935C66AF9DD7A09F1A9DB7. 
  15. ↑ Ahlberg, Per E.; Johanson, Zerina; Daeschler, Edward B. (2001). "The late Devonian lungfish Soederberghia (Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi) from Australia and North America, and its biogeographical implications". doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0001:TLDLSS2.0.CO;2]. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent. 
  16. ↑ Pickett, John (1993-09-09). "A Late Devonian xiphosuran from near Parkes, New South Wales". Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 15: 279-287. https://horseshoecrab.org/research/sites/default/files/J.Pickett%201993.pdf. 

See also



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