Earth:National Park Service

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Short description: United States federal agency

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National Park Service
US-NationalParkService-ShadedLogo.svg
National Park Service arrowhead insignia
Guidon of the United States National Park Service.svg
Guidon of the National Park Service
Agency overview
FormedAugust 25, 1916; 107 years ago (1916-08-25)
JurisdictionUnited States federal government
HeadquartersMain Interior Building
1849 C Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20240
Employees12,363 (2018)
Annual budget$4.085 billion (2019)
Agency executive
  • Shawn Benge, Exercising the Delegated Authority of the Director
Parent agencyDepartment of the Interior
Websitewww.NPS.gov

The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the federal government of the United States that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations.[1] The United States Congress created the agency on August 25, 1916 through the National Park Service Organic Act.[2]

The NPS is an operating unit of the United States Department of the Interior. The agency is charged with a dual role of preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management while also making them available and accessible for public use and enjoyment.

In 2018, the NPS employed approximately 12,363 employees who oversaw 423 units, of which 63 were designated national parks.[3][4]

History

In 1916, a portfolio of nine major parks was published to generate interest. Printed on each brochure was a map showing the parks and principal railroad connections.
In 1934, a series of ten postage stamps were issued to commemorate the reorganization and expansion of the National Park Service.

Yellowstone National Park was created as the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no state government to manage it, so the federal government assumed direct control. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior. The movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland.

With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior. They wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits.[5]

This campaign resulted in the creation of the NPS. On August 25, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed the National Park Service Organic Act that mandated the agency "to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein, and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations".[6] Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS.[7]

On March 3, 1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933. The act authorized the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. Later that summer, the new president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, made use of this power after NPS Deputy Director Horace M. Albright suggested that the NPS, rather than the War Department should manage historic American Civil War sites.

President Roosevelt agreed and issued two executive orders to implement the reorganization. These two executive orders transferred to the NPS all of the War Department's historic sites as well as national monuments that the Department of Agriculture had managed and parks in and around Washington, D.C. that an independent federal office had previously operated.[8]

The demand for parks after the end of the World War II left the parks overburdened with demands that the NPS could not meet. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the NPS and began to bring park facilities up to the standards that the public was expecting.

In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Wirth began Mission 66, a ten-year effort to upgrade and expand park facilities for the 50th anniversary of the Park Service. New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded.[8]

In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery and unique natural features to making parks accessible to the public. Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas.

Grand Canyon National Park, south rim of canyon.
A National Park Service MD 900 helicopter
NPS Preliminary Survey party, Great Smoky Mountains, 1931
Winter at the Gettysburg Battlefield

Directors

Stephen Mather (center) and his staff, 1927 or 1928
Jon Jarvis, former NPS Director
Name[9] Term of office
Start End
1 Stephen Mather May 16, 1917 January 8, 1929
2 Horace M. Albright January 12, 1929 August 9, 1933
3 Arno B. Cammerer August 10, 1933 August 9, 1940
4 Newton B. Drury August 20, 1940 March 31, 1951
5 Arthur E. Demaray April 1, 1951 December 8, 1951
6 Conrad L. Wirth December 9, 1951 January 7, 1964
7 George B. Hartzog Jr. January 9, 1964 December 31, 1972
8 Ronald H. Walker January 7, 1973 January 3, 1975
9 Gary Everhardt January 13, 1975 May 27, 1977
10 William J. Whalen III July 5, 1977 May 13, 1980
11 Russell E. Dickenson May 15, 1980 March 3, 1985
12 William Penn Mott Jr. May 17, 1985 April 16, 1989
13 James M. Ridenour April 17, 1989 January 20, 1993
14 Roger G. Kennedy June 1, 1993 March 29, 1997
15 Robert Stanton August 4, 1997 January 2001
16 Fran P. Mainella July 18, 2001 October 16, 2006
17 Mary A. Bomar October 17, 2006 January 20, 2009[10]
- Daniel Wenk (acting) January 20, 2009 October 2, 2009
18 Jonathan Jarvis October 2, 2009[11] January 3, 2017
- Michael T. Reynolds (acting) January 3, 2017 January 24, 2018[12]
- P. Daniel Smith (acting) January 24, 2018[12] September 30, 2019[13]
- David Vela (acting) October 1, 2019[13] August 7, 2020[14]
- Margaret Everson (acting) August 7, 2020 January 20, 2021
- Shawn Benge (acting) January 20, 2021[15]

National Park System

Customs House at the Salem Maritime National Historic Site in Salem, Massachusetts

The National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service, which have a wide variety of titles or designations. The system as a whole is considered to be a national treasure of the United States, and some of the more famous national parks and monuments are sometimes referred to as "crown jewels".[16]

The system encompasses approximately 85.1 million acres (0.344 million km2), of which 2.6 million acres (0.011 million km2) remain in private ownership. The largest unit is Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska. At 13,200,000 acres (53,000 km2), it is over 16 percent of the entire system. The smallest unit in the system is Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial, Pennsylvania, at 0.02 acre (80 m2).

In addition to administering its units and other properties, the NPS also provides technical and financial assistance to several affiliated areas authorized by Congress. The largest affiliated area is New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve at 1,164,025 acres (4711 km2). The smallest is Benjamin Franklin National Memorial at less than 0.01 acres (40 m2).

While there are laws generally covering all units of the National Park System, they are subject to management policies of individual pieces of authorizing legislation or, in the case of national monuments created under the Antiquities Act, presidential proclamation. For example, because of provisions within their enabling legislation, Congaree National Park is almost entirely wilderness area devoid of development, yet Yosemite allows unique developments such as the Badger Pass Ski Area and the O'Shaughnessy Dam within its boundaries. Death Valley National Park has an active mine legislated within its boundaries. Such irregularities would not be found in other parks unless specifically provided for with exceptions by the legislation that created them.

Holdings

For current specifics and a multitude of information, see the Quick Facts[17] section of the NPS website.

Type Amount (2008)[18]
Area of land 84,000,000 acres 340,000 km2
Area of oceans, lakes, reservoirs 4,502,644 acres 18,222 km2
Length of perennial rivers and streams 85,049 mi 136,873 km
Archeological sites 68,561
Length of shoreline 43,162 mi 69,463 km
Historic structures 27,000
Objects in museum collections 121,603,193
Buildings 21,000
Trails 12,250 mi 19,710 km
Roads 8,500 mi 13,700 km

Criteria

Most NPS units have been established by an act of Congress, with the president confirming the action by signing the act into law. The exception, under the Antiquities Act, allows the president to designate and protect areas as national monuments by executive order. Regardless of the method used, all parks are to be of national importance.[19]

A potential park should meet all four of the following standards:[20]

  • It is an outstanding example of a particular type of resource.
  • It possesses exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the natural or cultural themes of the nation's heritage.
  • It offers superlative opportunities for recreation, for public use and enjoyment, or for scientific study.
  • It retains a high degree of integrity as a true, accurate, and relatively unspoiled example of the resource.

Special designations

Wilderness areas are covered by the US National Wilderness Preservation System, which protects federally managed lands that are of a pristine condition, established by the Wilderness Act (Public Law 88-577) in 1964. The National Wilderness Preservation System originally created hundreds of wilderness zones within already protected federally administered property, consisting of over 9 million acres (36,000 km2).

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) began with Executive Order 13158 in May 2000, when official MPAs were established for the first time.[21] The initial listing of U.S. areas was presented in 2010, consisting of areas already set aside under other legislation. The NPS has 19 park units designated as MPAs.[21]

See also: #International Affairs

Nomenclature

The NPS uses over 20 different titles for the park units it manages, including national park and national monument.[22]

Classification (2021)[23] Number Area (2009) Visitors (2009)[24]
National Military Park (9), National Battlefield Park (4), National Battlefield Site (1), and National Battlefield (11) 25 71,502.49 acres (289 km2) 8,360,261
National Historical Park (61), National Historic Site (76), and International Historic Site (1) 138 228,260.60 acres (924 km2) 34,407,217
National Lakeshore 3 228,995.14 acres (927 km2) 3,728,821
National Memorial 31 10,588.45 acres (43 km2) 30,559,258
National Monument 85 2,027,864.58 acres (8,206 km2) 22,646,428
National Park 63 52,095,045.71 acres (210,821 km2) 62,950,968
National Parkway 4 177,339.69 acres (718 km2) 29,948,911
National Preserve (19) and National Reserve (2) 21 24,191,311.63 acres (97,899 km2) 2,956,325
National Recreation Area 18 3,700,277.20 acres (14,974 km2) 50,645,414
National River (4) and National Wild and Scenic River and Riverway (10) 14 746,262.99 acres (3,020 km2) 5,999,161
National Scenic Trail 3 239,659.27 acres (970 km2) not available
National Seashore 10 595,013.55 acres (2,408 km2) 17,920,507
Other Designations 11 36,826.96 acres (149 km2) 11,156,670
Totals 423 84,331,948.26 acres (341,279 km2) 320,309,151

National parks preserve nationally and globally significant scenic areas and nature reserves.Template:National parks of the United States National monuments preserve a single unique cultural or natural feature. Devils Tower National Monument was the first in 1906. While the National Park Service holds the most National Monuments, a Monument may be managed or co-managed by a different entity such as the Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service.

Template:National Monuments of the United States

National preserves are for the protection of certain resources and operate similar to many National Parks, but allow limited resource extraction. Activities like hunting, fishing, and some mining may be allowed depending on the site. Big Cypress National Preserve and Big Thicket National Preserve were created in 1974 as the first national preserves.


National historic sites protect a significant cultural resource that is not a complicated site. Examples of these types of parks include Ford's Theatre National Historic Site and William Howard Taft National Historic Site.

National historical parks are larger areas with more complex subjects. Appomattox Court House National Historical Park was created in 1940. George Rogers Clark National Historical Park was dedicated in 1936. Historic sites may also be protected in national parks, monuments, seashores, and lakeshores.

Template:National Historical Parks of the United States National military parks, battlefield parks, battlefield sites, and battlefields preserve areas associated with military history. The different designations reflect the complexity of the event and the site. Many of the sites preserve important Revolutionary War battles and Civil War battlefields. Military parks are the sites of larger actions, such as Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, Vicksburg National Military Park, Gettysburg National Military Park, and Shiloh National Military Park—the original four from 1890.

Examples of battlefield parks, battlefield sites, and national battlefields include Richmond National Battlefield Park, Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site, and Antietam National Battlefield.

National memorials are areas that officially memorialize a person or event, though unlike a National Histrorical Site, may or may not be placed at a specific historical location. The Washington Monument, Lincoln memorial, and Jefferson memorials are perhaps the most some of the most well known NPS National Memorials. Like National Monuments, a Memorial may be managed or co-managed by an entity other than the NPS.

National seashores and national lakeshores offer preservation of the national coast line, while supporting water–based recreation. Cape Hatteras National Seashore was created in 1937. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, created in 1966, were the first national lakeshores.

Template:SeashoreLakes National rivers and wild and scenic riverways protect free-flowing streams over their length. The riverways may not be altered with dams, channelization, or other changes. Recreational pursuits are encouraged along the waterways. Ozark National Scenic Riverways was established in 1964.

National recreation areas originally were units (such as Lake Mead National Recreation Area) surrounding reservoirs impounded by dams built by other federal agencies. Many of these areas are managed under cooperative agreement with the NPS. Some national recreation areas are in urban centers, because of the recommendations of a presidential commission, the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC). These include Gateway National Recreation Area and Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which encompass significant cultural as well as natural resources. Template:USNRAs The National Trails System preserves long-distance routes across America. The system was created in 1968 and consists of two major components: National scenic trails are long-distance trails through some of the most scenic parts of the country. They received official protection in 1968. The Appalachian Trail is the best known. National historic trails commemorate the routes of major historic events. Some of the best known are the Trail of Tears, the Mormon Trail, and the Santa Fe Trail. These trails are administered by several federal agencies.Template:TrailSystem

Visitors

The National Park System received over 327 million recreation visits in 2019.[25] Park visitation grew 64 percent between 1979 and 2015.[26]

The 10 most-visited units of the National Park System handle over 28 percent of the overall visits. The top 10 percent of parks (41) handle 62.8 percent of all visits, leaving the remaining more than 380 units to accommodate 37.2 percent of visits.[26]

Park Rank[26] Visits (2015)
Blue Ridge Parkway
1
 15,054,603
Golden Gate National Recreation Area
2
 14,888,537
Great Smoky Mountains National Park
3
 10,712,674
Lincoln Memorial
4
 7,941,771
Lake Mead National Recreation Area
5
 7,298,465
George Washington Memorial Parkway
6
 7,286,463
Gateway National Recreation Area
7
 6,392,565
Natchez Trace Parkway
8
 5,785,812
Vietnam Veterans Memorial
9
 5,597,077
Grand Canyon National Park
10
 5,520,736

Entrance fees

Most areas of the National Park System do not charge entrance fees and are completely supported by tax dollars, although some of the most popular areas do charge entrance fees. Fees vary site to site and are charged either on a per-vehicle or per-person basis, with most passes valid for 7 days. The America the Beautiful Pass series waives the per-vehicle fee or per-person fee for the holder and up to 3 other adults (children age 15 and younger are admitted for free at most sites). Annual passes for single areas are also available for those who visit the same site often.

Overnight stays

Over 15 million visitors spent a night in one of the national park units during 2015. The largest number (3.68 million) were tent campers. The second largest group (3.38 million) stayed in one of the lodges, followed by miscellaneous stays (on boats, group sites—2.15 million). The last three groups of over-night visitors included RV campers (2.26 million), backcountry campers (2.02 million) and users of the concession-run campgrounds (1.42 million).[27]

Budget

In 2019, the NPS had an annual budget of $4.085 billion and an estimated $12 billion maintenance backlog.[28] On August 4, 2020, the Great American Outdoors Act was signed into law reducing the $12 billion maintenance backlog by $9.5 billion over a 5-year period beginning in FY 2021.[29]

The NPS budget is divided into two primary areas, discretionary and mandatory spending. Within each of these areas, there are numerous specific purposes to which Congress directs the services activities.[30]

The NPS budget includes discretionary spending which is broken out into two portions: the direct operations of the National Parks and the special initiatives.[31] Listed separately are the special initiatives of the service for the year specified in the legislation. During fiscal year 2010, the service was charged with five initiatives. They include: stewardship and education; professional excellence; youth programs; climate change impacts; and budget restructure and realignment.[31]

Discretionary spending

NPS Operations of the National Parks budget from FY 2001-FY 2006

Discretionary spending includes the Operations of the National Parks (ONPS), from which all park operations are paid. The United States Park Police funds cover the high-profile law enforcement operations at some of the large parks, including Gateway National Recreation Area, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and the National Mall. The National Recreation and Preservation Program and the Urban Park and Recreation Fund are outreach programs to support state and local outdoor recreational activities.[30]

The ONPS section of the budget is divided into five operational areas. These areas include:

Resource stewardship

These are funds and people directed towards the restoration, preservation, and maintenance of natural and cultural resources. The resource staff includes biologists, geologists, archeologists, preservation specialists and a variety of specialized employees to restore and preserve cultural buildings or natural features.[31]

Visitor services

The NPS allocates funds obtained from its visitor services for use in public programs and for educational programs for the general public and school groups. Park rangers trained in providing walks, talks, and educational programs to the public frequently conduct such programs. Media specialists prepare exhibits along trails, roads and in visitor contact facilities, as well as written brochures and web-sites.[31]

Park protection

This includes the staff responding to visitor emergencies (criminal, medical and SAR), and the protection of the park's natural and cultural resources from damage by those persons visiting the park. The staff includes law enforcement rangers, park police, criminal investigators, and communication center operators.[31]

Facility maintenance and operations

This is the cost of maintaining the necessary infrastructure within each park that supports all the services provided. It includes the plows and heavy equipment for road clearing, repairs and construction. There are buildings, trails, roads, docks, boats, utility pipes and wires, and a variety of hidden systems that make a park accessible by the public. The staff includes equipment operators, custodians, trail crews, electricians, plumbers, engineers, architects, and other building trade specialists.[31]

Park support

This is the staff that provides for the routine logistical needs of the parks. There are human resource specialists, contracting officers, property specialists, budget managers, accountants and information technology specialists.[31]

External administrative costs

The NPS pays external administrative costs to outside organizations that provide the logistical support that the NPS needs to operate its facilities. These costs include rent payments to the General Services Administration for building space, postage payments to the postal machine vendor and other direct payments.[31]

Functional area FY 2010 (in thousands)[31][32] % of total
Resource stewardship $347,328 15.3%
Visitor services $247,386 10.9%
Park protection $368,698 16.3%
Facility maintenance and operations $705,220 31.1%
Park support $441,854 19.5%
External administrative costs $155,530 6.9%
Total (2010) $2,266,016

Park partnerships

Parterships with external organizations help the NPS in its efforts to preserve and operate its parks. 25 million dollars have been provided for FY 2010. NPS funding for such partnerships require matching grants from individuals, foundations, businesses, and the private sector.[31]

Land and Water Conservation Fund

The NPS Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) supports Land Acquisition and State Conservation Assistance (SCA) grant programs. In 2010, the LWCF began an incremental process to fully fund its programs at a total cost of $900 million. The Department of the Interior and the United States Forest Service use these funds to purchase critical lands to protect existing public lands.

The LWCF also issues grants to States and local jurisdictions to preserve and protect Civil War battlefield sites that are not part of the national park system. The SCA program distributes funds for land preservation to individual states.[31]

Construction

This segment of the budget provides for the construction of new facilities or the replacement of aging and unsafe facilities. Additionally, there are funds in the recreation fees, park roads funding, and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act that provide for other specific facilities/infrastructure work. Additional funds come from the Federal Land Highway Administration for the construction and repair of Park roads.[31]

Historic preservation fund

As the nation's leader in cultural preservation, funds are provided for a variety of programs to meet these needs nationwide. Two specific programs include the Save America's Treasures and the Preserve America. The Historic Preservation Offices makes grants available to the States, territories, and tribal lands.[31]

National recreation and preservation

These funds go to local communities to preserve natural and cultural resources. Among the programs supported are the Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance programs that promote community links to parks, natural resource conservation and outdoor recreation across America.[31]

Offsetting reductions and fixed costs in various accounts

Within this category are a number of one-time events, which are added or removed as the events require. Notably in the FY 2009 and FY 2010 is the removal of the costs for the presidential inaugural. Other savings are identified through reduced operational costs from energy-efficient retro-fitting and the demolition of structures beyond repair.[31]

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Otherwise known as "stimulus funds", the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides funds to restore and preserve major infrastructures within the national parks.[31]

Great Lakes Restoration Initiative

The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, is a $475.0 million proposal included in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency budget. The park service will participate through the EPA in restoration activities in those parks that are within the watershed of the Great Lakes.

Activities will include such actions as removal of dumps and fuel spills. Park will monitor mercury, lead, DDT, and other contaminants in six parks on the Great Lakes.[31] Work also includes the removal of invasive species and education on how to prevent their spread. There are YouTube videos about the work being done in this field.[33][34]

Mandatory spending

Mandatory appropriations are those items created by other congressional legislation that must be paid for. They include the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program, which requires the distribution and expenditure of fees that the NPS collects. Other Permanent Appropriations includes special funding categories to non-profit and state entities, which the NPS manages. Miscellaneous Trust Funds includes funding sources that have been created by the federal government or private citizen, where the NPS or a specific park have been identified as the beneficiaries. And there is also the L&WCF Contract Authority which is the Land and Water Conservation Fund, a congressionally created source of revenues that the NPS manages.[30]

Employees and volunteers

The NPS employs more than 12,000 people each year. Approximately 221,000 Volunteers-In-Parks contribute about 6.4 million hours of their time to the NPS each year without receiving compensation from the federal government.[35]

Economic benefits

The NPS affects economies at national, state, and local levels. According to a 2011 Michigan State University report prepared for the NPS, for each $1 invested in the NPS, the American public receives $4 in economic value. In 2011, national parks generated $30.1 billion in economic activity and 252,000 jobs nationwide. Thirteen billion of that amount went directly into communities within 60 miles of a NPS unit.

In a 2017 study, the NPS found that 331 million park visitors spent $18.2 billion in local areas around National Parks across the nation. This spending helped support 306,000 jobs. The NPS expenditures supported $297 million in economic output in Missouri alone.[36]

Youth programs

The NPS offers a variety of youth oriented programs. They range from the Web Ranger[37] on-line program to many programs in each National Park Unit.[38] The primary work opportunities for youth are through the Youth Corp networks.

The oldest serving group is the Student Conservation Association (SCA). It was established in 1957, committed to conservation and preservation. The SCA's goal is to create the next generation of conservation leaders.


The Corps Network, formerly known as the National Association for Service and Corps (NASCC), represents 136 Service and Conservation Corps. These groups have programs in 42 states and the District of Columbia. Corpsmembers are between the ages of 16–25. Service and Conservation Corps are direct descendants of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) of the 1930s that built park facilities in the national parks and other public parks around the country. The Corps Network was established in 1985.[39]

  • Youth Conservation Corps (ages 15–18)
    • The Youth Conservation Corps (YCC), bring young people into a park to restore, preserve and protect a natural, cultural, or historical resources. Enrollees are paid for their work.[40]
  • Public Land Corps (ages 16–25)
    • The Public Land Corps (PLC) is a job helping to restore, protect, and rehabilitate a local national parks. The enrollees learn about environmental issues and the park. A dozen non-profit.[41]
  • Programs for Boy Scouts (ages 7–18)
    • The NPS works with the Boy Scouts of America. Members can become a scout ranger and earn a patch. The service formerly participated every four years at the BSA Jamboree at Fort A.P. Hill in Virginia. Many scouts have completed their eagle projects in a National Park helping preserve the resources, while furthering the scouting experience.[42]
  • Programs for Girl Scouts (ages 5–18)
    • Girl Scouts can become a Girl Scout ranger and earn a patch. The NPS works with Girl Scout troops through their Linking Girls to the Land.[43]

Accessibility

Access Pass

The Access Pass offers free, lifetime admission to federal areas of the NPS, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, and Tennessee Valley Authority.[44]

Service animals

Service animals are allowed in all facilities and on most trails, with the exceptions of stock trails and areas closed by the superintendent to protect park resources. Service animals must always be leashed. Service animals in training and pets are subject to other park regulations. When traveling with an animal, carry water, and allow for stops. Dispose of pet feces in a trash bin.[44]

Camping

The National Park System offers numerous accessible camping opportunities. In over 120 units, campgrounds have sites specifically designed for tent camper accessibility. Special camp sites are located near restrooms with paved walkways to and from the restroom and water sources.

Sites have hardened tenting sites that provide for easy access, but allow for tents to be erected on soil. Many additional units have pull-through trailer sites, providing for motorized use, but may have limited access to the rest of the campground facilities.[45]

Trails

Many national park units have fully accessible trails. Visitors with special needs should check the park's web-site to insure that the trail is designed to meet their individual needs. Trails may have a compacted gravel surface, paved with asphalt, or a board walk.

Many trails have guardrails, while others have a ridge along the edge, detectable by the visually impaired using a cane and capable of stopping a wheelchair. Many have no detectable edge when there is a stable surface.[46]

Vistas

Parks that are known for their scenic vistas make them available through a variety of designs. Paved overlooks with accessible parking is the most common, and not always identified in written material. Road designs are configured to provide for mountain and landscape vistas from a vehicle.[47]

Additional information at "The Disabled Traveler's Companion".[48]

Controversy regarding accessibility

On October 24, 2017, Secretary of the Interior Zinke proposed large fee hikes at seventeen of the most visited national parks in order to address a backlog of maintenance at all national parks.[49] The NPS considered that these changes, which would increase entrance fees from $25 to $75, were appropriate because they only targeted the most popular parks, which already have entrance fees.[49] However, there was a nearly unanimous public backlash against this proposal; many families felt this would prohibit them from being able to visit the parks.[50]

Further, there was concern that this hike would disproportionately affect low-income families, who are already underrepresented in visitation to national parks.[51] Additionally, many organizations working to increase access to nature for families of color, such as Latino Outdoors and African American Nature and Parks Experience, spoke out against these proposed fee hikes.[51]

Altogether, more than 110,000 comments were posted on the NPS website, with 98% of them protesting this change.[52] Representative Raul Grijalva commented, “This is a prime example that activism works.”[52] In response to this strong public reaction, on April 12, 2018, Secretary Zinke released a statement replacing this plan with a more moderate proposal to raise prices incrementally across all parks with entrance fees.[53]

Concessions

In an effort to increase visitation and allow for a larger audience to enjoy national park land, the NPS has numerous concession contracts with private businesses to bring recreation, resorts and other compatible amenities to their parks. NPS lodging opportunities exist at places such as the Wawona Hotel in Yosemite National Park and the Fort Baker Retreat and Conference Center in Golden Gate National Recreation Area.

  • Delaware North Corporation[54] at Yosemite National Park, Yellowstone National Park, South Rim Grand Canyon National Park.
  • Forever Resorts[55] at Big Bend National Park, Blue Ridge Parkway, Badlands National Park, North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park, Olympic National Park, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Mammoth Cave National Park, Isle Royale National Park, and Rocky Mountain National Park.
  • Xanterra Parks & Resorts[56] at Bryce Canyon National Park, Crater Lake National Park, Death Valley National Park, South Rim Grand Canyon National Park, Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Painted Desert at Petrified Forest National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Zion National Park.

Litigation with Delaware North

In 2015, Delaware North sued the NPS in the United States Court of Claims for breach of contract, alleging that the NPS had undervalued its trademarks of the names of iconic Yosemite National Park concession facilities.[57] The NPS estimated the value of the intangible assets including the names "Ahwahnee", "Badger Pass", "Curry Village", and "Yosemite Lodge" at $3.5 million. Delaware North lost the contract, and asserted that the historic names were worth $51 million and maintained that the incoming concessioner had to be paid that amount.[58]

The Justice Department and the NPS asserted that this was an "improper and wildly inflated" value. Rather than pay Delaware North's demanded valuation, in January 2016 the NPS instead opted to rename the famous landmarks, effective in March. The Ahwahnee Hotel is slated to become The Majestic Yosemite Hotel, Curry Village will become Half Dome Village, and the Wawona Hotel will become Big Trees Lodge.[59] Widespread public outcry focused on Delaware North's decision to claim ownership of names within a national park.[60] The names were restored in 2019 upon settlement of the dispute.[61]

Bookstores

At many Park Service sites a bookstore is operated by a non-profit cooperating association. The largest example is Eastern National, which runs bookstores in 30 states with 178 stores.

Park specific:

Offices

Depicts twelve figures, most in NPS uniforms, shown in occupations from left to right: a lifeguard, a Civil War reenactor, fire management, mounted patrol, researcher and/or natural resources with fish, a female ranger with two visitors, a laborer, a climber/rescuer, and a youth with a male ranger.

The national headquarters is located in the Main Interior Building, 1849 C Street NW, several blocks southwest of the White House. The central office is composed of eleven directorates: director/deputy directors; business services; workforce management; chief information officer; cultural resources; natural resource stewardship and science; office of the comptroller; park planning, facilities and lands; partnerships and visitor experience; visitor and resource protection; and the United States Park Police.[62]

Regional offices are in Anchorage, Atlanta, Lakewood, CO (Denver), Omaha, NE, Philadelphia, San Francisco and Seattle. The headquarters building of the National Park Service Southwest Regional Office is architecturally significant and is designated a National Historic Landmark.

The NPS is an operating unit of the U.S. Department of the Interior. The NPS director is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate.[63] The director is supported by six senior executives.

These executives manage national programs, policy, and budget from the Washington, DC, headquarters. Under the deputy director of operations are seven regional directors, who are responsible for national park management and program implementation. Together this group is called the National Leadership Council.[64]

Staff and volunteers

Employees

By the mid-1950s, the primary employees of the service were the park rangers, who had broad responsibilities on the parks' behalf. They cleaned up trash, operated heavy equipment, fought fires, managed traffic, cleared trails and roads, provided information to visitors, managed museums, performed rescues, flew aircraft, and investigated crime.[65]

The NPS employs many kinds of workers:

  • National Park Service Ranger
    • Interpreter
    • Law enforcement
  • Park management (Superintendent/Deputy)
  • United States Park Police
  • Emergency management (Emergency medical providers, search and rescue specialists)
  • Dispatchers
  • Maintenance (including carpenters, plumbers, masons, laborers, auto mechanics, motor vehicle operators, heavy equipment operators, electricians)
  • Park planning
  • Resource management (including archeologist, biologist, botanist, aquatics, soil scientist, geologist)
  • History (curators, historians, preservation technicians, historic architects, archivists)
  • Fire management (managers, weather specialist, firefighters, engine captains, crew superintendents, battalion chiefs)
See also: Wildfire
  • Public Affairs
  • Administration (human resources, finance, accountants, information technology, budgeting, concessions management)
National Park Service employment levels. Executives: abt 27; Gen Sch: 16–17,000; Others: 6–7,000[66]

Locations are varied. Parks exist in the nation's larger cities like New York City (Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site), Atlanta (Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site), and San Diego (Cabrillo National Monument) to some of the remotest areas of the continent like Hovenweep National Monument in southeastern Utah, to Aniakchak National Monument in King Salmon, Alaska.[67]

Volunteers-In-Parks (VIP)

The Volunteers-In-Parks program was authorized in 1969 by the Volunteers in the Parks Act of 1969.[68] for the purpose of allowing the public to serve in the nations parks providing support and skills for their enhancement and protection.[69]

Volunteers come from all walks of life and include professionals, artists, laborers, homemakers and students, performing varied duties. Many come from surrounding communities and some travel significant distances.[69] In a 2005 annual report, the NPS reported that,

...137,000 VIPs contributed 5.2 million hours of service (or 2500 FTEs) valued at $91,260,000 based on the private sector value figure of $17.55 as used by AARP, Points of Light Foundation, and other large-scale volunteer programs including many federal agencies. There are 365 separate volunteer programs throughout the NPS. Since 1990, the number of volunteers has increased an average of 2% per year.[70]

FTE stands for full-time equivalent (one work year). In 2012, the National Park Service reported that over 221,000 volunteers contributed about 6.4 million hours annually.[35]

Additionally, other types of volunteers also conduct offsite NPS public outreach and education, such as the Trails & Rails program guides on board certain segments of long-haul Amtrak routes, who offer passengers insights to the travel area's natural resources and heritage.[71][72]

Artist-In-Residence

Across the nation, there are special opportunities for artists (visual artists, photographers, sculptors, performers, writers, composers, and crafts) to live and work in a park. Twenty-nine parks currently participate in the Artist-In-Residence program.[73]

United States Park Rangers

Main page: National Park Service Law Enforcement RangersLaw enforcement rangers, or protection rangers, are uniformed federal law enforcement officers with broad authority to enforce federal and state laws within NPS sites. The NPS commonly refers to law enforcement operations in the agency as visitor and resource protection.

In NPS units, law enforcement rangers are the primary police agency.[74] The NPS also employs special agents who conduct more complex criminal investigations. Rangers and agents receive extensive police training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center and annual in-service and regular firearms training.

United States Park Police

The United States Park Police (USPP) is the oldest uniformed federal law enforcement agency in the United States. It functions as a full service law enforcement agency with responsibilities and jurisdiction in those NPS areas primarily located in the Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and New York City areas.

In addition to performing the normal crime prevention, investigation, and apprehension functions of an urban police force, the park police are responsible for policing many of the famous monuments in the United States and share law enforcement jurisdiction in all lands administered by the service with a force of national park rangers tasked with the same law enforcement powers and responsibilities.[75]

Special divisions

Historic Preservation Training Center

Other special NPS divisions include the Archeology Program,[76] Historic American Buildings Survey, National Register of Historic Places, National Natural Landmarks, the Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Program,[77] the Challenge Cost Share Program,[78] the Federal Lands to Parks,[79] the Hydropower Relicensing Program,[80] the Land and Water Conservation Fund,[81] the National Trails System,[82] the Partnership Wild and Scenic Rivers Program,[83] and the Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division.[84]

Centers

The NPS operates four archeology-related centers: Harpers Ferry Center in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, the Midwest Archeological Center in Lincoln, Nebraska, the Southeast Archeological Center in Tallahassee, Florida and the Western Archeological and Conservation Center in Tucson, Arizona. The Harpers Ferry Center specializes in interpretive media development and object conservation. The other three focus to various degrees on archaeological research and museum object curation and conservation.

National Park Service training centers include the Horace Albright Training Center, Grand Canyon; Stephen Mather Training Center, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia; Historic Preservation Training Center, Frederick, Maryland and Capital Training Center, Washington, D.C.

The Submerged Resources Center is the unit responsible for inventory and evaluation of submerged resources throughout the National Park system.[85] The SRC is based out of the Intermountain Region's headquarters in Lakewood, Colorado.[85]

The National Center for Preservation Technology and Training, located in Natchitoches, Louisiana, conducts research and training in the fields of archeology, architecture, landscape architecture and materials conservation.

Preservation programs

Photograph of El Santuario Del Señor Esquipula, Chimayo, New Mexico
LaSalle Street Bridge, Chicago, Illinois

The oldest federal preservation program, the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER), produces graphic and written documentation of historically significant architectural, engineering and industrial sites and structures. Dating from 1934, the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) was chartered to document historic architecture—primarily houses and public buildings—of national or regional significance. Originally a New Deal employment/preservation program, after World War II, HABS employed summer teams of advanced undergraduate and graduate students to carry out the documentation, a tradition followed to this day. Many of the structures they documented no longer exist.

HABS/HAER produces measured drawings, large-format photographs and written histories of historic sites, structures and objects, that are significant to the architectural, engineering and industrial heritage of the U.S. Its 25,000 records are part of the Library of Congress. HABS/HAER is administered by the NPS Washington office and five regional offices.[86]

Historic American Buildings Survey

In 1933, the NPS established the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), based on a proposal by Charles E. Peterson, Park Service landscape architect. It was founded as a make-work program for architects, draftsmen and photographers left jobless by the Great Depression. Guided by field instructions from Washington, D.C., the first recorders were tasked with documenting a representative sampling of America's architectural heritage. After 70 years, there is now an archive of historic architecture. HABS provided a database of primary source material for the then fledgling historic preservation movement.

Historic American Engineering Record

Recognizing a similar fragility in the national industrial and engineering heritage, the NPS, the Library of Congress and the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) formed the HAER program in 1969, to document nationally and regionally significant engineering and industrial sites. Later, HAER was ratified by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME). HAER documentation, in the forms of measured and interpretive drawings, large-format photographs and written histories, is archivally preserved in the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress, where it is readily available to the public.[87]

Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Program

The NPS Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance program is designed to assist local communities and the public in preservation of rivers, trails and greenways. Unlike the mainline National Park Programs, these programs take place on non-federal property at the request of the local community. One of their better known programs is Rails to Trails, where unused railroad right-of-ways are converted into public hiking and biking trails.[88]

National Trails System

The National Trails System is a joint mission of the NPS, the Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Forest Service. It was created in 1968 to establish a system of long-distance National Scenic and National Historic Trails, as well as to recognize existing trails in the states as National Recreation Trails. Several additional trails have been established since 1968, and in 2009 Congress established the first National Geologic Trail.[89]

National Heritage Areas

National Heritage Areas are a unique blend of natural, cultural, historic, and scenic resources. Having developed out of a shared historic, they create a unique whole. As of 2021 there are 55 designated heritage areas.

World Heritage Sites

thumb World Heritage Sites have enough universally recognized natural and cultural features that they are considered to merit the protection of all the peoples in the world. The NPS is responsible for 16 of the 24 World Heritage Sites in the United States.[90]

  • Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico
  • Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico
  • Everglades National Park, Florida
  • Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona
  • Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina
  • Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii
  • Independence Hall, Pennsylvania
  • Kluane/Wrangell-St. Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek Park, Alaska, U.S./ B.C. & Yukon, Canada
  • Mammoth Cave, Kentucky
  • Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado
  • Olympic National Park, Washington
  • Redwood National and State Parks, California
  • Statue of Liberty, New York
  • Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park (union of Waterton Lakes (Canada) and Glacier (U.S.) parks), Montana & Alberta, Canada
  • Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, extending into Montana and Idaho
  • Yosemite National Park, California

Initiatives

"The national parks preserve all life", poster for National Park Service, 1940
  • 24-hr all Taxa BioBlitz: A joint venture of the National Geographic Society and the NPS. Beginning in 2004, at Rock Creek Parkway, the National Geographic Society and the NPS began a 10-year program of hosting a major biological survey of ten selected national park units. The intent is to develop public interest in the nations natural resources, develop scientific interest in America's youth and to create citizen scientist.
    • 2007: Rock Creek Park, Washington D.C. 661 species[91]
    • 2008: Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, Los Angeles, California. 1,700 species and more pending.[91]
    • 2009: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, near Chicago in northern Indiana. 1,716 species and still counting.[92]
    • 2010: Biscayne National Park, Miami, Florida. 810 species were identified during this 24-hr event. As classification continues, more species will be added to the list.[93]
    • 2011: Saguaro National Park, Tucson, Arizona.[93] During the 24 hours, 859 different species were identified, of which more than 400 were previously unknown in the park.[94]
    • 2012: Rocky Mountain National Park, in Estes Park, In August 2012 489 species were identified.[95]
    • 2013: Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve, in New Orleans. May 17–18, 2013 in the park's Barataria Preserve.[96]
    • 2014: Golden Gate National Recreation Area[97]
    • 2015: Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park[97]
    • 2016: Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Cabrillo National Monument, Channel Islands National Park, Washington, D.C.[97]
    • 2017: Virgin Islands National Park[97]
  • Biological Diversity: Biological Diversity is the vast variety of life as identified through species and genetics. This variety is decreasing as people spread across the globe, altering areas to better meet their needs.[98]
  • Climate Change: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global sea levels. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007).[99]
  • South Florida Restoration Initiative: Rescuing an Ecosystem in Peril: In partnership with the State of Florida, and the Army Corps of Engineers, the NPS is restoring the physical and biological processes of the South Florida ecosystem. Historically, this ecosystem contained some of the most diverse habitats on earth.[100]
  • Wetlands: Wetlands includes marshes, swamps, and bogs. These areas and the plants and animals adapted to these conditions spread from the arctic to the equator. The shrinking wetlands provide habitat for fish and wildlife, help clean water and reduce the impact of storms and floods on the surrounding communities.[101]
  • Wildland Fire: Fires have been a natural part of park eco-systems. Many plants and some animals require a cycle of fire or flooding to be successful and productive. With the advent of human intervention and public access to parks, there are safety concerns for the visiting public.[102]

Green Park Plan

In September 2010, the NPS released its Climate Change Response Strategy, followed in April 2012 by the Green Parks Plan.[103]

Climate Friendly Parks Program

The Climate Friendly Parks Program is a subset of the Green Parks Plan.[103] It was created in collaboration between the NPS and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.[104] The program is meant to measure and reduce greenhouse gases to help slow the effects of climate change.

Parks in the CFP program create and implement plans to reduce greenhouse gases through reducing energy and water use. Facilities are designed and retrofitted using sustainable materials. Alternative transportation systems are developed to reduce dependency on fossil fuels.[105] Parks in the program offer public education programs about how the parks are already affected.

The CFP program provides climate-friendly solutions to the visiting public, like using clean energy, reducing waste, and making smart transportation choices.[106] The CFP program can provide technical assistance, tools and resources for the parks and their neighboring communities to protect the natural and cultural resources.[107]

The large, isolated parks typically generate their own electricity and heat and must do so without spoiling the values that the visitors have come to experience. Pollution is emitted by the vehicles used to transport visitors around the often-vast expanses of the parks. Many parks have converted vehicles to electric hybrids, and substitute diesel/electric hybrid buses for private automobiles. In 2001 it was estimated that replacement with electric vehicles would eliminate 25 TPY emissions entirely.[108]

In 2010, the NPS estimated that reducing bottled water could eliminate 6,000 tons of carbon emissions and 8 million kilowatt-hours of electricity every year. The NPS Concessions office voiced concerns about concessions impacts.[109]

By 2014, 23 parks had banned disposable water bottles.[110] In 2015, the International Bottled Water Association stated the NPS was "leaving sugary drinks as a primary alternative", even though the Park Service provides water stations to refill bottles, "encouraging visitors to hydrate for free". The Water Association made the national parks one of its top lobbying targets. In July 2015 Rep. Keith Rothfus added a "last-minute" amendment into Congress's appropriations bill, blocking the NPS from funding or enforcing the program.[111] The NPS discontinued its ban on disposable water bottles in August 2017.[112]

Related acts

  • Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980
  • Antiquities Act or Lacy Act of 1906
  • Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008
  • Endangered Species Act of 1973
  • Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978
  • Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934
  • Great American Outdoors Act of 2020
  • Historic Sites Act of 1935
  • Lacey Act of 1900 (Wildlife preservation)
  • Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
  • National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (NEPA)
  • National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA)
  • National Park Service General Authorities Act of 1970
  • National Park Service Organic Act of 1916
  • National Wild and Scenic River of 1968
  • Redwood Act of 1978, creating one protection standard for the System
  • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
  • Wilderness Act of 1964


See also

People

Individuals

  • Ansel Franklin Hall, first Chief Naturalist and first Chief Forester of the NPS
  • William Kent (U.S. Congressman), donated early parklands to the government
  • John F. Lacey, congressman from Iowa
  • Harry Yount, progenitor of the modern national park ranger

Roles

  • National Park Ranger

Related organizations

  • National Park Foundation
  • National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA)

Other links

  • Alt National Park Service
  • Land and Water Conservation Fund
  • National Park Passport Stamps
  • National Park Service Rustic, style of architecture
  • National Park Service uniforms
  • National Park Travelers Club
  • National Park to Park Highway
  • United States Senate Committee on Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game
  • Wilderness preservation systems in the United States

References

  1. ↑ "A Brief History of the National Park Service". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/legacy/nomenclature.html. 
  2. ↑ "The National Park Service Organic Act (1916)". National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/management/national-park-service-organic-act-1916.htm. 
  3. ↑ Budget Justifications and Performance Information, Fiscal Year 2014, National Park Service
  4. ↑ Government, Best Places to Work in the Federal. "Best Places to Work in the Federal Government" (in en-US). https://bestplacestowork.org/rankings/detail/IN10. 
  5. ↑ Sutter, p. 102
  6. ↑ Sutter, p. 104
  7. ↑ Albright, Horace M. as told to Robert Cahn; The Birth of the National Park Service; The Founding Years, 1913–33; Howe Brothers, Salt Lake City, Utah; 1985.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The National Parks: Shaping the System; National Park Service, Dept of the Interior; 1991; pg 24
  9. ↑ "Directors of the National Park Service". National Park Service. http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSHistory/directors.htm. 
  10. ↑ Press Release: Director Bomar To Retire On Tuesday; Dave Barna, Press Office, National Park Service; January 15, 2009
  11. ↑ "18th National Park Service Director Jonathan B. Jarvis (U.S. National Park Service)". National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/articles/director-jonathan-jarvis.htm. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hotakainen, Rob. "Interior: Zinke juggles Park Service leadership" (in en). https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060071827. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hotakainen, Rob. "National Parks: NPS employees ask: Where is P. Daniel Smith?" (in en). https://www.eenews.net/stories/1062342199. 
  14. ↑ Hotakainen, Rob; Doyle, Michael. "David Vela out as NPS chief; Margaret Everson to take over". E&E News. https://www.eenews.net/stories/1063697067. 
  15. ↑ [1]
  16. ↑ Lee, Ronald F.; Family Tree of the National Park System; Eastern National Parks, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1972; pg 9–12
  17. ↑ "Quick Facts". http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/quickfacts.htm. 
  18. ↑ National Park Service, 2008 Director's Report; National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior; Washington, D.C.; 2009
  19. ↑ Criteria for Parklands brochure; Department of the Interior, National Park Service; 1990
  20. ↑ "Chapter 1: The Foundation". https://www.nps.gov/policy/mp/chapter1.htm. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 100; Tuesday, May 25, 2010; pg 29317
  22. ↑ "National Park System (U.S. National Park Service)". Nov 4, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm. 
  23. ↑ The National Parks: Index 2009–2011, Official Index of the National Park Service, Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.; March 1, 2009
  24. ↑ "NPS Stats for 2009". Nature.nps.gov. http://www.nature.nps.gov/stats/viewReport.cfm. 
  25. ↑ "Annual Visitation Summary Report for: 2019". https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/National%20Reports/Annual%20Visitation%20Summary%20Report%20(1979%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year). 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "NPS Reports". Nature.nps.gov. https://irma.nps.gov/STATS/SSRSReports/National%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Ranking%20Report%20(1979%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year). 
  27. ↑ Butch Street. "Statistical Abstract 2010". National Park Service. http://nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/PUSO_Abstract_2010.pdf. 
  28. ↑ "National Parks Have a Long To-Do List but Can't Cover the Repair Costs". https://www.npr.org/2016/03/08/466461595/national-parks-have-a-long-to-do-list-but-cant-cover-the-repair-costs. 
  29. ↑ Puko, Timothy (2020-08-04). "From Yellowstone to Yosemite, National Parks to Get Long-Awaited Overhaul" (in en-US). The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/from-yellowstone-to-yosemite-national-parks-to-get-long-awaited-overhaul-11596533401. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 FY 2006 President's Budget, Executive Summary; National Park Service; Government Printing Office; February 7, 2005
  31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 31.12 31.13 31.14 31.15 31.16 Budget Justification and Performance Information, Fiscal Year 2010, National Park Service, The United States Department of the Interior, 2009
  32. ↑ Budget Justification and Performance Information, Fiscal Year 2010, National Park Service, The United States Department of the Interior, 2009 @ http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/FY_2010_greenbook.pdf
  33. ↑ Gr8LakesRestoration. YouTube. Retrieved on May 24, 2014.
  34. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.npca.org/assets/pdf/Great_Lakes_GLRI_report.pdf. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service)". https://www.nps.gov/index.htm. 
  36. ↑ Yue, Cui; Mahoney, Ed; Herbowicz, Teresa (2013). "Economic Benefits to Local Communities from National Park Visitation – 2011". Washington, D.C.. http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/NPSSystemEstimates2011.pdf. 
  37. ↑ "Webrangers". Webrangers.us. http://www.webrangers.us/preview_station.cfm. 
  38. ↑ "NPS Youth Programs". Nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/gettinginvolved/youthprograms/index.htm. 
  39. ↑ "The Corps Network". September 20, 2016. https://pwrcms.nps.gov/gettinginvolved/youthprograms/thecorpsnetwork.htm. 
  40. ↑ YCC
  41. ↑ PLC
  42. ↑ BSA in NPS
  43. ↑ GSA in NPS
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Yosemite Accessibility Guide". National Parks Service. January 2015. https://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/upload/access.pdf. 
  45. ↑ "Parks with Accessible Camping". Nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/pub_aff/access/camping.htm. 
  46. ↑ "Accessible Trails in National Parks". Nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/pub_aff/access/trails.htm. 
  47. ↑ "NPS Accessible Vistas". Nps.gov. July 25, 2008. http://www.nps.gov/pub_aff/access/vistas.htm. 
  48. ↑ "National Park Service". Tdtcompanion.com. http://www.tdtcompanion.com/NPS/. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "National Park Service Proposes Targeted Fee Increases at Parks to Address Maintenance Backlog 2 - Office of Communications (U.S. National Park Service)" (in en). https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1207/10-24-2017-fee-changes-proposal.htm. 
  50. ↑ "Americans tell Interior to take a hike over proposed National Park fee increase" (in en-US). The Know. April 2, 2018. https://theknow.denverpost.com/2018/04/02/national-park-fee-increase-controversy-2018/180961/. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "More Expensive National Parks May Threaten Access to Nature". October 25, 2017. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/national-parks-service-entrance-fee-increase-spd/. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Fears, Darryl (April 12, 2018). "Public outrage forces Interior to scrap massive increase in park entry fees" (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/04/12/interior-dramatically-reverses-proposal-to-raise-some-national-park-entry-fees-to-70/. 
  53. ↑ "National Park Service Announces Plan to Address Infrastructure Needs & Improve Visitor Experience - Office of Communications (U.S. National Park Service)" (in en). https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1207/04-12-2018-entrance-fees.htm. 
  54. ↑ Yosemite National Park | The Official Guide to Lodging & Activities. Yosemitepark.com. Retrieved on May 24, 2014.
  55. ↑ Forever Resorts Team. "Adventure Vacations - Trips, Travel and Outdoor Family Vacations - Forever Resorts". http://foreverresorts.com/. 
  56. ↑ "xanterra.com". xanterra.com. June 12, 1981. http://www.xanterra.com/. 
  57. ↑ "Delaware North sues park service over Yosemite contract". www.foodservicedirector.. https://www.foodservicedirector.com/operations/delaware-north-sues-national-park-service-over-yosemite-contract. 
  58. ↑ "National Park Service offers Yosemite contract to new company". www.fresnobee.com. http://www.fresnobee.com/sports/outdoors/article24790630.html. 
  59. ↑ "Amid court battle, Yosemite park plans to change some iconic names". www.fresnobee.com. http://www.fresnobee.com/news/nation-world/national/article54736110.html. 
  60. ↑ Doyle, Michael. Public outcry and pressing questions follow Yosemite name changes. The Sacramento Bee, January 15, 2016
  61. ↑ Wigglesworth, Alex (July 15, 2019). "Yosemite to restore names to historic attractions under $12-million settlement". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-yosemite-national-park-trademark-lawsuit-settled-20190715-story.html. 
  62. ↑ "Washington Contacts". Nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/contactinformation.htm#regions. 
  63. ↑ "NPS About US". Nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm. 
  64. ↑ National Park Service Headquarters Organization, March 2009
  65. ↑ Park Ranger, The Work, Thrills and Equipment of the National Park Rangers, Colby, C.B.; Coward-McCann, Inc., New York, 1955
  66. ↑ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, National Park Service, Fiscal Year nnnn Budget Justifications;, where nnnn = 2000, 2001, 2003, 2006, and 2009
  67. ↑ Careers in the National Parks; Gartner, Bob; The Rosen Publishing Company, New York; 1993
  68. ↑ "Director's Order #7: Volunteers in Parks; June 13, 2005; Department of the Interior, National Park Service". Nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/archive/volunteer/managedocs.htm. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Volunteers in Parks; National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.; 1990
  70. ↑ Volunteer in Parks, FY05 Annual Report, Department of the Interior, National Park Service; GPO, Washington D.C.; 2006
  71. ↑ "Amtrak". https://www.amtrak.com/trails-rails-heritage-appreciation-during-your-train-ride. 
  72. ↑ "Partnering to Connect People with Places - Amtrak Trails & Rails (U.S. National Park Service)". https://www.nps.gov/subjects/amtraktrailsandrails/about.htm. 
  73. ↑ "NPS Artist-in-Residence". Nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/archive/volunteer/air.htm. 
  74. ↑ "54 U.S. Code § 102701 - Law enforcement personnel within System" (in en). https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/54/102701. 
  75. ↑ "United States Park Police". Nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/uspp/. 
  76. ↑ "National Park Service Archeology Program". National Park Service. April 30, 1996. http://www.nps.gov/archeology/index.htm. 
  77. ↑ "Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/ncrc/programs/rtca/. 
  78. ↑ "Challenge Cost Share Program". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/ncrc/programs/ccsp/. 
  79. ↑ "Federal Lands to Parks". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/flp/. 
  80. ↑ "Hydropower Relicensing Program". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/hydro/. 
  81. ↑ "Land and Water Conservation Fund". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/lwcf/. 
  82. ↑ "National Trails System". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/nts/. 
  83. ↑ "Partnership Wild & Scenic Rivers". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/pwsr/. 
  84. ↑ "Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division (U.S. National Park Service)". http://www.nps.gov/orgs/1050/index.htm. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Nimz, J; Clark, T (2012). "Aquatic Research Opportunities with the National Park Service". In: Steller D, Lobel L, Eds. Diving for Science 2012. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 31st Symposium. ISBN 978-0-9800423-6-8. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/10261. Retrieved September 22, 2013. 
  86. ↑ NPS brochure A Heritage So Rich
  87. ↑ NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ALMANAC, Edited and Compiled by Ben Moffett and Vickie Carson, Rocky Mountain Region – Public Affairs, 1994
  88. ↑ Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Program brochure; National Park Service, Department of the Interior
  89. ↑ National Trails System Map and Guide; National Park Service (DOI); Bureau of Land Management (DOI); Forest Service (USDA): Government Printing Office, 1993
  90. ↑ U.S. World Heritage Sites; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.; brochure
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 "BioBlitz, Species Inventory Information, Facts". National Geographic. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/field/projects/bioblitz.html. Retrieved October 3, 2010. 
  92. ↑ "National Parks Traveler, May 17th, 2009; Kurt Repanshek". Nationalparkstraveler.com. http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2009/05/indiana-dunes-national-lakeshore-bioblitz-latest-tally-above-1-700-species. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 "Biscayne BioBlitz page". Nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/bisc/naturescience/bioblitzplants.htm. 
  94. ↑ Arrowhead; The Newsletter of the Employees & Alumni Association of the National Park Service; Eastern National; Spring/Summer 2012, vol. 19 no. 3
  95. ↑ Braun, David (August 26, 2012). "BioBlitz Finds 489 Species in Rocky Mountain National Park". National Geographic Society. http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/08/26/bioblitz-finds-489-species-in-rocky-mountain-national-park/. 
  96. ↑ "BioBlitz 2013: Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve". National Geographic Society. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/bioblitz-la-2013/. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 {{cite web |title=The NPS/National Geographic Society BioBlitzes |publisher=National Park Serivce |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/biodiversity/the-nps-national-geographic-society-bioblitzes.htm
  98. ↑ Biological Diversity brochure; National Park Service; 1993
  99. ↑ Climate Change in National Parks brochure; Dept of the Interior, National Park Service; 2007
  100. ↑ [2]
  101. ↑ Wetlands in the National Parks; Dept of the Interior, National Park Service; 1998
  102. ↑ Managing Wildland Fire brochure; Dept of the Interior, National Park Service & National Interagency Fire Center; 2003
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 "Green Parks Plan". July 2019. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/sustainability/green-parks.htm. 
  104. ↑ "Climate Friendly Parks Program". US Dpt of the Interior. http://www.nps.gov/climatefriendlyparks/. 
  105. ↑ Climate Friendly Parks, Environmental Leadership Program; National Park Service, Harpers Ferry, WV, 2009
  106. ↑ Seth Shteir (April 9, 2010). "The Grange; Climate Friendly National Parks". High Country News. http://www.hcn.org/blogs/grange/climate-friendly-national-parks. 
  107. ↑ "Explore Climate Friendly Parks". Nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/climatefriendlyparks/explore/index.html. 
  108. ↑ Don Shepherd Estimating and Reducing Emissions from Within National Parks National Park Service, April 2001
  109. ↑ Norton, Shawn (January 5, 2010). "Plastic Water Bottles in National Parks and the Green Parks Plan". National Park Service. http://act.credoaction.com/go/9668?t=10&akid=15494.2141429.laLjhy. 
  110. ↑ "Nearly two dozen national park sites ban plastic water bottle sales". The Wilderness Society. April 10, 2014. http://wilderness.org/blog/nearly-two-dozen-national-park-sites-ban-plastic-water-bottle-sales. 
  111. ↑ Lisa Rein, How Big Water is trying to stop the National Park Service from cleaning up plastic bottles fouling the parks, Washington Post, July 13, 2015.
  112. ↑ "National Park Service Ends Effort to Eliminate Sale of Disposable Water Bottles". August 16, 2017. https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1207/08-16-2017-water-bottles.htm. 

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Other sources

External links

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