Earth:Perm, Russia

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Short description: City in Perm Krai, Russia

Template:Infobox Russian inhabited locality

Perm (Russian: Пермь, IPA: [pʲermʲ]; Template:Lang-koi; Template:Lang-kv), previously known as Yagoshikha (Ягошиха) (1723–1781), and Molotov (Молотов) (1940–1957), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Perm Krai, Russia . The city is located on the banks of the Kama River, near the Ural Mountains, covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles), with a population of over one million residents.[1] Perm is the fifteenth-largest city in Russia, and the fifth-largest city in the Volga Federal District.

In 1723, a copper-smelting works was founded at the village of Yagoshikha. In 1781 the settlement of Yagoshikha became the town of Perm. Perm's position on the navigable Kama River, leading to the Volga, and on the Siberian Route across the Ural Mountains, helped it become an important trade and manufacturing centre. It also lay along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Perm grew considerably as industrialization proceeded in the Urals during the Soviet period, and in 1940 was named Molotov in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov. In 1957 the city returned to its historical name.

Modern Perm is still a major railway hub and one of the chief industrial centers of the Urals region. The city's diversified metallurgical and engineering industries produce equipment and machine tools for the petroleum and coal industries, as well as agricultural machinery. A major petroleum refinery uses oil transported by pipeline from the West Siberian oilfields, and the city's large chemical industry makes fertilizers and dyes. The city's institutions of higher education include the Perm A.M. Gorky State University, founded in 1916.

Etymology

The name Perm is of Uralic etymology (Komi-Permyak: Перем, Perem; Template:Lang-kv, Perym). Komi is a member of the Permic branch of the Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. In Finnish and Vepsian perämaa means "far-away land"; similarly, in Hungarian perem means "edge" or "verge". The geologic period of the Permian takes its name from the toponym.

History

Perm is located in the old Permiak area. Perm was first mentioned as the village of Yagoshikha (Ягошиха) in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Vasily Tatishchev, appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major centre of the Ural region, Yekaterinburg.

In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial centre with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several metallurgy, paper, and steamboat producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theatre was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built. In 1916, Perm State University—a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened.

Pokrovskaya Street (nowadays Lenin street) in central Perm around 1910
This house is a typical example of the wooden buildings of Perm in the early 20th century. Location home: 14a, Klimenko str.

After the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its military munitions factories. It was heavily rumored from July–September 1918 that the Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna and her four daughters were imprisoned at the perception and Berezine buildings. According to the File on the Tsar, the Grand Duchess Anastasia would have attempted to flee. On December 25, 1918, the Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev (who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak), took Perm. On July 1, 1919, the city was retaken by the Red Army.

  • Early color photographs by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, taken in 1910

  • General view of City of Perm

  • General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskiye Gorki

  • Razgulyay, outskirts of the city of Perm

  • Mary Magdalene Church of the city Perm

  • Summertime location of the exchange in the city Perm

  • Prokudin-Gorsky — Staro-Sibirskaya Gate in the city of Perm

  • Kama River near Perm. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built alongside it. Both are painted white.

  • Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm

Soviet period

In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation, shipbuilding, and chemical factories built during that period. During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Perm was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, Perm became a closed city.[2]

Modern city

TGC-9

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural[3] centre. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.

On September 20, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at Perm State University, resulting in six fatalities and 47 injuries.[4][5][6]

Geography

The Kama River in Perm
Map of Perm and the Yagoshikha River, 1898

The city is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and is one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 kilometers (43 mi) along the Kama and 40 kilometers (25 mi) across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, travelling generally east–west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.

Another distinguishing feature of the city's relief is the large number of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the Mulyanka, the Yegoshikha, the Motovilikha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and the Gayva (on the right bank).

Climate

Perm has a warm summer continental climate (Köppen: Dfb).[7] Winters are long, snowy and quite cold. Summers are moderately warm with cool nights, although summers are shorter than winters. Due to its far inland location, there is a distinct lack of seasonal lag resulting in rapid cooling down of the warm weather as days get shorter. This is less evident during winter.

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Administrative and municipal status

Perm is the administrative centre of the krai and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Permsky District, even though it is not a part of it.[10] As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Perm—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[10] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as Perm Urban Okrug.[11]

City divisions

Administrative divisions
Building of the Perm Administration
A view from the new bridge along the Stroiteley Street

For administrative purposes, Perm is divided into seven city districts:

City District Population (2010 Census)[12]
Dzerzhinsky 155,632
Industrialny 157,575
Kirovsky 127,793
Leninsky 48,520
Motovilikhinsky 179,961
Ordzhonikidzevsky 111,204
Sverdlovsky 210,477

Economy

Perm has the largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Ufa, although Perm has a smaller population than these. Thirty-five per cent of Perm Oblast's industry is located in Perm.[13] The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry.[14]

Several major industrial companies are located in Perm: Perm Motors and Aviadvigatel, major suppliers of engines to the Russian aircraft industry; rocket engine company Proton-PM, which will mass-produce the RD-191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family; electric engineering firms Morion JSC, Perm Scientific and Industrial Group, and Perm Electrical Engineering Plant; Russia's largest exporter of cables and wires, JSC KAMKABEL; and oil and natural gas companies such as LUKoil-Perm Ltd. and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd.[13]

Transportation

Perm is an important railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia, the north part of the Urals, and the far east of Russia . Perm has two major railway stations, the historical Perm I and the modern Perm II. The Kama River is an important direct link between the European part of Russia to the sea ports on the White, Baltic, Azov, Black, and Caspian seas.[15]

Perm is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino, which is located 16 km (9.9 mi) southwest of the city.[16]

Perm's public transit network includes tram, bus, and city-railway routes. The formerly important trolleybus service was discontinued in July 2019.

  • LiAZ-5292 (CNG motor version) city bus

  • Trolza-5265 low-floor trolleybus

  • AKSM-60102 tram

  • Perm II railway station

  • Perm I railway station

  • Perm International Airport

Proposed metro system

The Perm Metro is a planned construction of a metro system which has been considered. The first plans date back to the 1970s. A feasibility study was compiled in 1990, but economic difficulties during the decade prevented its final planning and construction. The plans were revitalised in the early 2000s, but a lack of funding hampered the project and plans were once again put on hold. Light rail has also been considered.[17]

Culture

Perm Opera and Ballet House
Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) in the building of the Perm River Terminal

The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia.[18][according to whom?] There are many other theatres in Perm, including the Drama Theater, the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Stage Molot", and the mystical At the Bridge Theatre.

Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognised for its outstanding collections of art, including paintings from 15th- to 18th-century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th-century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of the museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect.[19] Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) which officially opened in March 2009.[20][21][22]

The RAV Vast steel tongue drum was invented in Perm by Andrey Remyannikov. This instrument is unique in the tongue drum and handpan world because each note has multiple harmonic overtones that resonate with other notes in the drum. The sound consequently has long sustain and reverberation.[23][24]

The Legend of Perm Bear or The Walking Bear is a sculpture depicting a walking bear, which is also shown on the city's coat of arms. It is situated in the central part of the city on Lenin Street, in front of the Organ Concert Hall and close to the building of Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai. The author of the sculpture is Vladimir Pavlenko, a monumentalist sculptor from Nizhny Tagil, member of the Artists' Union of Russia and UNESCO International Association of Arts.[25][26]

Education

Perm is a scientific centre. Some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Perm is a home to several major universities including Perm State University,[27] Perm State Technical University,[28] Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics,[29] Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy,[30] Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy,[31] Perm State Agricultural Academy,[32] The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School,[33] and others. There are also three military schools in Perm.

Education links

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
189745,205—    
192682,249+81.9%
1939255,236+210.3%
1959629,118+146.5%
1970850,324+35.2%
1979999,157+17.5%
19891,090,944+9.2%
20021,001,653−8.2%
2010991,162−1.0%
20211,034,002+4.3%
Census data

At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (907,955) was:[34]

Ethnicity Population Percentage
Russians 823,333 90.7%
Tatars 34,253 3.8%
Bashkirs 7,729 0.8%
Komi-Permyaks 7,301 0.8%
Ukrainians 6,507 0.7%
Udmurts 4,847 0.5%
Others 23,985 2.7%

Sports

The city hosted 2002 European Amateur Boxing Championships.

Club Sport Founded Current League League
Rank		 Stadium
Zvezda 2005 Perm Football 1994 Women's Supreme League 1st Zvezda Stadium
Oktan Perm Football 1958 Russian Second Division 3rd Neftyanik Stadium
Molot-Prikamye Perm Ice Hockey 1948 Higher Hockey League 2nd Universal Sports Palace Molot
Prikamye Perm Volleyball 1983 Volleyball Super League 1st Sukharev Sports Complex
Permskie Medvedi Handball 1999 Handball Super League 1st Permskie Medvedi Sports Complex
Parma Basket Basketball 2012 VTB United League 1st Universal Sports Palace Molot

In 1995–2008, Perm was the location of the Ural Great basketball team — the only Russian basketball champion besides CSKA.

There is also an amateur bandy team called Kama.[35]

Notable people

The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there.

Sergei Diaghilev, 1910
  • Tatiana Borodina (born ca.1972), opera soprano
  • Sergei Diaghilev (1872–1929), ballet impresario
  • Alexei Ivanov (born 1969) a Russian award-winning writer.
  • Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852–1912) a Russian author of novels and short stories set in the Ural Mountains.
  • Tanya Mityushina (born 1993), model
  • Nikolay Moiseyev (1902–1955) a Soviet astronomer and expert in celestial mechanics
  • Andronic Nikolsky (1870–1918), first Russian Orthodox Church Bishop of Kyoto, Japan
  • Mikhail Osorgin (1878–1942) a Russian writer, journalist and essayist.
  • Natasha Poly (born 1985), supermodel
  • Alexander Stepanovich Popov (1859–1905), physicist; regarded locally as the inventor of radio
  • Dmitry Rybolovlev (born 1966) a Russian oligarch, billionaire businessman and investor
  • Katerina Shpitsa (born 1985), actress of theatre and cinema
  • Mikhail Shuisky (1883–1953), baritone opera singer
  • Arkady Shvetsov (1892-1953), aircraft engine designer
  • Nikolay Slavyanov (1854–1897), inventor of an early method of arc welding
  • Peter Struve (1870–1944), political economist, philosopher and editor
  • Yuri Trutnev (born 1956), politician, Presidential Envoy to the Far Eastern Federal District
  • Andrey Voronikhin (1759–1814), architect and painter
Tatiana Totmianina, 2005

Sport

  • Michael Beilin (born 1976), Israeli Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler
  • Vladimir Chagin (born 1970), a Russian rally raid driver in the Dakar Rally
  • Alexandra Kosteniuk (born 1984), 2008 Women's World Chess Champion
  • Vladimirs Lubkins (born 1963), retired Latvian ice hockey player
  • Tatiana Totmianina (born 1981), pair skater, 2006 Olympic Champion
  • Maxim Trankov (born 1983), pairs figure skater, 2014 Olympic Champion
  • Konstantin Zyryanov (born 1977), footballer with 52 caps for Russia
and

The Nobel-prize-winning writer Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) lived in Perm for a time, and it figures in his novel Doctor Zhivago under the fictional name "Yuriatin" where Yuri sees Lara again in the public library.[36]

Marketing

Perm is an example of city marketing in Russia , where the city also has a logo.[37]

Twin towns – sister cities

Perm is or has been twinned with:[38]


  • Italy Agrigento, Sicily, Italy (2012)
  • France Amnéville, Moselle, France (1992)
  • Germany Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (2007)
  • United States Louisville, Kentucky, United States (1994) (temporarily suspended)
  • United Kingdom Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (1995–2022)[39]
  • China Qingdao, Shandong, China (2006)


Oxford City Council bowed to public pressure to end twinning with Perm in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and "Russia's breaches of international law".[40] The name "Perm" has been removed from welcome signs on roads into Oxford.[41]

See also

  • Immaculate Conception Church, Perm
  • Stephen of Perm

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "RUSSIA: Privolžskij Federal'nyj Okrug: Volga Federal District". City Population.de. August 4, 2020. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/volga/. 
  2. ↑ Jones, Finn-Olaf (July 22, 2011). "A Bilbao on Siberia's Edge?". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/travel/perm-russias-emerging-cultural-hotspot.html?pagewanted=all. 
  3. ↑ Jones, Finn-Olaf (2011-07-22). "A Bilbao on Siberia's Edge? (Published 2011)" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/travel/perm-russias-emerging-cultural-hotspot.html. 
  4. ↑ Chernova, Anna; Said-Moorhouse, Laurne (20 September 2021). "6 people killed in shooting at Russian university". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/20/europe/perm-shooting-russia-intl/index.html. Retrieved 20 September 2021. 
  5. ↑ "Появились новые данные о погибших и пострадавших в результате стрельбы в Перми" (in ru). https://n4k.ru/event/84210-poyavilis-novye-dannye-o-pogibshih-i-postradavshih-v-rezultate-strelby-v-permi.html. 
  6. ↑ "Стрельба в университете в Перми унесла жизни 6 или 8 человек" (in ru). September 21, 2021. https://rassvet-info.ru/events/rossiya/strelba-perm-pogibshie.html. 
  7. ↑ "Perm, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=52282&cityname=Perm,+Perm,+Russia&units=. 
  8. ↑ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in ru). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/28224.htm. 
  9. ↑ "Perm Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/RA/28225.TXT. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Law #416-67
  11. ↑ Law #2038-446
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2010Census
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Industry Perm City Administration
  14. ↑ English version City of Perm. Department of Industrial Policy, Investment and Entrepreneurship
  15. ↑ Transport infrastructure — Perm regional server.
  16. ↑ "Объемы перевозок через аэропорты России" (in ru). Federal Air Transport Agency. https://www.favt.ru/dejatelnost-ajeroporty-i-ajerodromy-osnovnie-proizvodstvennie-pokazateli-aeroportov-obyom-perevoz/. 
  17. ↑ "UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Russia > PERM' Metro Project". http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/prm/perm.htm.  Perm' Metro Project; article (includes map); Urban Rail online; accessed .
  18. ↑ "Барыкина Л. Пермяки высадились на Манхэттене//Ведомости от 25.01.2008". Vedomosti.ru. 2008-01-25. http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2008/01/25/140324. 
  19. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.russianmuseums.info/M1575. 
  20. ↑ "Perm Museums' Plan Dubbed the 'New Bilbao'". The Moscow Times. http://www.moscowtimes.ru/article/600/42/378150.htm. 
  21. ↑ Kishkovsky, Sophia (2009-05-28). "Modern Dance and Art Bring a Burst of Color to a Gray City". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/28/world/europe/28perm.html?ref=global-home. 
  22. ↑ Nechepurenko, Ivan (2016-08-24). "Moscow Crushes an Uprising, This Time an Artistic One (Published 2016)" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/world/europe/russia-perm-culture-art.html. 
  23. ↑ RAV Vast - Steel Tongue Drum (2016-11-24), Creation of RAV Drum, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33v7EzIDvoQ, retrieved 2018-04-24 
  24. ↑ "RAV Vast drum. Easy and enjoyable tongue drum" (in en). http://ravvast.com/. 
  25. ↑ (in Russian) В центре Перми появился бурый медведь — РИА «Новый Регион».
  26. ↑ (in Russian) На пермских улицах появился медведь.
  27. ↑ "Perm State University". Psu.ru. http://www.psu.ru/?a=0&lang=Eng&m=008. 
  28. ↑ "Заставка - Пермский государственный технический университет". Pstu.ru. http://www.pstu.ru/. 
  29. ↑ "Государственный университет - Высшая школа экономики". Hse.perm.ru. http://www.hse.perm.ru/. 
  30. ↑ Perm State Academy Of Medicine
  31. ↑ "Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy". http://www.psfa.ru/english/. 
  32. ↑ "Perm State Agricultural Academy". Pgsha.ru. http://pgsha.ru/web/en/today/. 
  33. ↑ Site developed by Perm RCI PSTU. "Perm State Ballet college". Balletschool.perm.ru. http://balletschool.perm.ru/eng/. 
  34. ↑ "Итоги::Пермьстат". Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20131019151509/http://permstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/permstat/ru/census_and_researching/census/national_census_2010/score_2010/. Retrieved 2013-05-08. 
  35. ↑ ""Kama" Perm". https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fclub%2F445%2F&sandbox=1. 
  36. ↑ News June 2006 oxfordperm-assoc.org [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  37. ↑ Artemy Lebedev thought up a logo of the Perm city (rus)
  38. ↑ "Города-побратимы Перми" (in ru). Perm. https://www.gorodperm.ru/about/Brothers_/Twin_Cities/AMNEVILLE. 
  39. ↑ Hughes, Tim (4 March 2022). "Oxford City Council ends unpopular Perm twin link in U-turn". Oxford Mail. https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/19971378.oxford-city-council-ends-unpopular-perm-twin-link-u-turn/. 
  40. ↑ "End of official twinning agreement with Perm". Oxford City Council. 8 March 2022. https://mycouncil.oxford.gov.uk/ieDecisionDetails.aspx?Id=2272. 
  41. ↑ Adie, Shosha (9 March 2022). "Oxford council removes Russian twin town from welcome sign". Oxford Mail. https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/19981017.oxford-council-removes-russian-twin-town-welcome-sign/. 

[1]

Sources

External links



  1. ↑ "Perm Online". https://perm.online/. 
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