Earth:Pebbly Arkose Formation
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| Pebbly Arkose Stratigraphic range: Carnian ~235–222 Ma | |
|---|---|
 Pebbly arkose outcrop, Ndepa hill, Kariba District, Zimbabwe | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Upper Karoo Group, Karoo Supergroup |
| Underlies | Forest Sandstone |
| Overlies | Escarpment Grit & Angwa Sandstone |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | [ ⚑ ] : 16°12′S 30°18′E / 16.2°S 30.3°E |
| Paleocoordinates | [ ⚑ ] 50°48′S 11°54′E / 50.8°S 11.9°E |
| Region | Mashonaland Central & West |
| Country | Botswana Zambia Zimbabwe |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Descriptive name |
| Named by | A.M. MacGregor, Zimbabwe Geological Survey |
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The Pebbly Arkose Formation is a Late Triassic geologic formation found in southern Africa.
Geology
Description
The formation comprises mainly coarse, arkosic sandstones.[1]
Extent
The Pebbly Arkose Formation is found in Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe, in the Mid-Zambezi, Mana Pools, Cabora Bassa and Limpopo basins.
Stratigraphy
The Pebbly Arkose Formation is part of the Upper Karoo Group, overlies the Escarpment formation (in the Mid-Zambezi and Limpopo basins)[2] and the Angwa Sandstone Formation (in the Mana Pools and Cabora Bassa Basins)[3] and underlies the Forest Sandstone Formation.[4]
The Pebbly Arkose has been correlated to the Elliot Formation of the Great Karroo Basin, South Africa[4][5] and the Mpandi Formation of the Thuli Basin in Botswana and Zimbabwe.[6]
Fossil content
Flora
| Pinales of the Pebbly Arkose Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Notes | Images | |
| Form genus: Dadoxylon | Widespread in the formation[7] | |||
Vertebrate fauna
Archosaur
| Archosaurs of the Pebbly Arkose Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxon | Species | Presence | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Mbiresaurus[8] | M. raathi | Dande Communal Land. | A complete partially-articulated skeleton. | An early member of Sauropodomorpha | |
| M. sanyatiensis | Spurwing Island. | An articulated partial right leg. | A basal massopodan sauropodomorph |
 | |
| Massospondylus | M. sp. | Spurwing Island. | A basal sauropodomorph. | ||
| Aetosaur[8] | Indeterminate. | ||||
| Herrerasaurid[8] | Indeterminate | Dande Communal Land. | |||
Reptiles
| Rhynchosauria of the Pebbly Arkose Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxon | Species | Presence | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Hyperodapedon[9] | Dande, Mbire District, Zimbabwe[9] |  | |||
Synapsids
| Synapsida of the Pebbly Arkose Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxon | Species | Presence | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Dicynodontia | Indeterminate. | A possible dicynodont[8] | |||
| Gomphodontosuchine[8] | A traversodontid cynodont. | ||||
Fish
| Fish of the Pebbly Arkose Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxon | Species | Presence | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Ferganoceratodus[10] | F. edwardsi | A ceratodontiform lungfish | |||
See also
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
- List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Zimbabwe
- Geology of Zimbabwe
- Molteno Formation
References
- ↑ Love, David; Ravengai, S.; Katemaunzanga, D.; Shoko, D.S.M.; Kambewa, C.; Matura, N.E. (July 2004). "The Karoo sequence in the Nyaminyami area, Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe". Johannesburg, South Africa: Geological Society of South Africa. p. 135.
- ↑ Bordy, Emese M.; Catuneanu, Octavian (2001). "Sedimentology of the upper Karoo fluvial strata in the Tuli Basin, South Africa". Journal of African Earth Sciences 33 (3–4): 605. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00090-2. Bibcode: 2001JAfES..33..605B.
- ↑ d'Engelbronner, E.R. (1996). "New palynological data from Karoo sediments, Mana Pools basin, northern Zimbabwe". Journal of African Earth Sciences 23 (1): 17–30. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(96)00049-8. Bibcode: 1996JAfES..23...17D.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nyambe, Imasiku A.; Utting, John (1997). "Stratigraphy and palynostratigraphy, Karoo Supergroup (Permian and Triassic), mid-Zambezi Valley, southern Zambia". Journal of African Earth Sciences 24 (4): 563. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00081-X. Bibcode: 1997JAfES..24..563N.
- ↑ Catuneanu, O.; Wopfner, H.; Eriksson, P.G.; Cairncross, B.; Rubidge, B.S.; Smith, R.M.H.; Hancox, P.J. (2005). "The Karoo basins of south-central Africa". Journal of African Earth Sciences 43 (1–3): 211–253. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.007. Bibcode: 2005JAfES..43..211C.
- ↑ Rogers, Raymond R.; Rogers, Kristina Curry; Munyikwa, Darlington; Terry, Rebecca C.; Bradley s.Singer (2004). "Sedimentology and taphonomy of the upper Karoo-equivalent Mpandi Formation in the Tuli Basin of Zimbabwe, with a new 40Ar/39Ar age for the Tuli basalts". Journal of African Earth Sciences 40 (3–4): 147. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.11.004. Bibcode: 2004JAfES..40..147R. http://doc.rero.ch/record/14568/files/PAL_E1780.pdf.
- ↑ Nugent, Chris (1990). "The Zambezi River: Tectonism, climatic change and drainage evolution". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 78 (1–2): 55–69. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(90)90204-K. Bibcode: 1990PPP....78...55N.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "Africa's oldest dinosaurs reveal early suppression of dinosaur distribution". Nature 609 (7926): 313–319. 2022. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05133-x. PMID 36045297. Bibcode: 2022Natur.609..313G.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "First record of Triassic Rhynchosauria (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the lower Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe". Palaentologia Africana 29: 1–10. 1992.
- ↑ Challands, T. J.; Cavin, L.; Zondo, M.; Munyikwa, D.; Choiniere, J. N.; Barrett, P. M. (2024). "A new lungfish from the Upper Triassic of the Mid-Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: e2365391. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2365391.
Bibliography
- Weishampel, David B., ed (2004). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–880. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
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