Earth:Pinjor Formation

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Pinjor Formation
Stratigraphic range: Pleistocene
~2.58–0.6 Ma
↓
Pleistocene
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesTatrot Formation
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 30°42′N 76°48′E / 30.7°N 76.8°E / 30.7; 76.8
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 29°12′N 77°18′E / 29.2°N 77.3°E / 29.2; 77.3
RegionHaryana, Punjab, India, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Pakistan, Chandigarh
Country India
Pinjor Formation is located in India
Pinjor Formation
Pinjor Formation (India)

The Pinjor Formation is a Cenozoic geologic formation in India. The fossils of mammals are abundant from the formation, with the addition of reptiles, fishes and invertebrates.[1]

Paleobiota

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Reptiles

Pseudosuchians

It is possible that Rhamphosuchus crassidens and probably Hypselornis sivalensis may have been present in Pinjor Formation.[2]

Pseudosuchians from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Gavialis[3] G. gangeticus WIF/A 459-461, partial craniums. Ambala A gavialid.
G. browni WIF/A 458, maxillary fragment.
Crocodylus[3] C. palaeindicus A/683, cranial rostrum. Naipli A crocodylid.
C. biporcatus A/684, a complete skull.

Turtle

Turtles from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Megalochelys[3] M. atlas Numerous specimens, including ones referred to M. sivalensis. Known from Plio-Pleistocene deposits of entire Punjab. A large sized testudinid.
cf. Geoclemys[3] cf. G. hamiltonii WIF/A 454, partially preserved carapace and antero-posteriorly broken plastron. Ambala A geoemydid.
Omegachelys[3] O. sahnii WIF/A 451, terminally broken large carapace. Ambala A geoemydid.

Squamates

Squamates from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Varanus V. sivalensis Distal end of humerus, dorsal vertebrae "Pinjor Zone" A varanid.

Birds

It is possible that Leptoptilos falconeri and Struthio asiaticus might have been present in Pinjor Formation.[4][5]

Birds from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Aves[6] indet. Potwar Plateau Indeterminate aves.
Struthio S. camelus eggshells fragments Chandigarh region A struthionid.

Mammals

Eulipotyphla

Eulipotyphlas from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Chandisorex[7] C. punchkulaensis Chandigarh region A soricid.

Rodent

Rodents from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Hystrix[7] H. leucurus Chandigarh region A hystricid.
Rattus[7] R. sp. Chandigarh region A murid.
Mus[7] M. linnaeusi Chandigarh region A murid.
cf. M. flynni Chandigarh region A murid.
Hadromys[7] H. loujacobsi Chandigarh region A murid
H. sp. Chandigarh region A murid
Nesokia[7] N. punchkulaensis Chandigarh region A murid
Cremnomys[7] C. blanfordi Chandigarh region A murid
Dilatomys[7] D. sp. Chandigarh region A murid
Golunda[7] G. sp. Chandigarh region A murid
Anepsirhizomys[7] A. pinjoricus Chandigarh region A murid
Tatera[7] T. pinjoricus Chandigarh region A murid
Bandicota[7] B. sp Chandigarh region A murid

Lagomorph

Lagomorphs from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Pliosiwalagus[7][8] P. sivalensis Chandigarh region A leporid

Primates

It is possible that Hominins (most likely Archaic humans) were present in Pinjor Formation.[9]

Primates from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Theropithecus[7] T. oswaldi[10] Chandigarh region A cercopithecid.
Procynocephalus[7] P. subhimalayanus Chandigarh region A cercopithecid.

Felids

Felids from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Megantereon[7][11] M. falconeri Chandigarh region, Roorkee region A machairodontine felid.
Homotherium[11] H. sp. "Pinjor Faunal Zone" A machairodontine felid.
Dinofelis[7][12] D. cristata Chandigarh region A machairodontine felid, includes cf. Panthera cristata.
Sivapanthera[7] S. potens Chandigarh region A feline felid.
Panthera P. uncia[6] Potwar Plateau A pantherine felid.
Felis[13] F. subhimalayana Upper Siwaliks A feline felid.

Canids

Canids from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Canis C. pinjorensis[7] Chandigarh region A canine canid.
C. etruscus[6][14] Potwar Plateau and Siwaliks of Dádúpúr.[6][15] A canine canid, includes Canis cautleyi.
Prototocyon[7] P. curvipalatus Chandigarh region A canine canid. Also known from the older Tatrot Formation.

Ursids

Ursid from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Agriotherium[13] A. sivalensis Kasamuri Rao, Saharanpur of North-Western Provinces and Siwalik Ganges valley neighbourhood.[15][16] A ailuropodine ursid.
Melursus[13] M. theobaldi Kangra district[15] A ursine ursid.

Viverrids

Viverrids from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Vishnuictis[13] V. durandi Upper Siwalik A viverrine viverrid.
V. sp.[17] Chandigarh region A viverrine viverrid.
Viverra[13] V. bakeri Upper Siwalik A viverrine viverrid.

Mustelids

Mustelids from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Enhydriodon[13] E. sivalensis Chandigarh region, Potwar Plateau A lutrine mustelid.
Sinictis[13] S. lydekkeri Upper Siwaliks A mustelid
Amblonyx[13] A. indicus Upper Siwaliks A lutrine mustelid.
A. sp. Upper Siwaliks A lutrine mustelid.
Mellivora M. sivalensis[7] Chandigarh region A mellivorine mustelid.
Lutra[13] L. palaeindica Upper Siwaliks A lutrine mustelid.

Hyaenids

Hyaenids from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Pachycrocuta[7][6] P. brevirostris Chandigarh region, Potwar Plateau A hyaenid.
Crocuta C. sivalensis[13] Upper Siwaliks A hyaenid.
Pliocrocuta[13] P. perrieri Upper Siwaliks A hyaenid.
Hyaenictis[7] H. bosei Chandigarh region A hyaenid.

Proboscideans

Proboscideans from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Stegodon[7] S. pinjorensis Chandigarh region A stegodontid proboscidean.
S. insignis Chandigarh region A stegodontid proboscidean.
S. sp. Chandigarh region A stegodontid proboscidean.
S. bombifrons Potwar Plateau A stegodontid proboscidean, also known from the older Tatrot Formation.
Elephas[7] E. hysudricus Chandigarh region An elephantid proboscidean.
E. planifrons Chandigarh region An elephantid proboscidean, also known from the older Tatrot Formation.
E. platycephalus Chandigarh region An elephantid proboscidean.
Anancus[7] A. sivalensis Chandigarh region A gomphothere proboscidean, also known from the older Tatrot Formation.
Stegolophodon[7] S. stegodontoides Chandigarh region A stegodontid proboscidean, also known from the older Tatrot Formation.

Rhinocerotids

Rhinocerotids from the Pinjor Formation
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images
Rhinoceros[7] R. sivalensis Chandigarh region A rhinocerotine rhinocerotid.
R. platyrhinus Chandigarh region A large rhinocerotine rhinocerotid, includes Punjabitherium.
R. palaeindicus Chandigarh region A rhinocerotine rhinocerotid.
Subchilotherium[7] S. intermedium Chandigarh region A aceratheriine rhinocerotid. Also known from the older Tatrot Formation.

References

  1. ↑ V. Kumaravel, S. J. Sangode; Rohtash Kumar, N. Siva Siddaiah (2005). "Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Plio–Pleistocene Pinjor Formation (type locality), Siwalik Group, NW Himalaya, India". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad184. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24110713. 
  2. ↑ Martin, J. E. (2019). "The taxonomic content of the genus Gavialis from the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan" (in en). Papers in Palaeontology 5 (3): 483–497. doi:10.1002/spp2.1247. Bibcode: 2019PPal....5..483M. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02123647/file/2019Gavialis.pdf. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Srivastava, R., and H. H. Schleich. (2018). "Fossil Turtles and Crocodiles from the Caenozoic of S-Asia". ARCO-Nepal, Muhich, 1-324
  4. ↑ Buffetaut, E. (2022). "The First-Named Fossil Ostrich: A Revision of Struthio asiaticus, from the Siwaliks of India". Diversity 14 (10): 860. doi:10.3390/d14100860. 
  5. ↑ Louchart, A., Vignaud, P., Likius, A., Brunet, M., & White, T. D. (2005). A large extinct marabou stork in African Pliocene hominid sites, and a review of the fossil species of Leptoptilos. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 50(3).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Dennell, R. W.; Coard, R.; Turner, A. (2008). "Predators and scavengers in Early Pleistocene southern Asia". Quaternary International. 192:78-88.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 "Pinjor Formation". https://indplex.geolex.org/formations/Pinjor%20Fm. 
  8. ↑ Patnaik, R. (2002). "Pliocene Leporidae (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of India: Implications for phylogenetic relationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(2):443–452
  9. ↑ Kaur, A. P.; Saarinen, J.; Patnaik, R.; Chauhan, P. R.; Dennell, R. (2026). "Contextualizing Early to Middle Pleistocene hominin ecology in the Indian Subcontinent". Journal of Quaternary Science. doi:10.1002/jqs.70088. 
  10. ↑ Getahun, Dagmawit Abebe; Delson, Eric; Seyoum, Chalachew Mesfin (July 2023). "A review of Theropithecus oswaldi with the proposal of a new subspecies" (in en). Journal of Human Evolution 180. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103373. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248423000520. Retrieved 5 March 2026. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Stimpson, Christopher M. (May 2024). "Siwalik sabrecats: review and revised diagnosis of Megantereon fossils from the foothills of the Himalaya" (in en). Royal Society Open Science 11 (5). doi:10.1098/rsos.231788. ISSN 2054-5703. PMID 38720790. Bibcode: 2024RSOS...1131788S. 
  12. ↑ Werdelin, Lars; Lewis, Margaret E. (2001), "A revision of the genus Dinofelis (Mammalia, Felidae)", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 132 (2): 147–258, doi:10.1006/zjls.2000.0260 
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 Jasinski, Steven E.; Abbas, Sayyed Ghyour; Mahmood, Khalid; Babar, Muhammad Adeeb; Khan, Muhammad Akbar (2023-11-02). "New Carnivoran (Mammalia: Carnivora) specimens from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and India and their faunal and evolutionary implications". Historical Biology. 35 (11): 2217–2252.
  14. ↑ Garrido, Guiomar; Arribas, Alfonso (2008). "Canis accitanus nov. sp., a new small dog (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Fonelas P-1 Plio-Pleistocene site (Guadix basin, Granada, Spain)". Geobios 41 (8): 753. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2008.05.002. Bibcode: 2008Geobi..41..751G. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Lydekker, R. (1884). "Siwalik and Narbada Carnivora". Paleontologia Indica, 10:178-135.
  16. ↑ Lydekker, R. (1888). "Notes on Indian fossil Vertebrata; the ulna of Hyaenarctos". Records of Geological Survey of India, 21:145-146.
  17. ↑ Gaur, R.; Chopra, S. (22 March 1984). "Taphonomy, fauna, environment and ecology of Upper Siwaliks (Plio-Pleistocene) near Chandigarh, India" (in en). Nature 308: 353–355. doi:10.1038/308353a0. 



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