Earth:Semeru

From HandWiki
Short description: Stratovolcano in Indonesia
Semeru
Mount Semeru.jpg
Highest point
Elevation3,676 m (12,060 ft) [1]
ListingIsland high point 12th
Ultra
Ribu
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 08°06′28″S 112°55′19″E / 8.10778°S 112.92194°E / -8.10778; 112.92194 
Geography
Semeru is located in Java
Semeru
Semeru
Java, Indonesia
Semeru is located in Indonesia
Semeru
Semeru
Semeru (Indonesia)
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Volcanic arc/beltRing of Fire/Sunda Arc
Last eruptionongoing[2]
Climbing
First ascentUnknown
Easiest routeHike

The Semeru (Javanese: ꦱꦼꦩꦺꦫꦸ), or Mount Semeru (Javanese: ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁ​ꦱꦼꦩꦺꦫꦸ (Pegon:ڮنڠ سمَيرو‎, romanized: Gunung Semeru)) is an active volcano located in East Java, Indonesia. It is located in a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian plate subducts under the Eurasia plate.[3] It is the highest mountain on the island of Java. The name "Semeru" is derived from Meru, the central world mountain in Hinduism, or Sumeru, the abode of gods. This stratovolcano is Mahameru, meaning "The Great Mountain" in Sanskrit.[4][1] It is one of the more popular hiking destinations in Indonesia.

Geology

Semeru rises steeply above the coastal plains of eastern Java. Maars containing crater lakes have formed along a line through the volcano's summitvolcano. It was formed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambagan calderas.[5] The eruptive products are andesitic.[6] Semeru lies at the south end of the Tengger Volcanic Complex.

Eruptive history

Semeru's eruptive history is extensive. Since 1818, at least 55 eruptions have been recorded (11 of which resulted in fatalities) consisting of lava and pyroclastic flows. All historical eruptions have had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 2 or 3.[7] Semeru has been in a state of near-constant eruption from 1967 to the present.[8]

Semeru is regularly climbed by tourists, usually starting from the village of Ranu Pane to the north,[citation needed] but though non-technical, it can be dangerous. Soe Hok Gie, an Indonesian political activist of the 1960s, died in 1969 from inhaling poisonous gases while hiking on Mount Semeru.[9]

2021 eruption

On 4 December 2021, Semeru erupted for a second time in the year – the first having been on 16 January 2021.[10] Semeru erupted a third time on 6 December 2021.[11]

At least 57 people died,[12] 104 more were injured, while 23 are unaccounted for.[13][14][15][16] Thousands were displaced. [17][18][19][20][21]

2022 eruption

A fresh eruption started on 4 December 2022, as monsoon rains collapsed the mountain's lava dome, provoking evacuations.[22]

Hot gas clouds flowed up to 19 kilometres (12 mi) from the crater. Evacuation of people was quickly undertaken.[23]

Mythology

Semeru is named after Sumeru, the central world mountain in Hinduism. As stated in legend, it was transplanted from India to create the island of Java; the tale is recorded in the 15th-century East Javanese work Tantu Pagelaran. It was originally placed in the western part of the island, but that caused the island to tip, so the gods moved it eastward. On that journey, parts kept coming off the lower rim, forming the mountains Lawu, Wilis, Kelud, Kawi, Arjuno and Welirang. The damage thus caused to the foot of the mountain caused it to shake, and the top came off and created Penanggungan as well.[24] Indonesian Hindus also hold a belief that the mountain is the abode of Shiva in Java.[25]

Floral problems

Non-native invasive plants

25 non-native plants have been found in Mount Semeru National Park. The non-native plants, which threaten the endemic local plants, were imported by Dutch botanist Van Steenis, in the colonial era. They include Foeniculum vulgare, Verbena brasiliensis, Chromolaena odorata, and Salvinia molesta.[26]

Vegetable plantations

Mud erosion from surrounding vegetable plantations is adding silt to Ranu Pani Lake, causing the lake to gradually shrink. Research has predicted that the lake will disappear by about 2025, unless the vegetable plantations on the hillsides are replaced with more ecologically sustainable perennials.[27]

See also

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Global Volcanism Program | Semeru" (in en). https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=263300. 
  2. ↑ Associated Press (4 December 2022). "Residents are evacuating as Mount Semeru, Indonesia's highest volcano, has erupted". https://www.npr.org/2022/12/04/1140631107/residents-are-evacuating-as-mount-semeru-indonesias-highest-volcano-has-erupted. 
  3. ↑ "Mount Semeru". http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/VOLSEM/semeru.php. 
  4. ↑ "Indonesia: Death toll rises to 14 after eruption of Semeru volcano". 5 December 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/04/indonesia-one-dead-as-semeru-volcano-spews-huge-ash-cloud. 
  5. ↑ "Semeru: Summary". Smithsonian Institution. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vnum=263300. 
  6. ↑ "Semeru Volcano". http://www.photovolcanica.com/VolcanoInfo/Semeru/Semeru.html. 
  7. ↑ "Semeru: Eruptive History". Smithsonian Institution. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vnum=263300. 
  8. ↑ "Volcano erupts in Indonesia" (in en-AU). 2009-03-06. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-03-06/volcano-erupts-in-indonesia/1611140. 
  9. ↑ "Birth of Soe Hok Gie". Viva News. December 17, 2008. https://www.viva.co.id/arsip/15760-birth-of-soe-hok-gie. 
  10. ↑ "Indonesia's Semeru volcano erupts, spews huge ash cloud". CNBC. 2021-12-04. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/04/indonesias-semeru-volcano-erupts-spews-huge-ash-cloud.html. 
  11. ↑ Kurniawan, Willy; Adriansyah, Tommy (2021-12-06). "Indonesia volcano erupts again as death toll rises to 22" (in en). https://www.ksl.com/article/50301895/indonesia-volcano-erupts-again-as-death-toll-rises-to-22. 
  12. ↑ "Hari Terakhir Pencarian Korban Erupsi Semeru, 57 Orang Meninggal" (in id). Jawa Pos. 17 December 2021. https://www.jawapos.com/jpg-today/17/12/2021/hari-terakhir-pencarian-korban-erupsi-semeru-57-orang-meninggal/. 
  13. ↑ Mufarida, Binti (7 December 2021). "Update, 4.250 Orang Mengungsi Akibat Erupsi Gunung Semeru" (in id). SINDOnews. https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/621465/15/update-4250-orang-mengungsi-akibat-erupsi-gunung-semeru-1638882758. 
  14. ↑ "Semeru Volcano Eruption Indonesia". Reliefweb. 7 December 2021. https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/semeru-volcano-eruption-indonesia-flash-update-2-07-dec-2021-1230-hrs-utc-7. 
  15. ↑ Subhanie, Dzikry (7 December 2021). "Update, 3.697 Orang Mengungsi Akibat Erupsi Gunung Semeru" (in id). SINDOnews. https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/621243/15/update-3697-orang-mengungsi-akibat-erupsi-gunung-semeru-1638868362. 
  16. ↑ Muhari, Abdul (6 December 2021). "[Update – Sebanyak 15 Warga Meninggal Dunia dan 27 Lainnya Hilang Akibat Erupsi Semeru"] (in id). Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management. https://www.bnpb.go.id/berita/-update-sebanyak-15-warga-meninggal-dunia-dan-27-lainnya-hilang-akibat-erupsi-semeru. 
  17. ↑ Idrus, Pizaro Gozali (2021-12-14). "Death toll from Semeru volcano eruption in Indonesia rises to 48". https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/death-toll-from-semeru-volcano-eruption-in-indonesia-rises-to-48/2446836. 
  18. ↑ Andri, Mochamad; Jamaluddin, Masrur; Mogul, Rhea (7 December 2021). "Volcano rescue workers dig through thick layers of hot ash in Indonesia after Mount Semeru erupts". https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/06/asia/indonesia-volcano-rescue-intl-hnk/index.html. 
  19. ↑ Crafford, Alice Elizabeth Jones; Venzke, Edward (January 2022) (in en). Global Volcanism Program | Report on Semeru (Indonesia) — January 2022. doi:10.5479/si.gvp.bgvn202201-263300. https://volcano.si.edu/ShowReport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN202201-263300. Retrieved 2022-10-18. 
  20. ↑ Wismabrata, Michael Hangga, ed (2021-12-05). "Update Bencana Erupsi Gunung Semeru, 13 Korban Jiwa dan Evakuasi Terkendala Medan" (in id). https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/12/05/120327078/update-bencana-erupsi-gunung-semeru-13-korban-jiwa-dan-evakuasi-terkendala. 
  21. ↑ "Update Gunung Semeru Meletus: 1 Warga Meninggal, 3 Orang Masih Hilang, Puluhan Luka-luka" (in id). Tribune News. 4 December 2021. https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2021/12/04/update-gunung-semeru-meletus-1-warga-meninggal-3-orang-masih-hilang-puluhan-luka-luka. 
  22. ↑ Associated Press (4 December 2022). "Residents are evacuating as Mount Semeru, Indonesia's highest volcano, has erupted". https://www.npr.org/2022/12/04/1140631107/residents-are-evacuating-as-mount-semeru-indonesias-highest-volcano-has-erupted. 
  23. ↑ "Indonesia raises volcano warning to highest level after eruption" (in en-AU). ABC News. 2022-12-04. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-04/indonesia-raises-volcano-warning-to-highest-after-semeru-erupts/101732446. 
  24. ↑ Soekmono (1973). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 119. ISBN 979-413-290-X. 
  25. ↑ Larasati, Ayu Utami (6 December 2021). "Legenda Gunung Semeru yang Melekat di Masyarakat" (in id). Tagar.id. https://www.tagar.id/legenda-gunung-semeru-yang-melekat-di-masyarakat. 
  26. ↑ Widianto, Eko (October 25, 2014). "Foreign Plantations Invade Mt Semeru". http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/10/25/206616964/Foreign-Plantations-Invade-Mt-Semeru. 
  27. ↑ Priyasidharta, David (December 15, 2014). "Ranu Pane Lake Estimated to Disappear in 10 Years". http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/12/15/206628564/Ranu-Pane-Lake-Estimated-to-Disappear-in-10-Years. 

General sources

External links



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